褶纹冠蚌精子的超微结构研究

利用电镜褶纹冠蚌精子的形态和结构作了研究,结果表明：精子全长约40-43μm,由头部、中段和鞭毛组成。头部呈子弹头形,长约2.6μm,直径约1.5μm,内含细胞核,核属浓缩型,外被核膜,5个球形的线粒体构成了精子的中段,中段长约0.6μm,最大直径约1.8μm。近端中心粒位于核基部的凹陷处,并通过致密的无定形的基质与远端中心粒相连,远端中心粒与鞭毛领之间通过硬功夫个围中心粒器紧密相连,鞭毛长约37-40μm。精子顶体退化,仅由几个顶体囊泡组成。     

大口黑鲈精子超微结构研究

为了解大口黑鲈Micropterus salmoides精子的超微结构,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对大口黑鲈精子结构进行观察。结果显示,大口黑鲈精子由头部、中段和鞭毛三部分组成,扫描电镜下精子中段不明显,无顶体;精子全长25.07μm±4.93μm(n=30),头部近球形,直径1.73μm±0.29μm(n=30),鞭毛长23.00μm±4.86μm(n=30)。头部主要由细胞核构成,细胞核呈蘑菇形,染色质电子致密成簇,被电子透明区分开,核近鞭毛端向内凹陷,形成较浅的核窝。中段包括中心粒复合体和袖套,中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和远端中心粒构成,近端中心粒位于核窝内,与细胞核横轴平行,远端中心粒为鞭毛的基部,位于核窝外,袖套内,与近端中心粒垂直,呈"T"字形。线粒体分布在袖套两侧的袖套腔中,形状大小不一,总数(17±4)个(n=30)。鞭毛从袖套腔中伸出,主要由轴丝和侧鳍构成,轴丝与远端中心粒相接,有典型的"9+2"二联微管结构,侧鳍分布在鞭毛两侧。研究表明,大口黑鲈精子为硬骨鱼类Ⅰ型精子,其袖套形状以及线粒体的数目和大小与鲈形目Perciformes其他鱼类的精子结构存在区别。     

安得爱胜蚓精子及精子形成的超微结构

利用透射电镜研究了安得爱胜蚓（Eisenia anderi)精子的超微结构及其形成过程,精子呈纤毛状,由顶体,核,中段和鞭毛四部分组成,全长92μm左右,储精囊中可见成束的各种发育阶段的生精细胞。文中详细描述了从精子细胞到成熟精子的精子形成过程。     

湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬的性别组成与精子形态特征

本研究以湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为研究对象,在进一步验证该群体性别组成的基础上,分析壳长组成与性别比例之间关系,探讨该群体雄性、雌性和雌雄同体之间关系;同时以单鞭毛精子为参照,分析比较双鞭毛精子的形态特征,以期为我国河蚬的性别发生及生殖适应策略研究提供基础资料。结果显示：沅江鼎城段河蚬(n = 770)雄性、雌性和雌雄同体最小性成熟壳长分别为2.92 mm、5.66 mm和5.30 mm。697只性成熟河蚬中雄性、雌性和雌雄同体的比例近似1︰1︰6。雌雄同体的平均壳长[(22.55 ± 0.33)mm,n = 517]显著大于雄性[(20.44 ± 1.03)mm,n = 95]和雌性[(19.79 ± 0.99)mm,n = 85](P < 0.05),但雄性与雌性的平均壳长之间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。河蚬可以产生单鞭毛和双鞭毛两种类型的精子,单鞭毛精子头长范围4.93 ~ 21.79 μm,平均值(14.27 ± 0.82)μm(n = 30),双鞭毛精子头长范围10.29 ~ 22.04 μm,平均值(15.62 ± 0.62)μm(n = 26)。单、双鞭毛精子头长差异不显著(P > 0.05)。双鞭毛精子(n = 26)长尾的平均长度[(38.07 ± 1.44)μm]显著大于其短尾[(31.08 ± 1.60)μm]和单鞭毛精子(n = 30)尾部长度[(30.15 ± 1.75)μm](P < 0.01),但其短尾与单鞭毛精子的尾部平均长度之间无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。结果表明：湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬为雄性先熟,且可能存在雄性和(或)雌性向雌雄同体转换现象。河蚬具有单鞭毛型和双鞭毛型2种类型的精子,且双鞭毛精子的2个尾部不等长。同域共存河蚬的单鞭毛与双鞭毛精子在运动及受精能力方面的差异值得深入研究。     

