Identification and incidence of fungal strains in chronic rhinosinusitis patients

The fungal revolution taking place in otorhinology inspired us to study the frequency of occurrence of fungi in the nasal mucus of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients (with or without polyposis) in order to evaluate the incidence of eosinophilic fungal sinusitis in CRS patients. Ninety-six samples were examined from patients with CRS. In 74 cases mucus was collected non-invasively, and in 22 cases during operation. The Gram-stained direct smears of all samples were also evaluated. Bacteria and fungi colonizing in the mucus were detected by culturing method. The control group consisted of 50 healthy volunteers. Typical aerobic pathogenic bacteria could be isolated from 34 patients. Fifty-seven aerobic bacteria were isolated, i.e. 1.6 bacteria/positive patient with a maximum of 3 different bacteria/sample. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Yeasts and moulds could be detected from 79 patients (83%): Candida albicans, Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp, and Penicillium spp. were isolated most frequently. Altogether 237 yeasts and moulds were isolated, i.e. 3.0 different fungi/positive patient, with a maximum of 5 different fungi/sample. In the control group aerobic pathogens were not isolated, only apathogenic species. Fungi were isolated from 22 healthy patients (44%). These data indicate that fungi are frequently involved in the aetiology of CRS. IgE-medicated hypersensitivity to fungal allergens could not be proven in our patients.     

Comparative in vitro activity of cefepime and other antibiotics against clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria]

In vitro activity of cefepime against etiologically significant strains of gramnegative microflora of patients treated in the Reanimation and Intensive Care Unit after cardiosurgical operations was evaluated. Sixty four strains of gramnegative aerobic bacteria isolated within the period from October 2001 to April 2002 were tested. The isolates susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. Cefepime had an obvious advantage over the 3rd generation cephalosporins. Low incidence of cefepime resistant strains of the problem organisms in the Reanimation and Intensive Care Unit should be taken into account in empirical therapy of infections due to such pathogens.     

407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰培养物的病原菌分布及耐药状况.方法 回顾性分析407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养、鉴定及药敏结果.结果 共分离出病原菌238株,革兰阴性菌163株,占68.49％;革兰阳性菌33株,占13.87％;真菌42株,占17.65％.主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.其中,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性菌株的比例分别为36.73％、28.85％.结论 老年肺癌患者因长期使用抗生素,呼吸道菌群失调,不同病原菌对抗菌药耐药率均较高,以革兰阴性菌感染为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高比例,二重感染比例较高;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株.因此临床医生根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对于改善患者肺部微生态失衡,延长生存时间具有重要指导意义.     

医院内感染的病原菌分布及其耐药谱的分析

本文统计了我院１９９２年８月—１９９４年７月两车间医院内感染病原菌的分离结果,分离出病原菌２５种７５８株,其中革兰氏阳性菌１６３株（占２１．５１％）,革兰氏阴性菌３７８株（占４９．８７％）,真菌２１７株（占２８．６２％）。院感病原菌依次为,白色念珠菌、绿脓假单胞菌表、葡菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、酵母菌及大肠艾希氏菌等,显示了真菌及表葡菌在院内感染中已经上升到不可忽略的地位。用１８种常用抗生素,对除真菌外的上述病原菌５４１株做耐药谱测定,并发现除了表葡菌及多数革兰氏阴性菌对喹谱酮类及少数头孢三代抗生素尚属敏感外,大部分均具有越来越广泛的耐药性。     

不同病区血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解各病区血培养分离病原菌的分布特点及其耐药性,指导临床医生合理有效地使用抗生素.方法 对宁波市泌尿肾病医院·鄞州第二医院2008年8月至2011年7月临床送检的8409例血液标本经Bact/A-lert3D全自动血培养仪培养,分离所得菌用美国德灵公司Walkaway 40系统进行鉴定和药敏.对检测结果进行统计学分析.结果 共检出病原菌853株,其中革兰阴性杆菌422株,革兰阳性球菌396株,真菌35株.血浆凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占首位,其次分别为大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌.检出菌数量居前三位的病区是重症监护病房、消化内科及肾内科.各病区的病原菌分布不尽相同.丁胺卡那、亚胺培南对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌显示出较高的敏感性,未发现耐利奈唑胺及万古霉素菌株.结论 该院血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,各主要病区病原菌分布不尽相同,临床医生应跟据药敏结果合理有效地使用抗生素.     

