海仁酸致痫大鼠海马组织AMPA受体GluR2表达的变化

目的　为了研究AMPA受体在癫痫发生中的作用。方法　本研究用免疫组织化学方法观察了海仁酸致痫大鼠海马组织AMPA GluR2受体的表达变化。结果　在侧脑室注射海仁酸后 1h ,4h ,12h ,2 4h及 7d ,大鼠海马CA3区及齿状回GluR2的表达明显减弱 ,显微图像分析 :与对照组相比 ,KA 4h ,KA 12h ,KA 2 4h ,KA 7d组大鼠海马组织GluR2阳性神经元平均光密度值降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　在癫痫发作过程中AMPA受体 GluR2亚单位表达改变可能与癫痫发作导致的神经元损伤有密切关系。     

海马多巴胺D1受体激活抑制谷氨酸介导的大鼠慢性应激性抑郁

本文旨在探讨在慢性应激性抑郁发生过程中多巴胺D1受体对谷氨酸及其离子型受体的影响。实验通过建立慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)抑郁模型,结合海马微量注射多巴胺D1受体激动剂SKF38393、非竞争性N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK-801和α-氨基羟甲基异恶唑丙酸(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid,AMPA)受体的拮抗剂NBQX,运用糖水偏爱测试、旷场实验和悬尾实验等方法检测动物的行为表现,采用高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和Western blot实验来检测海马内谷氨酸含量及其离子型受体关键亚基的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,CUMS组大鼠表现出明显的抑郁样行为变化,且海马谷氨酸含量升高,其NMDA受体的NR1亚基与AMPA受体的GluR2/3亚基也明显下调;注射SKF38393后可明显改善应激引起的抑郁样行为,且海马谷氨酸含量显...     

谷氨酸下调培养海马神经元AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位的表达

目的 研究在癫痫发病过程中,谷氨酸对AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位表达变化的影响。方法 用RT-PCR和Western Blot方法观察谷氨酸诱导培养大鼠海马神经元AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。结果 在谷氨酸刺激后2h,8h,12h,培养海马神经元G1uR2 mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降,与对照组相比,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,而非NMDA受体拮抗剂CNQX能阻断此变化。结论 在癫痫等疾病中,谷氨酸能通过激活AMAP／KA受体下调AMPA受体G1uR2亚单位的表达,参与发病过程。     

慢性束缚应激大鼠中枢糖皮质激素受体变化及中药复方的影响

目的:研究慢性束缚应激时大鼠脑内糖皮质激素受体的变化以及逍遥散、四君子汤、金匮肾气丸三种中药复方对其影响.方法:制作大鼠束缚应激模型,用特制束缚架连续束缚7 d与21 d,每天3 h用免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析检测中枢(海马CA1区、齿状回、大脑皮质)糖皮质激素受体的变化.结果:慢性束缚应激后,大鼠海马CA1区、大脑皮层和齿状回GR免疫反应阳性细胞平均总面积和阳性细胞数目在慢性应激的早期(7d模型组)明显增多(P＜0.05),免疫反应强度明显增强(P＜0.01).在慢性应激的后期(21 d模型组),则表现为相关脑区GR免疫反应阳性细胞平均总面积和阳性细胞数目均明显减少(P＜0.05),免疫反应强度明显减弱(P＜0.01).中药复方各组相关脑区神经元GR免疫反应阳性细胞平均总面积和阳性细胞数目较21 d模型组明显增高,免疫反应强度明显增强,三给药组之间并无明显差异,说明三给药组均能使GR含量保持于较高的状态,同时能保持GR免疫活性,其中又以逍遥散作用为明显.结论:逍遥散、四君子汤和金匮肾气丸明显逆转糖皮质激素受体下降趋势.     

