Isolation and Sequence Analysis of the Sox-1, -2, -3 Homologs in Trionyx sinensis and Alligator sinensis Having Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination

Members of the Sox gene family are characterized by an HMG-box that shows sequence similarity with that of the mouse testis-determining gene Sry. Using degenerate primers PCR, seven and eight HMG-box motifs of Sry-related genes were cloned and sequenced from genomic DNA of Trionyx sinensis (termed TS41-47) and Alligator sinensis (AS41-48) with TSD (temperature-dependent sex determination). Among 15 Sry-related genes, TS41, TS42, AS41, and AS42 shared 80, 72, 81, and 79% amino acid identity, respectively, with each HMG-box domain of the mouse Sox-1, -2, and -3 genes by Blast analysis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the clustering of TS41-42 and AS41-42 was distant to the clustering of the nonreptilian vertebrate Sox-1, -2, -3 homologs, including fish, amphibian, bird, and mammals. The amino acid identity among TS41-42, AS41-42, and the nonreptilian vertebrate Sox-1, -2, -3 homologs is lower than identities among the Sox-1, -2, -3 homologs, suggesting that the sequence changes in TS41-42 of Trionyx sinensis and AS41-42 of Alligator sinensis might have occurred after the diversification of amniotes.     

扬子鳄的CaSox4基因的分子克隆和进化分析

The completely identical HMG-box motif of CaSox4 gene from both male and female genomic DNA of the Chinese alligator (alligator sinensis) was cloned and sequenced by degenerate primer PCR.Compared with the human and mouse SRY,CaSox4 revealed 51% and 57% nucleotide homology respectively and 49% and 55% amino acid identity respectively,CaSox4 belongs to subgroup C of the Sox gene family.The GC content is 86% in the HMG-box region of the CaSox4 gene,Blast analysis showed that the CaSox4 gene shares 100^ amino acid identity with human Sox4.bird SoxLF4,turtle Sra4 and lizard CvSox4 genes.Casox4 may be orthologous with the human SOx4 gene.This indicates that CaSox4 gene shows the remarkable evolutionary conservation during the evolution of Alligator Sinensis,The extensive sequence conservation of the Sox4 gene between reptiles,mammals and birds suggests major functional constraints[Acta Zoologica Sinica 49(3):404-407,2003].     

Extreme evolutionary conservation of CaSox4 gene in alligator Alligator sinensis

The SOX genes form a gene family related by homology to the high-mobility-group (HMG) box region of the testis-determining gene, SRY. Using degenerate primer PCR, we have cloned and sequenced the HMG-box motif of CaSox4 gene from genomic DNA of the Chinese alligator, Alligator sinensis, a species closely related to American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Sequence comparison showed that CaSox4 gene shared 97% homology at the nucleotide level and complete identity at the amino acid level, respectively, with AES4 gene of Alligator mississippiensis. It indicates that the Sox4 gene has been extremely conserved during evolution. The result obtained in the present study strongly suggests that the Sox4 gene did not diverge during the differentiation of two closely related alligators, which are thought to have originated from a common ancestor and have existed largely unchanged for 200-250 Myr.     

Surfeit locus gene homologs are widely distributed in invertebrate genomes.

The mouse Surfeit locus contains six sequence-unrelated genes (Surf-1 to -6) arranged in the tightest gene cluster so far described for mammals. The organization and juxtaposition of five of the Surfeit genes (Surf-1 to -5) are conserved between mammals and birds, and this may reflect a functional or regulatory requirement for the gene clustering. We have undertaken an evolutionary study to determine whether the Surfeit genes are conserved and clustered in invertebrate genomes. Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the mouse Surf-4 gene, which encodes an integral membrane protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, have been isolated. The amino acid sequences of the Drosophila and C. elegans homologs are highly conserved in comparison with the mouse Surf-4 protein. In particular, a dilysine motif implicated in endoplasmic reticulum localization of the mouse protein is conserved in the invertebrate homologs. We show that the Drosophila Surf-4 gene, which is transcribed from a TATA-less promoter, is not closely associated with other Drosophila Surfeit gene homologs but rather is located upstream from sequences encoding a homolog of a yeast seryl-tRNA synthetase protein. There are at least two closely linked Surf-3/rpL7a genes or highly polymorphic alleles of a single Surf-3/rpL7a gene in the C. elegans genome. The chromosomal locations of the C. elegans Surf-1, Surf-3/rpL7a, and Surf-4 genes have been determined. In D. melanogaster the Surf-3/rpL7a, Surf-4, and Surf-5 gene homologs and in C. elegans the Surf-1, Surf-3/rpL7a, Surf-4, and Surf-5 gene homologs are located on completely different chromosomes, suggesting that any requirement for the tight clustering of the genes in the Surfeit locus is restricted to vertebrate lineages.     