伤口分泌物的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的调查福建省龙岩市第二医院伤口分泌物病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法收集2012年1月至2013年5月患者伤口分泌物标本,采用常规方法进行分离培养,用VITEK-2 Compact全自动微生物分析仪系统进行鉴定及药敏分析。结果送检503份标本,培养阳性272份,阳性率为54. 1% ;病原菌检出343株,其中革兰阴性菌189株占55. 1%,革兰阳性菌151株占44.0%,真菌3株占0.9% ;前5位的病原菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率分别是30.4%、82. 1%。粪肠球菌中耐高浓度氨基糖苷类肠球菌（HLAR）的检出率为55%。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑胺未出现耐药菌株。铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为5. 6%、0。大肠埃希菌中超广谱P-内酰胺酶（ESBL）的检出率是42.9%。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低为25.0%,对其他抗菌药物耐药严重,多数抗菌药物的耐药率均〉45%。结论伤口感染的主要病原菌是革兰阴性菌,多重耐药菌株比例较高,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,减少新的耐药菌株出现。     

Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta,Indonesia

The prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from March 1997 through August 1999 in Jakarta, Indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. Bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, while S. flexneri, V. cholerae O1, Salmonella spp. and C. jejuni were isolated from the community patients. V. cholerae O1 was isolated more frequently (P<0.005) from the hospital patients than the community patients. Overall, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 538 of 3875 (14%) enrolled cases of diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in 218 (18%) of 1244 rectal swabs. A small percentage of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (1%) and of Clostridium difficile (1.3%) was detected. Parasitic examination of 389 samples resulted in 43 (11%) positives comprising Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), Blastocystis hominis (5.7%), Giardia lamblia (0.8%), Trichuris trichiura (2.1%) and Endolimax nana (0.5%). Rotavirus (37.5%), adenovirus (3.3%) and Norwalk-like virus (17.6%) were also detected. Antimicrobial resistance was observed among some isolates. Bacterial isolates were susceptible to quinolones, with the exception of some isolates of C. jejuni which were resistant to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Data obtained from this community- and hospital-based study will enable the Indonesian Ministry of Health to plan relevant studies on diarrheal diseases in the archipelago.     

广东湛江地区前列腺炎患者病原体检测及临床治疗

目的:对广东湛江地区前列腺炎患者前列腺液病原菌分布及药敏情况进行分析,为临床合理用药和制定最佳治疗方案提供依据。方法:湛江市两间最大三甲医院2009年1月至2013年4月间共308例前列腺炎患者的前列腺液进行细菌学和药敏试验。运用全自动微生物分析仪鉴定细菌,采用K-B法测定药物敏感性。结果:308例前列腺液标本中,共17例(17/308,5.52%)分离出致病菌。这些致病菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,共13株(13/17,76.47%),其中溶血葡萄球菌检测出6株(6/13,46.15%),全部是耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。革兰氏阴性菌4例(4/17,23.53%),包括大肠埃希菌2株(其中一株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)),粘膜炎莫拉氏菌1株,肺炎克雷伯菌亚种1株。结论:绝大多数前列腺炎患者属于慢性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合症,无需常规使用抗生素治疗。慢性细菌性前列腺炎致病菌感染以革兰氏阳性菌为主。对前列腺炎患者进行病原学检测及药敏试验是临床合理用药、制定最佳治疗方案的基础。     

Resistance epidemiology of gramnegative nonfermenting pathogens of nosocomial infections in intensive care units and surgical departments]

Etiological structure, patterns and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of gramnegative nonfermenting pathogens of nosocomial infections isolated from patients in intensive care units and surgical departments were investigated. One hundred thirty one clinical isolates, including 86 (65.6%) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 45 (34.4%) isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were tested. Carbapenems and cefoperazone/sulbactam showed the highest activity against the tested isolates. Eleven carbapenem resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were detected. The strains were found to possess genetic determinants of the VIM group encoding metal beta-lactamases.     