癫痫大鼠海马NMDA受体亚基NR2A和BDNFmRNA水平的检测

目的通过锂一匹罗卡品癫痫模型（ithium—pilocarpine seizures rats model of epilepsy,LPS）,研究NMDA受体亚基NR2A、BDNF mRNA的表达,探讨NR2A、BDNF在LPS中的作用。方法建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品大鼠模型,运用原位杂交技术检测致痫后各组不同时间点海马CAI、CA3及DG区NR2A与BDNF mRNA的表达。结果LPS海马NR2A、BDNF mRNA在各观察时间点及部位模型组与正常对照组比较均有明显上调,且有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。模型组NR2A mRNA的表达上调7d达峰值（P〈0．05）;而BDNF mRNA表达上调14d达峰值。VPA干预组NR2A mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位（除1d的CA3区）的表达较模型组明显下调（P〈0．05）;BDNF mRNA在大鼠海马不同时间及部位（除28d的DG区）的表达较模型组明显下调（P〈0．05）。结论锂－匹罗卡品腹腔注射可诱导大鼠海马NR2A和BDNF mRNA的表达明显上调;NR2A mRNA表达的增强可能是诱导调控BDNF mRNA表达增强的重要机制之一,说明NMDA受体亚基NR2A可能成为抑制癫痫发作的新靶点。     

受体、突触和记忆

大脑中神经元突触间的信号传递是由许多神经递质受体介导的。在过去,Richard L．Huganir实验室一直致力于神经递质受体功能调节的分子机制。而最近,该实验室又聚焦到大脑中一种最主要的兴奋性受体的研究——谷氨酸受体。谷氨酸受体主要可以分为两大类：AMPA受体和NMDA受体。AMPA受体主要介导了快速的兴奋性突触传递;而NMDA受体则在神经可塑性和发育中起到重要作用。实验发现,AMPA受体和NMDA受体都可以被一系列的蛋白激酶磷酸化,而磷酸化的水平则直接影响了这些受体的功能特性,包括通道电导和受体膜定位等。AMPA受体磷酸化的水平同时还在学习和记忆的细胞模型中发生改变,如长时程增强（LTP）和长时程抑制（LTD）。此外,AMPA受体中GluR1亚单位的磷酸化对于各种形式的可塑性以及空间记忆的维持有重要的作用。实验室主要研究突触部位谷氨酸受体在亚细胞水平的定位和聚集的分子机制。最近,一系列可以直接或间接与AMPA和NMDA受体相互作用的蛋白质得以发现,其中包括一个新发现的蛋白家族GRIPs（glutamate receptor interacting proteins）。GRIPs可以直接和AMPA受体的GluR2／3亚单位的C端结合。GRIPs包含7个PDZ结构域,可以介导蛋白与蛋白直接的相互连接,从而把各个AMPA受体交互连接在一起并与其他蛋白相连。另外,GluR2亚单位的c端还可以和兴奋性突触中的蛋白激酶C结合蛋白（PICK1）的PDZ结构域相互作用。另外,GluR2亚单位的C端也可以与一种参与膜融合的蛋白NSF相互作用。这些与AMPA受体相互作用的蛋白质对于受体在膜上的运输以及定位有至关重要的作用。同时,受体与PICK1和GRIP的结合对于小脑运动学习中的LTD有重要作用。总体上说,该实验室发现了一系列可以调节神经递质受体功能的分子机制,这些工作提示受体功能的调节可能是?     

产前束缚应激子代大鼠海马神经颗粒素表达降低

神经颗粒素（neurogranin,NG）是脑特异性突触后蛋白,参与在学习记忆功能中起核心作用的信号转导通路及突触可塑性。本研究旨在探讨产前束缚应激对子代大鼠海马NG表达的影响。连续7d对孕晚期大鼠进行束缚应激,建立产前束缚应激模型,分为对照雌、雄组,应激雌、雄组。采用免疫组化方法观察NG在产前束缚应激子代大鼠海马不同亚区的分布特点;采用蛋白免疫印迹方法检测产前束缚应激子代大鼠海马NG蛋白的表达。结果显示：各组子代大鼠海马各区均有NG蛋白表达,CA1和CA3区表达高于齿状回（dentate gyrus,DG）;应激组雌、雄子代大鼠海马NG的表达明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）,应激组雌性子代比雄性子代减少更显著,对照组雌、雄子代之间无差异。免疫组化与蛋白免疫印迹方法所得结果一致。上述结果表明,NG在产前束缚应激子代大鼠海马表达降低,并且雌性比雄性降低明显,NG对产前束缚应激子代大鼠有差异性调制,NG表达减少可能与产前束缚应激子代大鼠学习记忆能力下降有关。     

姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后海马神经元损伤及RANTES表达的影响

目的：探讨姜黄素对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）脑缺血/再灌注后认知功能及海马神经元损伤和调解活化正常T细胞表达和分泌的趋化因子（RANTES）表达的影响。方法：雄性Wistar-Kyoto大鼠（WKY）和SHR,随机分为5组：假手术组（W-Sham、S-Sham）、缺血/再灌注组（W-I/R、S-I/R）和姜黄素组（S-Cur）,各组按再灌注时间分为3h、12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d 5个亚组（n=6）。采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血/再灌注模型,HE染色观察海马CA1区神经细胞形态,Nissl染色计数海马CA1区平均锥体细胞密度,ELISA法检测海马RANTES表达,于再灌注后7 d观察行为学。结果：与假手术组大鼠比较,缺血/再灌注组大鼠学习和记忆能力下降,海马CA1区神经元损伤加重,海马RANTES蛋白表达上调（P〈0.05）;与W-I/R大鼠比较,S-I/R大鼠学习和记忆能力下降,海马CA1区神经元损伤加重,海马RANTES蛋白表达上调（P〈0.05）;姜黄素组大鼠学习和记忆能力明显改善,海马CA1区神经元损伤减轻,海马RANTES蛋白表达下调（P〈0.05）。结论：缺血/再灌注更易导致SHR海马神经元损伤。姜黄素减轻SHR脑缺血/再灌注海马神经元损伤,其机制可能与抑制RANTES蛋白的表达有关。     

谷氨酸下调培养海马神经元AMPA 受体GluR2亚单位的表达

目的研究在癫痫发病过程中,谷氨酸对AMPA受体Glu R2亚单位表达变化的影响。方法用RT-PCR和Western Blot方法观察谷氨酸诱导培养大鼠海马神经元AMPA受体Glu R2亚单位mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。结果在谷氨酸刺激后2h,8h,12h,培养海马神经元Glu R2mRNA和蛋白表达明显下降,与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05),而非NMDA受体拮抗剂CNQX能阻断此变化。结论在癫痫等疾病中,谷氨酸能通过激活AMAP/KA受体下调AMPA受体GluR2亚单位的表达,参与发病过程。     

老年与青年小鼠慢性应激后抑郁样行为的观察

目的：探讨慢性应激后不同月龄小鼠抑郁样行为的变化,以及海马和前脑皮层胰岛素样神经营养因子-Ⅱ （IGF-Ⅱ）的作用。方法：昆明品系小白鼠3月龄（青年）和14月龄（老年）,随机分为青年对照组和青年应激组、老年对照组和老年应激组,每组12只、雌雄各半。多因素慢性应激21 d,建立抑郁小鼠模型。采用悬尾实验和蔗糖偏好实验评价小鼠的抑郁样行为;并且检测小鼠海马和前脑皮层IGF-Ⅱ的表达水平。结果：与青年对照组相比,老年对照组小鼠的累积不动时间明显增多（P<0.05）,蔗糖消耗度明显降低（P<0.05）,并且IGF-Ⅱ阳性神经元数目在海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回（D G）和前脑皮层均明显减少（P<0.01或P<0.05）;慢性应激后,青年应激组小鼠的第一次静止不动时间、累积不动时间和蔗糖消耗度与其对照组比较均有显著性差异（P均<0.01）,IGF-Ⅱ阳性神经元数目在CA1、DG和前脑皮层均显著减少（P<0.05或P<0.01）;与老年对照组比较,老年应激组小鼠的第一次静止不动时间明显减少（P<0.05）、累积不动时间显著增加（P<0.0 5）和蔗糖消耗度明显减少（P<0.05）,海马CA1、CA3和DG区IGF-Ⅱ阳性神经元数目均显著减少（P <0.05或P<0.01）。结论：慢性应激后小鼠的抑郁样行为可能与海马和前脑皮层IGF-Ⅱ表达的下调密切相关。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。