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1.
Song YH Lee I Lee SY Imaizumi T Hong JC 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2012,69(2):332-342
2.
An early flowering mutant of Arabidopsis, elf32-D was isolated from activation tagging screening. The mutant flowered earlier than wild type under both long day and short
day conditions. The mutant phenotype was caused by overexpression of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor gene (AtKTI1). The expression of AtKTI1 was detected in leaves, flowers, siliques and roots. In the vegetative state, no change of flowering integrator gene expression
was observed for AtKTI1 overexpressing plants. In contrast, at the reproductive stage, its overexpression resulted in the
down-regulation of FLC, a strong floral repressor which integrates the autonomous and vernalization pathways and also the up-regulation of FT and AP1, which are downstream floral integrator genes. It is probable that the AtKTI1 overexpression inhibits components of the flowering
signaling pathway upstream of FLC, eventually regulating expression of FLC, or causing perturbations in plant metabolism and thus indirectly affecting flowering. 相似文献
3.
Yun Zhou 《Developmental biology》2009,331(1):50-57
Flowering was initiated by the integration of environmental signals such as day-length with the internal development status in Arabidopsis, a facultative long-day plant. The photoperiodic flowering involves two key components, CONSTANS and FT, whereas the autonomous flowering is operated through a central quantitative floral repressor, FLC, and several other genes that act upstream of FLC. SOC1 acts downstream to integrate the flowering signals from the two pathways. Here, we report that SHB1 plays dual roles in both photoperiodic and autonomous flowering. shb1-D, a gain-of-function mutant, flowered early and shb1, a loss-of-function allele, flowered late under both long days and short days. The shb1-D mutation activated the expression of CO, FT, and SOC1 under both long and short days, and however, the co-2 mutation attenuated the shb1-D activated expression of FT and SOC1 only under long days but not short days. The shb1-D or shb1 mutations also reduced and increased, respectively, the expression of FLC under both long and short days. Transgenic remedy of FLC to wide-type level in shb1-D background also reverted shb1-D flowering and FT or SOC1 expression to wild type mostly under short days. Furthermore, the shb1-D suppression on FLC expression is likely operated through LD as ld-3 blocked this suppression and SHB1 appears to act upstream of LD. In summary, SHB1 represents signaling steps that regulate CO expression in leaves and LD or FLC expression in either leaves or shoot apical meristem, contributing to a threshold expression of SOC1 in shoot apical meristem for floral initiation. 相似文献
4.
为了研究大豆光周期反应是否受开花基因CO(CONSTANS)和FT(FLOWERING LOCUS T)调控,采用同源序列法从大豆中分离了CO和FT的同源物GmCO和GmFT.GmCO和GmFT分别编码151和109个氨基酸,与水稻和拟南芥中相关蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达到70%以上.通过RT-PCR分析GmCO和GmFT在短日照(short daylength,SD)、自然光照(natural light,NL)和长日照(long daylength,LD)处理大豆不同发育阶段叶片中的表达发现,GmCO在LD处理大豆早期发育的叶片中高丰度表达,GmFT在SD和NL处理大豆开花时期的叶片中高丰度表达.上述结果表明,GmCO和GmFT的表达与大豆开花时间及光照长度密切相关,且GmCO抑制GmFT的表达. 相似文献
5.
Lynda M Groocock Minghua Nie John Prudden Davide Moiani Tao Wang Anton Cheltsov Robert P Rambo Andrew S Arvai Chiharu Hitomi John A Tainer Karolin Luger J Jefferson P Perry Eros Lazzerini‐Denchi Michael N Boddy 《EMBO reports》2014,15(5):601-608
The post‐translational modification of DNA repair and checkpoint proteins by ubiquitin and small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) critically orchestrates the DNA damage response (DDR). The ubiquitin ligase RNF4 integrates signaling by SUMO and ubiquitin, through its selective recognition and ubiquitination of SUMO‐modified proteins. Here, we define a key new determinant for target discrimination by RNF4, in addition to interaction with SUMO. We identify a nucleosome‐targeting motif within the RNF4 RING domain that can bind DNA and thereby enables RNF4 to selectively ubiquitinate nucleosomal histones. Furthermore, RNF4 nucleosome‐targeting is crucially required for the repair of TRF2‐depleted dysfunctional telomeres by 53BP1‐mediated non‐homologous end joining. 相似文献
6.
