THE MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF CALLIPTERIDIUM SULLIVANTI

Leisman , Gilbert A. (Kansas State Teachers Coll., Emporia.) The morphology and anatomy of Callipteridium Sullivanti. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(4) : 281—287. Illus. 1960.–Previously undescribed pinnules of Callipteridium Sullivanti (Lesq.) Weiss have been studied in Iowa and Kansas coal balls. Conventional peel techniques revealed the anatomy while deliberately fracturing the coal ball revealed morphological features. Epidermal studies were also conducted after macerating small portions of the coal ball. Evidence indicates that these pinnules were borne on Myeloxylon petioles. Arguments are advanced for removing this species from the genus Alethopteris and returning it to Callipteridium.     

外生菌根的形态学、解剖学及分类学研究进展

本文综述了外生菌根的形态学和解剖学特征,评价了这些特征用于外生菌根分类的价值,同时指出各种类型的形态学特征和解剖学特征与其营养吸收的关系。这些特征包括了菌根的颜色类型及变化、形状及分枝方式、外伸菌丝的多少及特征、根状菌索有无及分化、菌核有无及特征、菌套内外表面的菌丝排列及分化,菌套的切面特征,丹宁层厚度及分化、哈氏网的菌丝排列及厚度等。较详细阐述了100多年来,人们为外生菌根分类所作出的种种努力,并对各种分类方式作了简单的评价。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF LEUCOSTEGIA AND ARAIOSTEGIA

The anatomy and morphology of Leucostegia immersa (Wall.) Presl (type species of the genus Leucostegia) and Araiostegia pulchra (Don.) Copel. (a species which comes very near to the type species of the genus Araiostegia) are described in detail for the first time in order to determine whether the genus Araiostegia is distinct from Leucostegia. The present investigation reveals that Leucostegia differs from Araiostegia in many significant morphological and anatomical details. For example, in Leucostegia , both scales and hairs protect the rhizome, while on the rhizome of Araiostegia hairs are absent. Further, the basifixed scales of Leucostegia are sharply different from the strongly peltate scales of Araiostegia. Though the stelar cylinders in the two genera are basically similar in construction, they are markedly different in their modes of production of root-traces and leaf-traces. No tanniniferous cells which are found in Leucostegia , occur in the fundamental tissues of Araiostegia. Young fronds of Leucostegia produce delicate hairs, but in Araiostegia the fronds are glabrous throughout. The rachises and costae in Leucostegia are grooved on the upper surface and never show any raised median bands in sharp contrast to the rachises of Araiostegia which are at least in the upper part narrowly winged on either side of the raised upper surface. All these differences certainly show that these genera are well defined. The relationship between Araiostegia and other davallioid ferns is also discussed.     

ON THE ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF LATERAL BRANCH SYSTEMS OF ARCHAEOPTERIS

A large collection of specimens, consisting primarily of Archaeopteris macilenta, forms the basis for an anatomical and morphological study of the lateral branch systems. Emphasis is placed on the main axes of the branch systems, which are found to be characterized by a variable number of orthostichies of lateral appendages, ranging from 7 to probably 11. The number of orthostichies seems to correspond to the number of ribs of the stele. There may be an equal number of rows of leaves on either side of the plane in which the two rows of lateral branches lie, or one side may have one or two more leaf orthostichies than the other. In all specimens for which both part and counterpart were available, however, there is a greater density of leaves on one side (hypothesized to be the adaxial) than on the other, caused primarily by an apparent abortion of leaf primordia early in development on the side of least density. Leaves and branches occur in the same ontogenetic spiral and in one specimen comprise a ‘phyllotaxis’ of 2/9 and contact parastichies of 5 + 9. On both the main and lateral axes, leaves are characterized by long, decurren bases which essentially ensheath the axrs on which thay are borne. Phyllotaxis and the correlated stelar form apparently vary considerably within Archaeopteris. It is suggested that Archaeopteris was more closely related to the coniferophytes than to any other gymnosperms.     

苍耳形态解剖学研究

现蕾期苍耳茎的解剖结构以初生结构为主。维管形成层已经形成,但次生结构尚不发达。茎表皮由普通表皮区和色斑区组成。叶的主脉维管组织与茎中维管组织排列方式类似,而不同于大多数双子叶植物。     

乌云伞的解剖学及花粉形态学研究

八角莲属(Dysosma)是小檗科(Berberidaceae)一个重要属,全国共有7个种,大约分布于北纬23—32°,东经94—122°之间。湖北八角莲属有4个种,其中乌云伞(Dysosma lichuanensis Z. Cheng, sp. nev., ined.)为内定种,是多年生草本,它的形态特征与八角莲(Dysosma     

ARCHAEOPTERIS MACILENTA,ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ITS FROND

The stem, rachides, and pinnae of Archaeopteris macilenta, formerly considered to be a fern of Devonian age, comprise a branch system in which the ultimate divisions heretofore referred to as pinnules are the leaves. The primary vascular system of the “frond” is a lobed siphonostele from which leaf traces arise in a spiral sequence. The anatomy of the “rachis” and of the “pinnae” is shown to be similar to that of the stem, Callixylon, which bore these “fronds.” Branching, epidermal pattern and stomates are described for the spirally arranged leaves (fertile pinnules). Attachment and dehiscence of sporangia as well as their stomates are reported. Archaeopteris is retained in the Class Progymnospermopsida which includes plants with gymnospermous anatomy and pteridophytic reproduction. It is suggested that Actinopodium, Svalbardia and Siderella are related closely to Archaeopteris and that this group of genera shows evolutionary stages in webbing of leaves and planation of branch systems. The opportunities for ontogenetic studies of the arborescent genus Archaeopteris are pointed out.     

STUDIES OF PALEOZOIC FERNS. THE MORPHOLOGY,ANATOMY, AND TAXONOMY OF ANKYROPTERIS GLABRA

Eggert , Donald A. (Yale U., New Haven, Conn.) Studies of Paleozoic ferns. The morphology, anatomy, and taxonomy of Ankyropteris glabra. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(7): 510–520. Illus. 1959.—This is a morphological and taxonomic study of the American specimens of Ankyropteris, with the exception of A. hendricksi, that previous to this time have been referred to A. grayi, originally a Lower Carboniferous species from England, and to A. glabra, a Middle-Pennsylvanian form from Booneville, Indiana. The problem of the separation of these two closely allied species is discussed, and the original criteria for separation are questioned, on the basis of four specimens described in the present paper. The specimens are from West Mineral, Kans. and Shuler Mine in Iowa. They all have been referred to A. glabra and show extreme plasticity of several features of the plant that is correlated with the size of the stem. The major points of difference between A. glabra and A. grayi are now thought to be the presence of distantly spaced nodes in A. glabra, in contrast to closely spaced ones in A. grayi, and the presence of a small amount of mixed tissue in the stele of A. glabra, compared to a large amount in A. grayi. Well preserved axillary branches were found, whose morphology is typically that of the parent stem. It is suggested that the axillary branches were well developed in the species, and that, therefore, several orders of branching may be present in the American material. Successive orders of branching show diminution and simplification which is interpreted as an expression of the presence of determinate growth in the cauline systems of the plant, an ontogenetic pattern that is not commonly found in living forms.