墨西哥湾扇贝精子的超微结构

报道了墨西哥湾扇贝成熟精子在SEM和TEM下的超微结构观察结果。墨西哥湾扇贝的精子为典型的原生型,精子全长约43～45μm,头部长约2．1～2．4μm。精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。头部顶体明显突出,呈倒V形;顶体下方为细胞核,细胞核近似卵圆形。在细胞核内部或边缘,能观察到有一个或几个形状较为规则的核泡。中段的主要结构有线粒体和中心体,中段的横切面有4个线粒体围绕在中心体的周围。尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的“9 2”结构。     

川陕哲罗鲑精子超微结构及形态学研究

对川陕哲罗鲑Hucho bleekeri Kimura精子采用扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜进行观察,结果显示:精子由头部、中片和尾部组成;精子全长41.07μm±2.18μm,头部长2.76μm±0.15μm,头部前端和后端的宽度分别为1.88μm±0.18μm和2.08μm±0.20μm;尾部长34.74μm±5.01μm。头部呈卵圆形,无顶体,主要由细胞核组成;中片由1个不规则的圆球状线粒体及袖套结构组成;线粒体直径为0.82μm±0.08μm;尾部呈细长形,并由一个过渡区域分为前端和末端,尾部内部主要由轴丝组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构,外部有不对称性分布的侧鳍结构。结果表明,川陕哲罗鲑精子类型较为原始,属于硬骨鱼类中的TypeⅠ类型。     

虾夷扇贝精子的超微结构

用扫描和透射电镜研究了虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)精子的超微结构.虾夷扇贝精子为典型的原生型,全长50μm左右,头部长约3 μm.精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成.头部顶体突出,呈倒"V"形;顶体下方为精核,电子密度较高且占头部大部分,具有核前窝(anterior nuclear fossa)、核后窝(posterior nuclear fossa)和植入窝(implantation fossa);4～5个近圆形的线粒体围绕着中心粒复合体形成精子的中段.尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的"9 2"结构.     

长毛对虾精子发生的研究：Ⅰ.精子的形态结构

利用电子显微镜技术结合细胞化学染色方法,研究长毛对虾精子形态结构,结果显示:长毛对虾精子由圆球状球体部和钉子状棘突部组成;精子全长约7μm;棘突及与之相联的球体表面平滑无突起,而与棘突相对的球体底面有指状突起。透射和冷冻蚀刻电镜显示:长毛对虾精子棘突包括顶体锥和顶体帽两部分;顶体锥向外突出形成精子的棘突,顶体帽覆盖在球体部的胞质及核区上方。成熟精子胞质极度退化,仅靠顶体帽边缘可见1—2个线粒体。球体的中央区域为近球形,呈Feul-gen阳性反应,为精子的核区。其结构松散,电子密度低,属非浓缩型,内布许多絮状物质,外由许多长短不一的膜性结构不规则排列成不连续的核膜结构。研究结果认为:长毛对虾精子属不动无鞭毛精子类型,其棘突部并非鞭毛结构而是顶体的位置。     

暗褐蝈螽与优雅蝈螽精子超微结构的比较研究(直翅目,螽斯科)

研究了暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis sedakovii(Fischer von Waldheim)和优雅蝈螽G.gratiosa Brunner von Wattenwyl精子的超微结构。这两种蝈螽精子头部的顶体复合体由顶体外层、顶体本体和顶体组成,顶体复合体位于细胞核前端,并包裹部分细胞核;颈部具5纵层细胞器;尾部鞭毛轴丝为典型的9+9+2型,线粒体衍生体部分晶状化。暗褐蝈螽精子较短,顶体复合体夹角较大,精子鞭毛横切面直径稍大;优雅蝈螽精子稍长,顶体复合体夹角较小,精子鞭毛横切面直径较小,两种精子超微结构差异不显著,其生殖隔离机制有待进一步研究。     

中国金藻门植物的新种类

囊壳花瓶形,长16～19μm,宽5～7μm。中间呈椭圆形,前端收缢呈领状,领口向外开展呈漏斗形,后端渐尖成长尾刺。常附生在浮游的绿球藻类细胞表面,单个或多个,呈丛状。原生质体几乎充满整个囊壳,活跃变形,前端常伸出囊壳。鞭毛单条,伸展向前,约与身长相等;色素体缺如。     

锯缘青蟹精子超微结构的研究

利用光镜和电镜观察了锯缘青蟹成熟精子的形态和超微结构。精子呈陀螺形，无鞭毛，在较宽的一端环生着１０余辐射臂。精子由球状的顶体、核杯以及核衍生的辐射臂三部分组成。顶体包括顶体管和顶体囊，后者包绕在顶体管的中央管周围，并可分为头帽带，内层和外层区。顶体被杯状的核包裹，仅头帽露于精子表面。成熟的精子中，位于核杯和顶体管之间的核膜出现局部断续或消失，中心粒和一些胞器出现的核杯腔中。     