泛素(ubiquitin, Ub)是一类高度保守的小蛋白, 可与靶蛋白的赖氨酸残基共价连接, 形成多聚泛素链行使功能. 类似于泛素化修饰过程, 小泛素相关修饰物(small ubiquitin related modifier, SUMO)也可以共价修饰靶蛋白的赖氨酸残基, 从而影响靶蛋白的定位、稳定性以及蛋白间的相互作用, 发挥重要的生理功能. 尽管在多数情况下, 靶蛋白发生的是单SUMO化修饰, 但最近研究发现,SUMO依赖自身的赖氨酸也可以形成多聚链. 与单SUMO化修饰不同的是, 多聚SUMO化修饰的靶蛋白可以进一步被泛素化修饰, 进而诱导靶蛋白的降解. 这是一种新的、特殊的化学修饰形式, 弄清它的生理功能,对于了解细胞的生长、分化以及凋亡等生理过程将具有重要的意义. 本文将就此方面的最新研究进展做一综述. 相似文献
7.
Sánchez-Bermejo E Méndez-Vigo B Picó FX Martínez-Zapater JM Alonso-Blanco C 《Plant, cell & environment》2012,35(9):1672-1684
Vernalization, the induction of flowering by low winter temperatures, is likely to be involved in plant climatic adaptation. However, the genetic, molecular and ecological bases underlying the quantitative variation that tunes vernalization sensitivity to natural environments are largely unknown. To address these questions, we have studied the enhanced vernalization response shown by the Ll-0 accession of Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for several flowering initiation traits in relation to vernalization, in a new Ler × Ll-0 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, identified large effect alleles at FRI, FLC and HUA2, together with two small effect loci named as Llagostera vernalization response (LVR) 1 and 2. Phenotypic analyses of near isogenic lines validated LVR1 effect on flowering vernalization responses. To further characterize the FLC allele from Ll-0, we carried out genetic association analyses using a regional collection of wild genotypes. FLC-Ll-0 appeared as a low-frequency allele that is distinguished by polymorphism Del(-57), a 50-bp-deletion in the 5'-UTR. Del(-57) was significantly associated with enhanced vernalization responses and FLC RNA expression, as well as with altitude and minimum temperatures. These results are consistent with Del(-57) acting as a novel cis-regulatory FLC polymorphism that may confer climatic adaptation by increasing vernalization sensitivity. 相似文献
8.
As early as in 1936, the comprehensive studies of flowering led M.Kh. Chailakhyan to the concept of florigen, a hormonal floral stimulus, and let him establish several characteristics of this stimulus. These studies set up for many years the main avenues for research into the processes that control plant flowering, and the notion of florigen became universally accepted by scientists worldwide. The present-day evidence of genetic control of plant flowering supports the idea that florigen participates in floral signal transduction. The recent study of arabidopsis plants led the authors to conclusion that the immediate products of the gene FLOWERING LOCUS I, its mRNA and/or protein, move from an induced leaf into the shoot apex and evoke flowering therein. 相似文献
9.
The red and far-red light-absorbing phytochromes interact with the circadian clock, a central oscillator that sustains a 24-h period, to measure accurately seasonal changes in day-length and regulate the expression of several key flowering genes. The interactions and subsequent signalling steps upstream of the flowering genes such as CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) remain largely unknown. We report here that a photomorphogenic mutant, red and far-red insensitive 2-1 ( rfi2-1), flowered early particularly under long days. The rfi2-1 mutation also enhanced the expression of CO and FT under day/night cycles or constant light. Both co-2 and gigantea-2 (gi-2) were epistatic to rfi2-1 in their flowering responses. The gi-2 mutation was also epistatic to the rfi2-1 mutation in the expression of CO and hypocotyl elongation. However, the rfi2-1 mutation did not affect the expression of GI, a gene that mediates between the circadian clock and the expression of CO. Like many other flowering genes, the expression of RFI2 oscillated under day/night cycles and was rhythmic under constant light. The amplitude of the rhythmic expression of RFI2 was significantly reduced in phyB-9 or lhy-20 plants, and was also affected by the gi-2 mutation. As previously reported, the gi-2 mutation affects the period length and amplitude of CCA1 and LHY expression, and GI may act through a feedback loop to maintain a proper circadian function. We propose a regulatory step in which RFI2 represses the expression of CO, whereas GI may maintain the proper expression of RFI2 through its positive action on the circadian clock. The regulatory step serves to tune the circadian outputs that control the expression of CO and photoperiodic flowering. 相似文献
10.
