成熟欧李果肉中单宁提取条件的优化

以成熟欧李为试验材料,乙醇、丙酮、二甲基甲酰胺为提取剂,采用L25（5^6）正交试验设计,从溶剂浓度、固液比、浸提时间、浸提温度等因素的不同水平对欧李果肉中单宁的提取条件进行了研究,结果表明：从欧李果肉中提取单宁的最佳条件为：以丙酮作提取剂,浓度60％,浸提时间4h,浸提温度30℃,固液比1：20;以乙醇作提取剂,浓度30％,浸提时间4h,浸提温度60℃,固液比1：30。     

茶多酚提取优化工艺研究

本文研究了可食用茶多酚的提取优化工艺。萃取剂为乙醇,料液比1：15,浸提过程伴随300W超声波震荡,就乙醇的浓度、提取温度、提取时间和提取次数等因素利用正交设计筛选了茶多酚的最佳提取工艺条件,并对浸提液最佳离子沉淀方法作了比较。结果表明,茶多酚提取的最佳工艺条件为：65％的乙醇溶液作浸提剂,当浸提温度为50℃,浸提时间30min,两次超声波辐射浸提后茶多酚从粗茶叶中的提取率为20．1％。沉淀剂AlCl3和ZnSO4质量比为1：2对茶多酚的沉淀效果最佳,pH=6．0。     

紫叶小檗叶片红色素提取方法的研究

本文以新疆紫叶小檗的叶子作为实验材料。从浸提剂种类,浸提温度,浸提时间,浸提剂pH值及不同比例的紫叶小檗叶子（g）;浸提剂（ml）对紫叶小檗叶子红色素提取率的影响进行了提取方法的初步研究。结果表明：pH值在小于或等于2的范围内,以蒸馏水为浸提剂,在60℃时对这处花色苷类天然色素浸提60分钟,可获得最佳提取率。     

恩施碎米荠硒多糖提取条件的研究

为了探索恩施碎米荠多糖的最佳提取条件,以干制碎米荠粉末为试验材料,以双蒸水为浸提剂,在浸提温度、时间、浸取剂的用量、提取次数和pH等单因素试验的基础上,进行了四元二次通用旋转组合试验.试验结果表明,1g碎米荠干粉,浸提温度90℃、浸提时间3 h-3.5 h、浸取剂的用量30mL、提取次数4～5次和浸提液的pH值为9是多糖适宜的提取条件.     

微波辅助索氏提取法提取欧李仁油的工艺参数优化

为探讨欧李仁油提取的最佳工艺参数,以欧李种仁为材料,粗脂肪提取率为评价指标,采用随机试验设计和L9（3^4）正交试验设计,测定了不同提取剂、浸提时间、浸提温度、料液比、辐射功率、辐射时间对欧李仁油提取率的影响。结果表明：以三氯甲烷为提取剂,微波辅助索氏提取法提取欧李仁油的最佳工艺参数为：辐射功率462 W,辐射时间3 min,提取时间7 h,提取温度80℃,料液比1∶35,欧李仁油提取率为47.37%,比常规索氏提取法提高了18.63%。     

正交试验法优选三七茎叶中总黄酮的提取工艺

目的：从三七茎叶中提取总黄酮。方法：采用正交试验法研究三七茎叶总黄酮的提取工艺,考察了浸提用水的pH值、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数、液料比五个因素对三七茎叶总黄酮提取率的影响。结果：确立了三七茎叶总黄酮最佳提取条件为：用pH10的稀碱水作溶剂,液料比30：1,浸提温度为80℃,回流提取2次,提取时间为每次40min。     

红花黄色素提取工艺研究

本文对红花黄色素提取条件进行了系统研究.结果表明,红花黄色素在pH值为2.0的95%乙醇溶液,以红花和提取剂为1g:10mL的比例加料,在提取温度为60℃时,浸提2h为最佳提取条件.     

怀地黄多糖双酶法提取工艺研究

本文对怀地黄多糖（polysaccharide of Rehmannia glutinosa f.hueichingensis（Chan et Schih）Hsiao,简称为RGP）双酶法提取工艺（Extracting technology by dienzyme,简称DEET）的条件进行了研究和探讨。双酶提取法即在第一次浸提时分别加入纤维素酶和中性蛋白酶两种生物酶进行多糖的辅助提取。本实验选取提取温度、纤维素酶加量、提取液pH、固液比四个因素,以多糖含量作为指标,通过L9（3^4）正交实验确定此工艺的最佳工艺参数。结果表明：RGP双酶法提取的最佳工艺参数为：浸提温度65℃、浸提液pH5．5、纤维素酶加量7．5％、固液比为1：30;浸提液浓缩比为4：1、沉降剂乙醇添加量5倍于浸提液体积;脱蛋白采用浸提过程中中性蛋白酶脱蛋白法与浸提后Sevag脱蛋白法联合应用方法（简称“S＋N”法）,提取得到的RGP含量及得率可分别为60．26％和8．97％。较传统的水浸醇沉提取工艺RGP含量及得率分别提高了1．5倍和1．4倍。     