Enhanced biofilm-production in pathogens isolated from patients with rare metabolic disorders

Biofilm-producing bacteria were isolated from the urine of 19 patients with very rare metabolic disorders including: hyperlactacidaemia (8 cases), sugar intolerance and gammopathy (1 case), cystinuria (2 cases), Parkinson's disease (1 case), lipidaemia (2 cases), hyperaminoaciduria (1 case) and others (4 cases). A total of 34 strains were collected, Gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms were equally distributed among the slime-producing bacteria, with a prevalence of Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%) the most frequent microorganism isolated together with Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis that accounted for 15% of this group of strains. A quantitative assay of the biofilm production revealed that in Gram-positive pathogens it was three times greater than that observed in bacteria collected from patients not affected by metabolic diseases (p = 0.0001). In Gram-negative strains the biofilm synthesis was 2.2 times higher than those detected in the same bacteria isolated in the absence of metabolic disorders (p = 0.0033). The results observed indicate that biofilm production is enhanced in bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with metabolic disorders. It is suggested that unusual metabolites might facilitate pathogen production of biofilm found in the urine of these patients.     

尿液中细菌L型检出情况及耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿感染患者尿液标本细菌L型的检出情况,分析尿常规结果、病原菌分布情况及耐药性特点,为临床提供诊疗依据。方法对2014年1月至2015年12月1 532例住院和门诊泌尿感染患者的清洁中段尿标本的尿常规结果和微生物培养结果进行回顾性分析。严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》要求采集患者尿液标本,2 h内完成尿液普通培养、高渗培养、尿常规检查及尿液离心后沉渣镜检。培养出细菌L型进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,结果采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行分析处理。结果共检出细菌L型132例,检出率为8.6%。132例细菌L型阳性病例中,白细胞酯酶阳性19例,阳性率14.4%;尿沉渣镜检白细胞阳性105例,阳性率79.5%。细菌L型检出率排名前三位的分别为大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、葡萄球菌,分别占40.9%、22.7%、12.1%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、复方新诺明耐药率较高;粪肠球菌对克林霉素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、红霉素、四环素耐药率较高;葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素、头孢西丁、甲氧西林、环丙沙星耐药率较高。结论尿常规、尿沉渣镜检有助于细菌L型感染的辅助诊断,临床医生应根据尿培养结果合理、足疗程选用抗菌药物。     

2003至2012年石家庄地区细菌性食物中毒病原菌特征研究

探讨石家庄地区细菌性食物中毒的特征和分布规律,为食物中毒事件的判定、预防和防控提供科学依据。收集2003至2012年石家庄地区细菌性食物中毒检验报告进行汇总分析。10a间石家庄地区共报告242起细菌性食物中毒,其中111起检出致病菌,检出率为45．87％（111／242）;单一致病菌和混合致病菌所致食物中毒分别占80．18％（89／111）和19．82％（22／111）。共检出7种病原菌,以变形杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌占首位,其他还有沙门菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、副溶血性弧菌、产气荚膜梭菌;食物中毒样品中以食品检出率最高,其次为患者粪便、剩余食品、呕吐物、涂抹物;食物中毒全年皆可发生,主要集中在4至9月份;食物中毒总体呈下降趋势。石家庄地区细菌性食物中毒病原菌呈多样性,以变形杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主;食物中毒发生具有明显的季节性;近2a,沙门菌食物中毒有增多的迹象,应根据以上特点加强食品卫生监督管理,防控细菌性食物中毒的发生。     

Increase in tetracycline activity by using surface-active substances]

The antimicrobial effect of cationic and anionic surface-active substances, i.e. catamine AB and sulphonol NP-3 respectively was studied in vitro with respect to gramnegative bacteria. In non-bactericidal concentrations catamine AB significantly increased the efficacy of tetracyclines, while the anionic compound had no such effect. The increase in the tetracycline activity was due to the antibiotic increased absorption (14C-oxytetracycline as an example) on the treatment of gramnegative bacteria with catamine AB and staphylococci with catamine AB and sulphonol NP-3, which was mainly associated with impairement of the cell membrane permeability by the surface-active substances.     