一种中华鳖结节病的病原菌分离鉴定及病理研究

【背景】在山东聊城市一中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)养殖场暴发了结节病(Sarcoidosis),典型症状为内脏、四肢肌肉等部位出现结节;感染后期引起多重感染,所有内脏发臭腐烂。调查发现2017年该病传染率、死亡率较2016年均升高。目前国内尚未有中华鳖感染结节病的报道,其感染途径、病原体及防治方法均属未知。【目的】分析中华鳖结节病的病原,进行病理学研究,并为防控该病寻找解决方案。【方法】按照病害诊断方法,在排除寄生虫及病毒感染后,进行病原菌的分离及鉴定。同时通过病原菌的体外药敏试验进行防控药物筛选,并对该病的组织病理学进行研究。【结果】从病灶处分离到两种优势菌株DM1和DM2,体外回归感染试验表明DM1为中华鳖结节病病原菌。16S rRNA基因序列测定及生理生化鉴定显示,DM1为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)。药敏试验显示,该菌株对丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、头孢哌酮、环丙沙星等14种药物敏感,对呋喃唑酮和头孢氨苄表现中敏,对诺氟沙星、利福平、氨苄西林等18种药物表现耐药。病理切片显示结节最外层为纤维结缔组织形成的包膜,内部豆渣样物质为嗜酸性凝固性坏死。【结论】中华鳖结节病的病原菌为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,养殖过程中可通过使用丁胺卡那、庆大霉素等药物进行疾病防控。     

中华鳖不同部位氨基酸的测定与分析

用日立L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪测定了中华鳖不同部位中的氨基酸含量,结果表明17种氨基酸总量及药效氨 基酸总量都以卵、肌肉中最高,其次是血液及肝脏,胆汁中17种氨基酸总量虽低,但牛磺酸含量极高。说明中华鳖的不同部位 在营养学和医学上都有很高的研究价值。     

扬子鳄4个Sox基因保守区的克隆及序列分析

参考人SRY基因HMG－box的保守区序列,设计一对简并引物,用PCR扩增了扬子鳄Sox基因的HMG－box,并对PCR产物进行了亚克隆和测序。结果在雌雄个体中均筛选到4个不同的Sox基因,无性别差异。其序列与人相应的SOX基因保守区编码序列的相似性分别为91％、96％、100％、96％,分别命名为AS－Sox1,ASSox2,ASSox11,ASSox22。与其他动物相关的Sox/SOX基因的聚类分析结果表明,扬子鳄Sox基因编码的氨基酸序列与进化位置各异的其他动物的Sox/SOX基因编码的氨基酸序列存在高度的同源性,显示出Sox基因在系统进化上的高度保守性。     

中华鳖4个Sox基因保守区的序列分析

采用PCR技术,扩增和克隆了中华鳖Sox基因（TSSox）。经DNA序列分析显示,Sox基因在系统进化上十分保守,其中TSSox4与鸟类LF4基因编码的氨基酸序列完全相同、与人类SOX4和Sox4编码的序列仅一个氨基酸的差异;TSSox5与鸟类的LF5基因的编码也仅一个氨基酸发生了改变;TSSox2与海龟的TSox2相似性最高。4条TSSox序列中,TSSox与人SRY基因序列相似性最高,达75％;序列上的相似性可能暗示了它们在功能上的保守性。     

Regulatory mechanism of Toona sinensis on mouse leydig cell steroidogenesis

Toona sinensis (TS), a kind of arbor, widely distributes nowadays in Asia. The leaves of TS have been used as an effective nutritious food in Chinese society for a long time. It was reported that Toona sinensis can induce apoptosis of cancer cells, reduce plasma glucose in diabetic rats, and improve lipolysis of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte and its uptake of glucose. It has also been shown that TS may increase dynamic activity of human sperm. Thus, we are interested to investigate whether Toona sinensis has any effect on mouse Leydig cell testosterone production, which correlates to sperm activity. Primary mouse Leydig cells were purified to conduct the in vitro experiments. Different concentrations of crude Toona sinensis were added to primary mouse Leydig cells and the testosterone production was determined. The results showed that crude TS significantly inhibited both basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated testosterone productions in dose dependent manner, respectively (P<0.05). Crude TS also reduced the forskolin- and dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP)-stimulated testosterone production (P<0.05), which indicated that crude TS might affect protein kinase A (PKA) signal transduction pathway at the site after the formation of cyclic AMP. Moreover, TS inhibited Leydig cell steroidogenesis by suppressing the activity of steroidogenic enzymes including P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase, 20 alpha-hydroxylase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P<0.05). In summary, these results suggested that TS inhibited steroidogenesis by suppressing the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway and the activities of steroidogenic enzymes in normal mouse Leydig cells.     