胭脂萝卜花青素提取及对NCI-N87细胞增殖侵袭的影响

为研究胭脂萝卜花青素的提取工艺,考察了液料比、浸提温度、浸提时间、超声功率、超声时间对花青素提取率的影响。采用MTT实验、细胞侵袭实验研究了花青素对人胃癌细胞NCIN87增殖、侵袭的作用,进一步用免疫印迹分析其对HER2信号通过的影响。结果表明,结合响应面分析得出胭脂萝卜花青素最佳提取工艺为:以1%盐酸乙醇为提取剂,液料比10∶1,40℃浸提2h,400W超声波破碎15min,在此条件下,花青素的最高提取量为3.92mg/g。30μg/ml的胭脂萝卜花青素能显著抑制NCI-N87细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,同时抑制HER2蛋白及Akt的磷酸化水平。     

牛樟芝固态发酵菌丝体三萜及多糖提取工艺优化研究

为研究牛樟芝固态发酵菌丝体中三萜和多糖的最佳提取工艺，选取浸提时间、料液比和提取温度3个因素，分别设置3个水平，以三萜和多糖得率为指标，并采用正交试验法进行分析。结果表明，三萜的最佳提取工艺条件为：浸提时间3 h、料液比1∶30 (g·mL-1)、温度70 ℃，在此条件下，得率为3.43%；多糖的最佳提取工艺为：浸提时间2 h、料液比1∶20 (g·mL-1)、温度95 ℃，在此条件下得率为4.71%。研究结果为牛樟芝固态发酵菌丝体中三萜和多糖的提取工艺提供了参考。     

Electron-microscopic studies on primate neurons: microtubule-pigment associations.

The relationship between microtubules and the lipoprotein pigment found in senile Cynomolgus brain and senile human brain biopsy material was investigated. Numerous microtubules were present in all parts of the cytoplasm and within the pigment areas, running parallel or obliquely to the pigment bodies and being associated with its lateral aspects. Microtubules also occurred in the periphery of neurons or appearing to enter the perineuronal oligodendrocytes. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the transport of pigment bodies. The oligodendrocyte from human brain biopsy material has definitely taken the role of a phagocyte in ingesting pigment bodies. Its numerous microtubules may offer a fasting moving system for disposing off pigment residures to the capillary endothelium.     

New violet 3,3′-bipyridyl pigment purified from deep-sea microorganism <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella violacea</Emphasis> DSS12

We have purified a new violet pigment derived from Shewanella violacea DSS12 to determine its chemical structure. The pigment colored blue in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or chloroform and showed a broad absorption spectrum from 500 to 700 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis of single crystals showed that the chemical structure of this pigment was 5,5′-didodecylamino-4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-diazodiphenoquinone-(2,2′), containing the same chromophore as an indigoidine known as microbial blue pigment. The violet color of this pigment was due to hypsochromic shift (blue shift) caused by the side-by-side orientation of this pigment molecule, revealed by X-ray structural analyses of a single crystal. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Residual bodies resulting from photosensory membrane degradation are taken up by pigment cells in the eyes of the flyLucilia sp.

Retinae of blowflies (Lucilia sp.) were exposed to light for 12 h and then investigated by routine electron microscopy. Residual bodies and multi-vesicular bodies containing electron-dense structures were found in the photoreceptor cells. These structures appeared indistinguishable from material inside the pigment granules of secondary pigment cells. The residual bodies were found in interdigitations between photoreceptor and pigment cells and were often in close contact with mitochondria. Lamellar bodies and pigment granules were also found in the extracellular space between photoreceptor and pigment cells. In a second set of experiments, a membrane-impermeable reagent [sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) hexanoate] that should covalently biotinylate the surface of the photosensory membrane was introduced into the ommatidial cavity. The marker was detected, 4 h after application, inside the ommatidial cavity, on the rhabdomeric microvilli, and on residual bodies inside the photoreceptor cells, by streptavidin-gold binding on ultrathin sections. After 6 h of exposure to the reagent, pigment granules of the adjacent pigment cells were also labeled. The results suggest that the photosensory membrane is taken up and degraded together with the marker. Residual bodies resulting from this degradative process may thus be transported into the pigment cells; eventually material originating from photosensory membrane degradation may then be involved in pigment granule synthesis.     

Production of purple pigment from green malt and dry malt grains by fermentation without steaming

Summary A large amount of high-molecular-mass anthocyanin pigment was produced by fermentation of malt grains without steaming, in which the malts were used as raw materials. The formation of a purple pigment from green malt was the most prominent from all malt grains tested. The precursor of the purple pigment was presumed to be a polyphenol (proanthocyanidin). When malt was used as the raw material, it allowed the production of pigment without using the glucoamylase preparation that is used for the fermentation of barley bran. In addition, the pigment was produced even from dry malt that had been treated with heat (80°C).     

