Deoxyribozymes的研究进展

具有RNA裂解活性的DNA分子称为脱氧核酶,它是经过体外选择技术经多次筛选获得的。脱氧核酶在切割与其互补的RNA底物分子时具有极高的特异性和切割效率,有望成为新的RNA灭活工具。     

Ribozyme—具有催化功能的RNA

简要介绍了一类具有酶功能的ＲＮＡ物质（Ｒｉｂｏｚｙｍｅ），及Ｒｉｂｏｚｙｍｅ在科研和各方面的重要作用。     

脱氧核酶的研究进展

具有RNA裂解活性的DNA分子称为脱氧核酶,它是经过体外选择技术经多次筛选获得的。脱氧核酶在切割与其互补的RNA底物分子时具有极高的特异性和切割效率,有望成为新的RNA灭活工具。     

Ribozyme和DNAzyme的基因治疗实验应用进展

Ribozyme和DNAzyme具有水解mRNA分子的功能,是阻断基因表达和抗病毒的重要工具。近年来,Ribozyme和DNAzyme在临床治疗研究中已经获得了长足进展,有许多成功的实例。比较了Ribozyme和DNAzyme的差异和特点,总结了它们在抗病毒、抗肿瘤、治疗遗传病、治疗神经系统疾病等方面的临床前研究、应用及进展。     

M1RNA在基因治疗中的研究进展

E.coli RNase P复合体的M1RNA亚单位是一类具有催化活性的核酶,它切割tRNA前体分子（pre-tRNA）的5′端前导序列,产生成熟的tRNA分子。M1RNA主要通过结构特异性识别底物,不需要底物有特定的序列,从而可设计修饰过的核酶为抑制靶基因的表达,在消除染色体易位产生的肿瘤相关畸形染色体上,M1RNA是一种理想的工具,研究表明M1RNA作为一种新型核酶有着广阔的应用前景和极大的临床价值。     

RNA的生物催化功能及其研究进展

长期以来,我们一直认为生命过程中的所有化学反应是在生物催化剂——酶的作用下进行的,而所有的酶都是蛋白质或带有辅基的蛋白质。但近年研究发现,某些RNA分子也具有“酶”的生物催化功能,它们能在一定条件下催化自身或其它RNA分子发生化学反应。Cech(1981,1986)据此提出了RNA生物催化剂的概念,将这些具有酶活性的RNA称之为核酶(ribozyme)。本文简要介绍几种RNA分子的生物催化功能及其研究进展。     

脱氧核酶的研究进展

具有RNA裂解活性的DNA分子称为脱氧核酶。它是经过体外选择技术经多次筛选获得的。脱氧核酶在切割与其互补的RNA底物分子时具有极高的特异性和切割效率,有望成为新的RNA灭活工具。     

反义技术研究进展

反义技术利用DNA或RNA分子通过Watson Crick碱基配对原则与目的基因的mRNA互补结合 ,通过各种机制使其降解或抑制其编码蛋白的翻译 ,从而抑制目的基因的表达。与基因敲除(geneknockout)等功能缺失性研究方法相比 ,反义技术具有投入少 ,周期短 ,操作简单等优点 ,因此受到了广泛的关注。对几种常用反义技术的研究进展及存在的问题进行概述。     

类过氧化物DNA酶在生物传感器领域的研究进展

随着对DNA酶研究的进展,DNA酶的很多优点已经超越了传统的蛋白质酶,具有过氧化物酶催化活性的DNA酶在电化学生物检测上拥有很大的潜力。我们简要阐述了DNA酶的特性和应用,描述了其基本性质,对DNA酶在生物分析领域的应用进行了展望。     

发卡式核酶结构与功能的研究进展

发卡式核酶的一级结构为ＲＮＡ分子,切割活性所需的最小长度为５０个核苷酸,其立体结构由四个螺旋区及数个环状区域组成,核酶结构中有１５个核苷酸是必需的,它们的改变对核酶活性和立体结构都会产生显的影响,本综述了发卡式核酶结构与功能的研究进展,并讨论了其作用机理和应用原则。     

RNA/DNA嵌合分子介导的高效基因修复

本文介绍了RNA/DNA嵌合分子介导的高效基因修复技术。这一技术是1996年开始发展起来的全新技术,它通过人工合成的双链开环RNA/DNA嵌合分子转染细胞而使特定基因靶位点产生单碱基改变,从而修复突变基因。这一技术高效（目前最高可达50％以上）、特异性强、安全、无随机插入致变的危险、无免疫反应、无明显毒性,能够用于定点突变、基因敲除、动植物功能基因组学、药物遗传学等很多方面的研究,在不久的将来能够应用于人类基因治疗,具有很高的应用价值和医学前景。 Abstract：We introduce a new technique?targeted gene correction directed by chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides which began at 1996.It uses synthetic double?stranded non?circular RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides to transfect cells and make a single?based change at the targeted site of the target gene.It is highly efficient (the highest efficiency is more than 50％),highly special,safe,without danger of mutation caused by random insertion,without immune response,and without obvious toxicity.It can be used to make point mutation,or gene knock?out plants and animals,and is very likely to be used in human gene therapy in the near future.It is also valuable in the study of functional genomics,pharmacogenetics,and medicine.     