草鱼、中华鳖脾细胞培养上清液ＩＬ—２物质的检测

用刀豆蛋白Ａ（ConA)刺激诱导草鱼和中华鳖脾细胞,收细胞培养上清液,用小鼠胸腺细胞增殖试验和对小鼠Ｌ９２９细胞系杀伤试验检测上清液中白细胞介素－２（简称ＩＬ－２）活性。结果表明：草鱼、中华鳖脾细胞培养上清液中有ＩＬ－２样活性物质,这种物质使小鼠的胸腺细胞^3H-TdR掺入量明显增加,在相同效靶比的条件下对小鼠Ｌ９２９细胞系杀伤率也显著增强,这种ＩＬ－２活性均能被抗人rIL-2血清所抑制。中华鳖脾细胞培养上清液（含ＩＬ－２）对中华鳖胸腺细胞也有较明显的促增殖作用并能消除兔抗中华鳖胸腺细胞血清（ＲＡＴＴＳ）对中华鳖胸腺细胞增殖的抑制作用,进一步用抗人白细胞分化抗原ＣＤ２５（ＩＬ－２受体,简称ＩＬ－２Ｒ）单克隆抗体进行免疫组化交叉反应提示草鱼、中华鳖淋巴细胞膜上含有与人类ＩＬ－２Ｒ类似功能和结构的物质。     

Characterization and mapping of the human SOX4 gene

The SOX genes comprise a large family related by homology to the HMG-box region of the testis-determining gene SRY. We have cloned and sequenced the human SOX4 gene. The open reading frame encodes a 474 amino acid protein, which includes an HMG-box. The non-box sequence is particularly rich in serine residues and has several polyglycine and polyalanine stretches. With somatic cell hybrids, human SOX4 has been mapped to Chromosome (Chr) 6p distal to the MHC region. There is no evidence for clustering of other members of the SOX1,-2, and-3 or SOX4 gene families around the SOX4 locus.     

Cloning and analysis of the MAT1-2-1 gene from the traditional Chinese medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis

The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been important in traditional Chinese medicine but has yet to be commercially cultivated. One bottleneck is the very low frequency of stromata formation from artificially infected moth larvae. The mating system of fungi is the determining factor for sexual reproduction, but mating-type genes of O. sinensis have not been previously investigated. In this study, the putative mating-type gene MAT1-2-1 within the MAT1-2 idiomorph was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was determined to consist of 859 nucleotides that encode 249 amino acids; genes within the MAT1-1 idiomorph, however, were not determined. The MAT1-2-1 gene contained the conserved high-mobility group (HMG) box, and MAT1-2-1 flanking sequences were subsequently obtained. Although no putative open reading frames of the MAT1-1 idiomorph were detected within the ca. 8-kb flanking sequences of MAT1-2-1, a putative DNA lyase gene (which is present next to both idiomorphs in some heterothallic fungi) was found ca. 3.0 kb downstream of MAT1-2-1. The intervening distance between MAT1-2-1 and the DNA lyase gene in O. sinensis is larger than that in Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps takaomontana. In addition, O. sinensis showed low sequence similarities with C. militaris and C. takaomontana in both MAT1-2-1 and the DNA lyase gene. In the phylogenetic tree, different MAT1-2-1 haplotypes of O. sinensis clustered together with high bootstrap support. As a single-copy gene, MAT1-2-1 was detected in all examined O. sinensis isolates including tissue cultures and single-ascospore cultures. This report describes, for the first time, a mating-type gene of O. sinensis.     

扬子鳄新皮质NOS、AChE阳性神经元的分布

目的 观察扬子鳄新皮质内一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)阳性神经元的形态和分布,为扬子鳄脑的比较解剖学积累资料,为其机能研究提供形态学依据.方法 采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶(NADPH-d)法和亚铁氰化酮法观察扬子鳄新皮质内NOS和AChE阳性神经元的分布和特征.结果 扬子鳄新皮质内有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布,为大、中、小型细胞,以中小型细胞为主,胞体呈圆形、椭圆形、三角形和梭形.结论 扬子鳄新皮质内有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布.     

中华鳖致病病原菌的分离及药物试验研究

嗜水气单胞菌为该病的条件致病菌。在适宜的条件下 ,该菌可通过体表伤口进入鳖体引起疾病。此病以体表腐皮与赤斑 ,有的中华鳖背部有明显的乳白色小点和出血性败血症为主要病理学表现 ,以各器官功能衰竭为致病原因。解剖后 ,肝脏病变呈污泥色 ,腐烂液化 ,肾呈青紫色、肿大 ,肠内无食物 ,呈灰白色 ,部分肠壁有出血点 ,脾脏明显肿大。经分离鉴定 ,生理生化特性分析 ,结果为典型的嗜水气单胞菌嗜水亚种 (Aeromonashydrophilasubsp .hydrophila)。     