The use of solid 13C nuclear magnetic resonance for the characterization of cholesterol and bilirubin pigment composition of human gallstones

The new magic-angle spinning and cross polarization techniques for obtaining a ¹³C solid NMR spectrum are applied to the characterization of human cholesterol, mixed cholesterol-pigment, calcium bilirubinate and bilirubin pigment gallstones. The stones divide into two general classes: the cholesterol stones and the bilirubin pigment stones. The cholesterol stones are very similar to each other whereas the bilirubin pigment stones exhibit considerably more variation in spectral features. The importance of other material and polymerization in the bilirubin pigment stones is discussed.     

小麦紫色素的提取工艺、抗氧化活性及其在毛发染色中的应用

以紫粒小麦麦麸为原料,通过碱水裂解初提、大孔吸附树脂纯化、钠滤膜浓缩和蒸发浓缩等技术手段从中提取天然紫色素。采用单因素实验对其提取条件进行优化,在室温条件（25~30℃）下,确定最佳提取条件为：提取时间60 min,料液比1∶4(g/mL),提取3次。经体外抗氧化实验证明,提取的小麦紫色素具有较高的抗氧化活性。此外,小麦紫色素与不同金属离子作用后可将羊毛染成不同的颜色。上述实验结果表明,利用优化后的工艺提取的小麦紫色素纯度高、抗氧化活性高,具有较大的开发潜力和实用价值。     

枸杞色素及多糖的不同提取次序对其得率及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究先后提取枸杞多糖及枸杞色素时对各自得率的影响。本研究通过分别考察这两种成分在提取过程中的提取溶剂、提取温度、料液比、提取次数及提取时间等因素对枸杞色素和枸杞多糖的得率影响,确定枸杞色素和枸杞多糖在提取次序不同时,两者的最佳提取工艺以及对DPPH·和·OH自由基清除率。结果表明,首先提取枸杞多糖后,枸杞色素的最佳提取工艺为采用正己烷,80℃时,料液比1∶10,提取2次,每次1 h,枸杞色素得率为2.48%,此时枸杞多糖得率为7.45%;而首先提取枸杞色素后,采用了超声辅助提取的方式提取枸杞多糖,发现超声效率为25%,料液比1∶10,提取20 min,枸杞多糖得率为5.23%,此时枸杞色素得率为3.93%。因此,首先提取枸杞多糖,使其平均得率为7.45%,而后提取枸杞色素,其平均得率为2.48%;总体上,枸杞色素1和枸杞多糖1对DPPH·自由基清除率都较高,枸杞多糖1对·OH自由基清除率较高,其抗氧化活性都接近Vc。     

Study of methanol-induced phenotypic changes in a novel strain of Acinetobacter lwoffii

A Gram-negative bacterial strain designated LS2 isolated from Lahaul–Spiti valley of North India was shown to produce pink pigment while utilizing methanol as sole source of carbon and energy. Interestingly, pigment production was inducible in nature since the organism did not produce any pigment when grown on other carbon sources. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization the non-pigmented methylotroph was identified as a novel strain of Acinetobacter lwoffii MTCC 8288 (DQ144736). By means of spectral and mass analyses the pigment was characterized as bacterioruberin-like carotenoid molecule. Here, the carotenoid pigment may form an important part of the antioxidant defense mechanism against oxidative stress imparted by methanol. The methanol utilization pathway in strain LS2 was deciphered by showing the presence of functional methanol dehydrogenase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase genes. In addition, to investigate methanol induced physiological changes, comparative fatty acid profile was analysed and distinctive qualitative as well as quantitative differences in fatty acid content were observed. Therefore, we suggest that strain LS2 exhibiting such unique phenotypic property should be assigned a taxonomic position other than the pigmented and non-pigmented methylotrophs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

南瓜果肉色素的提取及稳定性的研究

本文研究了从南瓜果肉中提取色素的方法,并对它的光、热、酸、碱稳定性进行了研究,发现其性质较稳定,且原料来源广泛,提取工艺简单,着色效果好,是食品、医药、化妆品等领域的理想添加剂。     

Morphological Characterization of Three Phenotypes of the Isopod Armadillidium vulgare

The morphological characteristics and ommochrome quantity in the integument of red, white, and wild type (black-grey) Armadillidium vulgare were studied. The red phenotype was found to possess two kinds of immature ommochrome pigment granules within its pigment cells, in addition to mature pigment granules. The immature granules seemed to contain uniformly distributed fibrilles, or to have an electron-dense central region surrounded by an electron-lucent outer edge. Since these immature pigment granules were typically observed to be distributed along with the mature ones, and were also more easily extractable than the wild type's, it is hypothesized that ommochrome granule maturation in the red phenotype may occur slowly due to a defect in the pigment granule internal process which combines pigments with matrix proteins. Regarding the white phenotype, although its pigment cells were undeveloped, several large-sized vesicles containing a small amount of electron-dense material appeared in the pigment cell cytoplasm. The wild and red type males of A. vulgare were found to have an ommochrome content twice as large as that of the corresponding females, with no ommochrome pigment being detected in the white phenotype. The genetic relationship between the white and red phenotypes was discussed using as a basis the observed pigment granule structure.