Peng M Cui Y Bi YM Rothstein SJ 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2006,46(2):282-296
11.
Hiroshi Meguro Kiyomi Hachiya Katura Tuzimura Kenji Mori Masanao Matsui 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(5):1035-1040
CD and ORD of twelve gibbane-10-carboxylic acid compounds with an aromatic A ring together with two related compounds were measured. The sign of the Cotton effect was found to be positive (negative) when the configuration of the C–10 carboxyl is β (α). The ORD also provided information to determine the configuration at C–4b. The C–10 carboxyl gave a stronger magnitude and redshift of the peak in a cis relation with 4b–H compared with that in a trans relation. 相似文献
12.
Yukiko Yasui 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(11):1850-1855
Floral transition is regulated by environmental and endogenous signals. Previously, we identified VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER1 (VOZ1) and VOZ2 as phytochrome B-interacting factors. VOZ1 and VOZ2 redundantly promote flowering and have pivotal roles in the downregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a central repressor of flowering in Arabidopsis. Here, we showed that the late-flowering phenotypes of the voz1 voz2 mutant were suppressed by vernalization in the Columbia and FRIGIDA (FRI)-containing accessions, which indicates that the late-flowering phenotype of voz1 voz2 mutants was caused by upregulation of FLC. We also showed that the other FLC clade members, MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF) genes, were also a downstream target of VOZ1 and VOZ2 as their expression levels were also increased in the voz1 voz2 mutant. Our results suggest that the FLC clade genes integrate signals from VOZ1/VOZ2 and vernalization to regulate flowering. 相似文献
13.
Sumoylation is a post-translational modification essential in most eukaryotes that regulates stability, localization, activity, or interaction of a multitude of proteins. It is a reversible process wherein counteracting ligases and proteases, respectively, mediate the conjugation and deconjugation of SUMO molecules to/from target proteins. Apart from attachment of single SUMO moieties to targets, formation of poly-SUMO chains occurs by the attachment of additional SUMO molecules to lysine residues in the N-terminal extensions of SUMO. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are apparently only two SUMO(Smt3)-specific proteases: Ulp1 and Ulp2. Ulp2 has been shown to be important for the control of poly-SUMO conjugates in cells and to dismantle SUMO chains in vitro, but the mechanism by which it acts remains to be elucidated. Applying an in vitro approach, we found that Ulp2 acts sequentially rather than stochastically, processing substrate-linked poly-SUMO chains from their distal ends down to two linked SUMO moieties. Furthermore, three linked SUMO units turned out to be the minimum length of a substrate-linked chain required for efficient binding to and processing by Ulp2. Our data suggest that Ulp2 disassembles SUMO chains by removing one SUMO moiety at a time from their ends (exo mechanism). Apparently, Ulp2 recognizes surfaces at or near the N terminus of the distal SUMO moiety, as attachments to this end significantly reduce cleavage efficiency. Our studies suggest that Ulp2 controls the dynamic range of SUMO chain lengths by trimming them from the distal ends. 相似文献
14.