褶纹冠蚌精子发生的研究

光镜和透射电镜研究结果表明：褶纹冠蚌精子发生是非同步的,精子发生经历了一系列重要的形态和结构变化,主要包括：核逐步延长、染色质浓缩、线粒体逐渐发达与融合、胞质消除以及鞭毛的形成。精原细胞胞质中含有许多致密的轴纤丝,它们后来形成鞭毛轴丝。精母细胞质中含有线粒体、中心粒、内质网和电子透明的囊泡。精细胞分化为４个时期。成熟精子属原始类型,由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。多核结构和细胞间桥自始至终存在于精子     

Fine structure and histochemistry of the freshly extruded and hardened spermatophore of the spiny lobster,Panulirus interruptus

Freshly extruded and hardened spermatophores of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, were compared using light and electron microscopy (EM). The spermatophore is composed of a sperm tube embedded in an acellular matrix. The sperm tube consists of tightly packed spherical cavities in an acellular material within which the sperm lie. The extruded spermatophore is white, soft, and sticky on all surfaces. The highly coiled sperm tube can be seen near the surface of the foot of the spermatophore, which is the side that will attach to the exoskeleton of the female. The opposite surface, the cap, will harden and darken after exposure to seawater. In the soft spermatophore, the matrix surrounding the sperm tube and extending from foot to cap is composed of small (2-μm) granules embedded in a loose weave of filaments. In the hardened spermatophore, the matrix is composed of small (4-μm) empty spheres. At the cap region the matrix darkens, and at the foot the granules dissolve to form a thick layer characterized by vertical striations. The structure of this spermatophore is compared to those spermatophores of other decapods that have been described at the EM level. The chemical composition and possible function(s) of the various components are discussed.     

羊精子表面的凝集素标记特征

用辣根过氧化物酶标记的蓖麻凝集素和伴刀豆素Ａ,对绵羊精子表面的凝集素标记特征进行了观察。蓖麻凝集素在睾丸内精子的顶体区有中等强度标记,尾部有弱标记,在附睾内成熟时,顶体区标记逐渐增强,尾部的标记消失,获能后标记强度则明显减弱。伴刀豆素Ａ的标记在睾丸内的精子仅限于顶体区,随着在附睾内成熟,顶体区的标记增强,尾部也出现弱的标记,获能后有部分精子的标记强度有所增加。实验结果表明,羊精子在成熟过程和获能过程表面糖复合物发生明显修饰。     

泥鳅精子入卵的动力作用

在扫描电镜下,泥鳅成熟卵卵膜孔外围呈现完整的左涡旋状结构,受精时精子是顺着涡旋的流线进入卵膜孔。涡旋纹理接近对数螺线。本文分析了真骨鱼类的受精因素,除已知的化学因素外,还存在物理因素。也讨论了泥鳅成熟卵卵膜孔形态形成的必然性。     

Fertilization in Pinus Bungeana

Pinus bungeana is a species endemic to China and as yet its embryology has not been reported. The present paper deals with its process of fertilization in some details. 1. The development of the male gamete and the structure of the archegonium. The spermatogenous cell has already divided into two uniqual male gametes in the middle of May (in 1978, at Peking), about ten days before fertilization. Both sperms are spheroidal to ellipsoidal. The larger sperm is about 94 × 65 μm and the smaller one, about 72 × 58 μm in size. As the pollen tube approaches the archegonium the two sperms move toward the apex of the tube together with the remaining contents. Generally the larger sperm precedes the smaller one. The cytoplasmic contents also contain a sterile cell, 3—43×2—29 μm in size and a tube nuleus, 15—30 μm in diamter, besides the sperms. A mass of starch grains of more or less similar to sperm in size is also included in the contents of the pollen tube. Generally 3—4, even up to 7–8 pollen grains germinate normally within an ovule. Therefore, many sperms (up to 14—16) may be present on the same nucellus. The archegonium is elongato-ellipsoidal, about 870 ×500 μm in size. Arehegonia are single, 2—(3—5) in number, with 2 neck cells and a layer of jacket cells. The central cell divided in the middle of May and gave rise to the ventral canal cell and the egg. As the archegonium matures the cytoplasm becomes radiate fibrillae around the egg nucleus. The egg nucleus is large, 150—226 μm in diameter. One large nucleolus, 22—25 μm in diameter and sometimes up to 50; small nueleoli are present within the nucleus. 2. Fertilization Pollination takes place in the first week of May and fertilization will be effected from the end of May to the first week of June of next year. The interval between pollinatin and fertilization in P. bungeana is about thirteen months and the lapse of time is almost similar to most of the Pinus so far recorded. When the pollen tube contacts the archegonium through the neck cells all its contents are discharged into the egg cell. Usually the larger sperm fuses with the egg nucleus and the rest of the contents stays in the upper part of the egg cell. It is interesting to note that the nonfunctional second sperm also moves toward the egg nucleus and often divides by mitosis; and this phenomenon is not reported elsewhere. At the earlier stage of the fusion between male and female nuclei the male nucleoplasm is dense and finely granular while the female nucleoplasm is thin and coarsely granular, hence the boundary between them is very clear. The nuclear membranes of both nuclei persist for a long time. After the male nucleus sinks into the female nucleus completely, both nuclei begin to divide and enter into the prophase and then the metaphase simultaneously. By this time the paternal and maternal chromosome sets with their spindles still remain at certain distance from each other. Then the paternal chromosomes with their spindle move gradually toward the maternal ones. At first a multipolar common spindle appears as the maternal and paternal spindles with their chromosomes merge together. Finally a regular bipolar spindle is formed and both the maternal and paternal chromosomes become arranged on the equatorial plate. In the meantime, the process of fusion is complete and the zygote is at the stage of metaphase. At the moment the spindle looks greater in width than in length, being about 80×65—70 μm in size. 3. Supernumerary nuclei and sperms. The ventral canal cell degenerates soon after its formation. While the supernumerary sperms divide usually after their entrance into the egg cell. Therefore, the supernumerary nuclei probably derive directly from the smaller sperms or indirectly from mitoses of the larger ones Generally the nucleoplasm of the supernumerary nuclei is rather thin while the nucleoplasm of the undivided sperms is rather dense. This shows that the former is in the state of degeneration. The supernumerary nuclei of P. bungeana are as many as 7, their usual size being 43—58×32—43 μm. In the upper part of some egg cells there are still secondary smaller sperms about the size of 36 × 29 μm, Their volume is just about half of the usual smaller sperm. Probably they are derived from the division of the smaller sperms.     

