毕赤酵母组成型表达脂肪酶及其高通量筛选方法

【目的】获得组成型表达脂肪酶毕赤酵母,建立利用橄榄油罗丹明B平板高通量筛选组成型表达华根霉脂肪酶基因的有效方法。【方法】运用PCR技术从pGAPZαA表达载体上扩增得到GAP启动子片段,插入到表达载体pPIC9K-proRCL中,构建组成型表达载体pGAPK-proRCL。在保留含有同源双交换重组序列的诱导型启动子AOX1序列的基础上,电转化后华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶基因proRCL表达盒在毕赤酵母基因组上发生双交换整合事件,从而组成型表达单拷贝的华根霉脂肪酶基因。【结果】重组菌发酵144 h后,脂肪酶最高酶活为130 U/mL。利用橄榄油罗丹明B平板高通量筛选组成型表达华根霉脂肪酶基因。【结论】该方法将初筛时间从12 d缩短为3 d,排除了多拷贝突变株的干扰,为后续脂肪酶的定向进化及筛选奠定了基础。     

解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶基因lip1的克隆、密码子优化及功能表达

摘要：【目的】克隆解脂耶氏酵母（Yarrawia lipolytica）脂肪酶基因lip1,并通过密码子优化,首次实现其在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中的诱导型和组成型表达。【方法】通过PCR扩增Y. lipolytica脂肪酶基因lip1,根据P. pastoris密码子偏爱性,运用重叠延伸PCR合成改造后基因MLip1,将其分别克隆至诱导型分泌载体pPIC9K和新构建的组成型分泌载体pGAP9K上,电转至P. pastoris GS115中,G418抗性筛选得到高拷贝转化重组子,摇瓶发酵     

多拷贝毕赤酵母重组菌表达GCL摇瓶优化和高密度发酵

目的:构建高效表达白地霉脂肪酶的毕赤酵母重组菌株,并对筛选得到的菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化和分批补料高密度发酵工艺研究。方法:将诱导型表达载体pPIC9K-gcl电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。通过橄榄油-罗丹明B平板和摇瓶发酵筛选高脂肪酶活力的重组菌株,运用基于TaqMan探针的实时荧光定量PCR 法确定其拷贝数,并对菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化。在此基础上,研究重组菌在3L 发酵罐中的高密度发酵工艺。结果:筛选得到一株具有3 个白地霉脂肪酶基因拷贝的菌株GS115/pPIC9K-gcl 78#,初始酶活力为220 U/ml。当摇瓶发酵条件为甲醇诱导96 h,每24 h甲醇添加量1 %,接种量2 %,培养基初始pH 7.0,500 ml摇瓶装液量50 ml,甲醇诱导温度25℃ 时酶活力达735 U/ml。3L 发酵罐高密度发酵176.5 h,酶活力达到3360 U/ml,总蛋白含量达到4.30 g/L,且发酵过程中细胞活性一直保持在96 % 以上。结论:基因拷贝数与重组菌株的产酶水平呈正相关,摇瓶优化可显著提高重组菌株的产酶能力,为白地霉脂肪酶的工业化生产奠定了技术基础。     

解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5在毕赤酵母中的异源表达及酶学性质

【目的】克隆解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5的cDNA序列,研究其基因结构,并实现其在毕赤酵母中的功能表达,以探讨其酶学性质。【方法】利用反转录PCR首次扩增LIP4和LIP5的编码基因,用SignalP 3.0分析其基因序列,然后分别构建胞内表达载体pPIC3.5K-Lip4、pPIC3.5K-Lip5和胞外表达载体pPIC9K-Lip4、pPIC9K-Lip5,将其转入毕赤酵母GS115中表达,以NTA树脂纯化酶蛋白,研究其酶学性质。【结果】cDNA序列测序结果显示两者均不含内含子,酶蛋白的氨基酸序列中含有典型脂肪酶的活性三联体结构和五肽保守区;酶学性质研究表明,两者的最适底物均为癸酸(C8)对硝基苯酚酯,最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,但LIP4对pH和温度更敏感;两者均能被Ca2+激活,且LIP5还能为Mg2+激活,但均被Hg2+、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)强烈抑制。【结论】首次克隆了解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5编码基因,实现了其在毕赤酵母中的活性表达,并初步研究了其酶学性质,为上述脂肪酶的应用及进一步深入研究解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶家族奠定了基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