Zhiping Zhang;Wangjie Shi;Jiawen Gu;Sixiao Song;Meng Xiao;Junchi Yao;Yancheng Liu;Jiezeng Jiang;Minmin Miao; 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2024,120(3):1014-1031
“Jiaobai” is a symbiont of Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, producing fleshy galls as a popular vegetable in South and East Asia. Current “Jiaobai” cultivars exhibit abundant variation in their gall formation date; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, a strict short-day (SD) “Jiaobai” line “YD-3” was used. Plants were treated with two day-length regimes [14 h/10 h (day/night) (control) and 8 h/16 h (day/night) (SD)] from 100 to 130 days after planting. The gall swelling rate of the two treatments and another early SD treatment (from 60 to 90 days after planting), together with the contingent flowering plants in the experiment population, revealed that SD can improve both gall enlargement and flowering of “Jiaobai” plants. Comparison of RNA sequencing data among control, SD swelling, and SD flowering treatments of leaves and meristems indicated that SD promotion of “Jiaobai” swelling is conducted by the CONSTANS (CO)-FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) pathway, similar but not identical to the SD-induced flowering pathway in Z latifolia and rice. “Virus-induced gene silencing”, “Yeast one-hybrid assay” and “Dual-luciferase assay” showed that a FT gene, ZlGsd1, is critical in SD promotion of gall formation and is positively regulated by a CO gene, ZlCOL1. Our study elucidated how photoperiod affects the formation of a unique organ produced by plant-fungus symbiosis. The difference in SD response between “Jiaobai” and rice, as well as their potential applications in breeding of “Jiaobai” and rice, were also discussed. 相似文献
15.
Many over-wintering plants, through vernalization, overcome a block to flowering and thus acquire competence to flower in the following spring after experiencing prolonged cold exposure or winter cold. The vernalization pathways in different angiosperm lineages appear to have convergently evolved to adapt to temperate climates. Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms for vernalization regulation have been well studied in the crucifer model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.Here, we review recent progresses on the vernalization pathway in Arabidopsis. In addition, we summarize current molecular and genetic understandings of vernalization regulation in temperate grasses including wheat and Brachypodium, two monocots from Pooideae, followed by a brief discussion on divergence of the vernalization pathways between Brassicaceae and Pooideae. 相似文献
16.
17.
CONSTANS (CO) is an important floral regulator in the photoperiod pathway, integrating the circadian clock and light signal into a control for flowering time. It is known that CO promotes flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions. CONSTANS-LIKE 9 (COL9) is a member of the CONSTANS-LIKE gene family, encoding a nuclear protein. The expression of COL9 is regulated by the circadian clock in the photoperiod pathway and is detected in various organs. Unexpectedly, overexpression of COL9 in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in delayed flowering, while co-suppression lines and a transferred DNA (T-DNA) knockout line showed earlier flowering under long-day conditions. Overexpression of COL9 did not enhance the late-flowering phenotype in a co mutant background. Double overexpressors produced by overexpression of CO in COL9 transgenic lines showed an early flowering phenotype similar to single CO overexpressors. The pattern of oscillation of a number of circadian-associated genes remained unchanged in the COL9 transgenic lines. Compared with wild-type plants, the abundance of CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) mRNA was reduced in the COL9 overexpression lines. Our results indicate that COL9 is involved in regulation of flowering time by repressing the expression of CO, concomitantly reducing the expression of FT and delaying floral transition. 相似文献
18.
Jang S Marchal V Panigrahi KC Wenkel S Soppe W Deng XW Valverde F Coupland G 《The EMBO journal》2008,27(8):1277-1288
19.
Proveniers M Rutjens B Brand M Smeekens S 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2007,52(5):899-913
Floral induction is controlled by a plethora of genes acting in different pathways that either repress or promote floral transition at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). During vegetative development high levels of floral repressors maintain the Arabidopsis SAM as incompetent to respond to promoting factors. Among these repressors, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is the most prominent. The processes underlying downregulation of FLC in response to environmental and developmental signals have been elucidated in considerable detail. However, the basal induction of FLC and its upregulation by FRIGIDA (FRI) are still poorly understood. Here we report the functional characterization of the ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX 1 (ATH1) gene. A function of ATH1 in floral repression is suggested by a gradual downregulation of ATH1 in the SAM prior to floral transition. Further evidence for such a function of ATH1 is provided by the vernalization-sensitive late flowering of plants that constitutively express ATH1. Analysis of lines that differ in FRI and/or FLC allele strength show that this late flowering is caused by upregulation of FLC as a result of synergism between ATH1 overexpression and FRI. Lack of ATH1, however, results in attenuated FLC levels independently of FRI, suggesting that ATH1 acts as a general activator of FLC expression. This is further corroborated by a reduction of FLC-mediated late flowering in fca-1 and fve-1 autonomous pathway backgrounds when combined with ath1. Since other floral repressors of the FLC clade are not significantly affected by ATH1, we conclude that ATH1 controls floral competency as a specific activator of FLC expression. 相似文献
20.