小鼠精子表面Con A结合糖复合物的形成与变化

用辣根过氧化物酶标记的ＣｏｎＡ（伴刀豆素Ａ）对小鼠睾丸与附睾切片,以及对取自附睾和子宫（交配后）内的精子涂片进行了标记,旨在认识精子在发生、成熟和获能过程中表面糖复合物的形成与变化。本研究表明,睾丸内的生精细胞和支持细胞均呈ＣｏｎＡ标记阳性。附睾的输出小管和附睾管上皮细胞,ＣｏｎＡ标记呈中度至强阳性,有部位的差别。附睾头和附睾尾内精子表面的标记无明显差别,标记位置均主要在顶体区和尾部。精子在子宫内存留１．５小时后,顶体后区出现中度阳性标记,但存留３小时和６小时后,顶体和顶体后区的标记均减弱或消失。这些结果提示,（１）精子发生期即可合成ＣｏｎＡ结合糖复合物,（２）精子在附睾成熟过程中表面的ＣｏｎＡ结合糖复合物无明显变化,（３）精子获能后顶体后区出现的ＣｏｎＡ结合糖复合物可能与受精能力有关。     

LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HYDRA CARNEA

In the freshwater hydrozoan Hydra carnea, the egg, matured and grown between the mesoglea and the epitheliomuscular cells of the ectoderm, is extruded after the emission of the second polar body. Surrounded by a clear jelly layer the egg remains attached to the polyp. Sperm which are released from the testicular sacs of male polyps are attracted by the egg. The jelly layer is penetrated only at the site of emission of the polar bodies by sperm which lack a structurally distinct acrosome. One sperm fuses with the egg at that site where the female pronucleus is found to lie close to the egg membrane. After fertilization and cleavage an acellular embryotheca is secreted by the blastomeres. These events were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy.     

我国首例肺微小根毛霉病及其致病菌的分离和培养

本文报告1例肺结核和糖尿病并发由微小根毛霉(Rhizomuror pusillus)所致的肺微小根毛霉病。首次在我国从病人的肺组织活检标本分离出该种真菌。此菌可在几种琼脂培养基20°—45℃条件下生长,最适温度为37℃。菌落在初期白色,然后变成褐色厚毡状。在光学显微镜下可看到孢囊梗假轴状分枝,初期无色,然后变为褐色。孢子囊直径50—90μm,呈灰色,后变为褐色。孢子囊成熟后囊壁消解。囊轴卵形或梨形,直径45—48μm。在有性期,接合孢子球形,直径43—63μm,初呈褐色,后变为黑色,表面粗糙或凹凸不平。在透射电子显微镜下,孢囊孢子呈不规则卵形,直径2—5μm;在扫描电子显微镜下,孢囊孢子形态与上述相同。本菌实验感染家兔、豚鼠和小白鼠显示毒力很强,动物于接种后3—10天内全部死亡。从感染动物的脏器分离出本菌。采用中、西医结合治疗,病人痊愈。     

金鱼精子入卵过程的扫描电镜观察

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