Effect of Ischemia on the Activity of DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase and DNA Polymerase

Abstract: Ischemia, anoxia, and hypoxia of the brain have been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in the central nervous system. To obtain data on the changes in DNA-dependent RNA and DNA polymerases as they pertain specifically to neurons and glia, nuclear enriched neuronal and glial fractions were prepared, by sucrose-gradient centrifugation, from spinal cords of adult dogs that had been subjected to prolonged ischemia. The isolated fractions were assayed for enzyme activity by a radiochemical technique. RNA polymerase was affected more than DNA polymerase, activity being reduced considerably in both neurons and glia. Possible causes of the difference in sensitivity to ischemia are discussed.     

辐射敏感细胞ku80基因突变及其DNA结合活性研究

RT-PCR克隆辐射敏感细胞及其亲本细胞的ku80基因cDNA,发现辐射敏感细胞的ku80基因与双链断裂DNA末端相互作用的位置存在基因突变,用凝胶阻滞和DNA-蛋白质印迹进一步证实突变ku基因编码蛋白结合双链断裂末端DNA的能力下降,暗示其细胞辐射敏感性可能与Ku蛋白功能异常有关.     

基因药物的前沿技术

基因药物的直接体内基因治疗发展迅速,新型基因药物不断产生。本文讨论了效果比较肯定的基因疫苗、反义ＲＮＡ药物、三链ＤＮＡ药物这三种新型基因药物技术的基本方法。分析了它们各自存在的优点和问题,并介绍了它们的应用范围及应用研究进展。     

Mechanism of naked DNA clearance after intravenous injection

BACKGROUND: Injection of naked DNA has been viewed as a safer alternative to current gene delivery systems; however, the rate of clearance from the circulation has been a constant barrier in developing these methods. Naked DNA after intravenous (i.v.) injection will be taken up by the liver and depredated by serum nucleases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study examines the mechanisms involved in clearance of naked DNA by each compartment, the blood and the liver, in an in vivo mouse model. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to identify the type of cells taking up DNA and the barrier to DNA access to hepatocytes, respectively. RESULTS: Our data showed the liver could take up over 50% of 5 microg perfused pDNA, with a maximum 25 microg of pDNA during a single pass, and a slower clearance rate compared to that of liver uptake. It was demonstrated that naked DNA is primarily taken up by the liver endothelial cells and this endothelial barrier to transfection could be overcome by manually massaging the liver, which enlarges the fenestrae. CONCLUSIONS: This study clarifies the mechanism by which naked DNA is eliminated from the circulation after i.v. injection, focusing on the role of both the liver and blood compartments in vivo (i.e. mouse). With this knowledge, we can more clearly understand the mechanism of naked DNA clearance and develop more efficient strategies for DNA transfer in vivo.     

Structural Studies of Heterochiral DNA/DNA,RNA/RNA,AND DNA/RNA Duplexes

Using DNA and RNA heptanucleotides containing an unnatural L-nucleotides as well as the complementary strands, effects of the introduction of an L-nucleotide on the structure of DNA/DNA, RNA/RNA, and DNA/RNA duplexes were investigated by circular dichroism experiments and RNase H-mediated RNA strand cleavage reaction. The results suggested that the substitution of the central D-nucleotide with an L-nucleotide in the duplexes causes the significant structural alterations as the duplex structures change to conformations with more B-form similarities.     

Improved method to prepare RNA-free DNA from mammalian cells

To isolate DNA for nucleoside analog incorporation studies, many investigators use RNase A to remove RNA from total cellular nucleic acid. We observed persistence of ribonucleotides from RNA in nucleic acid samples treated with RNase A alone. Although incubation of [5-³H]uridine-labeled nucleic acid with 50 μg/ml RNase A decreased tritium by 97%, HPLC analysis of the resulting DNA preparation digested to nucleosides revealed high levels of ribonucleosides. Increasing RNase A 10-fold (500 μg/ml) effected only a 1.7-fold reduction in ribonucleosides. Overall, the level of ribonucleosides was one-fourth that of the deoxynucleosides, primarily due to the high levels of guanosine. It was hypothesized that the ribonucleosides originated from guanosine-rich tracts of RNA since RNase A cuts preferentially 3′ to pyrimidine monophosphates and to some extent after AMP. The addition of 0.05 μg/ml RNase T1, which preferentially cleaves RNA 3′ to GMP, decreased total ribonucleosides by nearly 20-fold. In conclusion, we have developed a rapid method which removes greater then 99% of cellular RNA from nucleic acid extracts and a reversed-phase HPLC procedure that detects RNA contamination more sensitively than [5-³H]uridine labeling. These methods are useful for the determination of analog incorporation into DNA, especially for agents which incorporate into both DNA and RNA.     

从少量转染细胞中同时快速提取总RNA和基因组DNA

采用4mol / L LiCl将DNA和RNA分相,建立了同时从少量转染细胞中快速提取细胞总RNA和大分子基因组DNA的方法.与以前的方法相比,本法快速、简便、经济,尤其适合应用在哺乳动物细胞基因表达与调控的研究中．