胶原酶消化法分离制备罗非鱼和中华鳖的胰岛细胞及其生物活性

目的探讨罗非鱼、中华鳖胰岛细胞分离提取的方法及对比两者的生物学活性差异。方法采用胶原酶消化分离罗非鱼、中华鳖胰岛细胞,光镜下观察其形态结构。在体外用不同浓度的葡萄糖刺激胰岛细胞,测定其生物学活性。结果罗非鱼、中华鳖胰岛细胞在体外对不同浓度的葡萄糖刺激具有明确的生物学反应,并随着葡萄糖浓度的增加胰岛素的产生也相应增加。结论采用胶原酶消化分离罗非鱼、中华鳖胰岛细胞的方法可行,胰岛细胞在体外对不同浓度的葡萄糖刺激产生胰岛素并具有正相关,其为鱼纲、爬行纲与哺乳纲动物之间的胰岛细胞移植奠定了实验基础。     

High-mobility-group family genes from Lampetra japonica reveal their early origin and molecular evolution in the vertebrate lineage

High-mobility group family (HMG) genes are ubiquitous in vertebrates, including mammals, birds, amphibians and fishes. To elucidate the molecular phylogeny of the HMG genes in the primitive vertebrate, we have cloned three homologues of HMG-box genes, called Lj-HMGB1, Lj-HMGB2 and Lj-HMGBX, from a cDNA library generated from lymphocyte-like cells of the Japanese lamprey (Lampetra japonica), an Agnathan that occupies a critical phylogenetic position between invertebrates and vertebrates. The open reading frames of Lj-HMGB1, Lj-HMGB2 and Lj-HMGBX contained 627 bp, 585 bp and 678 bp, respectively. The analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences indicated that these three putative Lj-HMGB proteins contain four domains: HMG-box A, HMG-box B, an acidic carboxyl-terminal tail and a linker. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Lj-HMGB proteins fall outside the vertebrate clade; Lj-HMGBX is descended from a gene ancestral to the mammalian HMGB1/2/3. This discovery implies that there was a gene duplication event in the HMGB1/2/3 gene family that occurred after the divergence of the vertebrates (Cyclostomata) from the Cephalochordata and Urochordata at least 450 million years ago (MYA). The Lj-HMGB1, Lj-HMGB2 and Lj-HMGBX genes were detected in most tissues of the lamprey by RT-PCR. Our findings provide insight into the phylogeny of the HMGB genes in vertebrates.     

扬子鳄鞣制皮革和鳞片的DNA提取方法

运用一种改进的提取方法 ,作者从鞣制皮革中成功地提取了总DNA ,同时还对尾尖皮、鳞片、盐腌生皮等皮质进行了DNA提取 ;用 12SrRNA基因扩增的通用引物、扬子鳄鉴别引物、微卫星引物及RAPD引物进行PCR扩增 ,并对部分扩增结果进行测序 ,以检验提取效果。结果证明 ,几种皮质标本都可提取出DNA ,其中尾尖皮和鳞片的提取效果较好 ,用四种引物都可扩增出明显亮带 ;盐腌生皮和鞣制皮提取结果也很好 ,并且用12SrRNA通用引物、扬子鳄鉴别引物扩增的亮带较明显 ,可进行扬子鳄皮质用品等的分子鉴定及部分序列的扩增和测序研究     

Extreme Evolutionary Conservation of CaSox4 Gene* in Alligator sinensis*

The Sox genes form a gene family related by homology to the high-mobility-group (HMG) box region of the testis-determining gene, SRY.Using degenerate primer PCR, we have cloned and sequenced the HMG-box motif ofCaSox4 gene from genomic DNA of the Chinese alligator,Alligator sinensis, a species closely related to American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Sequence comparison showed that CaSox4 gene shared 97% homology at the nucleotide level and complete identity at the amino acid level, respectively, withAES4 gene of A. mississippiensis. It indicates that the Sox4gene has been extremely conserved during evolution. The result obtained in the present study strongly suggests that theSox4 gene did not diverge during the differentiation of two closely related alligators, which are thought to have originated from a common ancestor and have existed largely unchanged for 200–250 Myr.     

扬子鳄纹状体AChE、SOMmRNA阳性神经元的分布

目的 观察扬子鳄纹状体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase,AChE）和生长抑素信使核糖核酸（somatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid,SOMmRNA）阳性神经元的形态和分布.方法 采用亚铁氰化酮法和原位杂交法观察扬子鳄纹状体内AChE和SOMmRNA阳性神经元的分布和特征.结果 扬子鳄纹状体内有AChE和SOMmRNA阳性神经元分布,两种神经元均有大、中、小型细胞,以中、小型细胞为主,神经元胞体呈圆形、椭圆形、三角形、梭形和多角形.结论 扬子鳄纹状体内有AChE和SOMmRNA阳性神经元分布.