目的:研制高效分泌表达枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶的毕赤酵母基因工程菌株。方法与结果:将优化设计的枯草芽孢杆菌MA139β-甘露聚糖酶基因用EcoRⅠ/XbaⅠ双酶切,克隆到诱导型表达载体pPICzαA中α因子信号肽编码序列的下游,转化大肠杆菌筛选重组质粒,转化毕赤酵母X-33感受态细胞,经Zeocin筛选,获得重组表达菌株X-33/mann。将重组菌株在10L全自动发酵罐中进行高密度发酵培养,甲醇诱导72h发酵活力达到2100U/mL。重组甘露聚糖酶的最适催化温度为40℃,最适催化pH值为6.0。结论:枯草芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中获得了高效分泌表达,具有开发作为饲料添加剂的潜能。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶的基因改造及其在毕赤酵母中组成型和诱导型的表达

【目的】克隆洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)脂肪酶基因,实现其在毕赤酵母中快速、安全和稳定性的大量表达。【方法】首先设计引物扩增B.cepacia脂肪酶基因,然后应用生物信息学方法分析B.cepacia和毕赤酵母整体密码子使用情况、脂肪酶基因信号肽及密码子偏好性。在此基础上,运用overlap PCR对脂肪酶基因中低使用频率密码子进行改造并同时降低基因的G+C含量,获得优化的脂肪酶基因。再分别把原始和优化的脂肪酶基因导入载体pGAPZα和pPIC9K中,获得组成型表达载体pGAPlipW、pGAPlipO和诱导型表达载体pPIClipW、pPIClipO。分别将所得4种载体转入GS115中,得到一系列工程菌。经发酵和NTA树脂纯化后,对脂肪酶的酶学性质进行了初步研究。【结果】4种工程菌的脂肪酶活力分别为pPIClipW37.8U/mL,pPIClipO129.5U/mL,pGAPlipW40.2U/mL和pGAPlipO184.3U/mL。改造后脂肪酶活力比原始脂肪酶提高了4.6倍。酶学性质研究表明,脂肪酶在60℃时活力最高,在40℃-65℃范围内非常稳定;脂肪酶最适pH值为9.0,在pH6.0-pH10.0范围均表现很好的稳定性。【结论】通过overlap PCR改造后的脂肪酶显著提高了其在毕赤酵母中的表达效率,且GAP启动子比AOX1启动子更适合于B.cepacia脂肪酶的表达。大量表达的重组脂肪酶的性质与野生脂肪酶的性质相同,符合生产要求。     

人内皮细胞抑制生长素在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

根据人胶原蛋白ⅩⅧNC结构域C末端编码内皮细胞抑制生长素 (Endostatin)的成熟多肽序列 ,人工合成了由毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)中偏爱密码子组成的内皮细胞抑制生长素基因序列。该基因以N端融合的方式正确插入毕赤酵母诱导型表达载体pPICZαA中。通过电激将线性化的重组质粒转化到毕赤酵母SMD1 1 68细胞中 ,筛选获得表达具有生物活性的内皮细胞生长抑制素的高产菌株。在摇瓶发酵水平上 ,产量达到 80mg L。而利用生物反应器进行高密度发酵 ,Endostatin的产量可达 1 2 5mg L。纯化后的Endostatin具有抑制小鼠血管内皮细胞增殖的活性     

少根根霉(Rhizopus arrhizus)脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

利用PCR技术从少根根霉中扩增出脂肪酶基因(包括前导序列和成熟肽),并将其连接到酵母分泌表达载体pPIC9K中,转化毕赤酵母GS115。利用抗生素G418从重组阳性克隆中筛选得到高拷贝的转化子。在5 L的发酵罐中,当碳源耗尽后开始流加甲醇诱导脂肪酶的表达,经过96 h培养后发酵液上清液中重组脂肪酶(rRAL)的表达量约为90 mg/L。rRAL经过超滤,SP-Sepharose离子交换层析和Butyl-Sepharose疏水层析纯化。纯化后的蛋白在SDS-PAGE上为单一条带,表观分子量为32 kDa,比酶活为1 543 U/mg。N-端序列分析表明rRAL是经过加工后的产物。同时没有发现全长的Rhizopus arrhizus脂肪酶(RAL)被分泌表达。     

来源于软化芽孢杆菌的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶在毕赤酵母和枯草杆菌中的表达

通过PCR扩增软化芽孢杆菌α-CGT酶基因,将基因片段分别克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K和大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭载体pMA5中,分别转化毕赤酵母KM71和枯草杆菌WB600。结果表明,重组毕赤酵母发酵上清液中α-CGT酶活性仅0.2U/mL,重组枯草杆菌产酶达到1.9U/mL。对重组枯草杆菌发酵条件进行了优化,当以TB为出发培养基,初始pH6.5,温度为37oC时,摇瓶培养24h后α-CGT酶环化活性达到4.5U/mL(水解活性为3200IU/mL),是野生菌株软化芽孢杆菌表达量的9.8倍。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.