Microbiological evaluation of antibiotics for empirical therapy of community-acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract]

During first 3 days after patient hospitalization with pneumonia or chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogens in sputum were studied according NCCLS standards (for 1999 year). Among 93 pathogens isolated in pneumonia the most frequent were S. pneumoniae (41.9%), H. influenzae (21.5%). Among 232 pathogens isolated in COPD the most frequent were S. pneumoniae (35.5%), H. influenzae (16.8%). Other pathogens were staphylococci, moraxella, gram-negative bacteria. No penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, were isolated, the strains with moderate penicillin resistance were less than 3% in both groups. Among H. influenzae isolated from patients with pneumonia 25% were beta-lactamase producers, from COPD patients 21% strains produced beta-lactamase. Totally among all studied pathogens only 58% were sensitive to ampicillin in pneumonia groups and 48% in COPD groups, for azithromycin 70.7% and 71% respectively, for cefuroxime 84.5% and 85% respectively. Ampicillin efficacy for empirical treatment of community-acquired low respiratory tract infections was substantially less than that of modern antibiotics.     

Higher prevalence of Alternaria spp. in marine and river waters than in potable samples

Alternaria species have been recognized as important cause of allergic diseases and are considered opportunistic pathogens for immunocompromised individuals. In order to assess the contribution of waters to the spread of Alternaria, we examined 390 water samples of various origin for the presence of these microorganisms in parallel with the standard pollution indicator bacteria, i.e. total coliforms, faecal coliforms and enterococci. Alternaria spp. were isolated from 42 out of 196 (21.4%) marine water samples, from 13 out of 68 (19.1%) river samples, whereas out of 126 potable waters only two (1.6%) were found positive. The incidence of Alternaria was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in marine and river samples than in potable waters. The mean values of the colony-forming units of the pollution indicator bacteria did not significantly differ between Alternaria-positive and Alternaria-negative samples.     

Infectivityand resistance to antibiotics of non-fermentative rods isolated from patients hospitalised in pediatric center of Lower Silesia in Wrocław in the years 2000-2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of isolation and antimicrobial resistance testing of non-fermentative rods isolated from clinical specimens from patients hospitalized in Korczak Pediatric Center of Lower Silesia in Wroc?aw. The susceptibility of bacteria to selected antibiotics was determined. The commonest pathogens were Pseudomonas rods (81.8%) isolated from respiratory system and urine of patients hospitalized in unit intensive care. Variety of resistance patterns were detected in bacteria. ESBL were detected the most of S. maltophilia. Strains of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter resistant to carbapenems were detected with a frequency of 5.5% and 35.9%.     

483例儿童扁桃体腺样体肥大分离菌的分布和药敏特征

目的:分析儿童手术切除的扁桃体腺样体分离菌的分布及药敏特征,为其临床预防和治疗提供指导。方法:将483例扁桃体腺样体进行细菌培养,分析潜在致病菌组成及其药敏特征。结果:扁桃体和腺样体的细菌培养阳性率分别为66.43%和52.88%,主要病原菌及其分离率分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(20.71%)、流感嗜血杆菌(15.11%)、肺炎链球菌(10.97%)、A群链球菌(6.42%),金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率达82%,21%菌株为MRSA,流感嗜血杆菌β-内酰酶检测阳性率为30.92%,复方新诺明和氨苄西林耐药率较高,分别为50.69%和30.14%,肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率为32.08%,红霉素、四环素、复方新诺明耐药率高,分别为81.13%、79.25%和69.81%,A群链球菌对青霉素仍然100%敏感,红霉素、克林霉素、四环素的耐药率高,分别为83.87%、77.42%、58.06%。结论:扁桃体和腺样体主要分离菌有金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、A群链球菌,不同检出菌的耐药性差异明显,临床可根据常见检出分离菌的分布及药敏特征预防和治疗感染。     

Isolation of Pathogenic Bacillus circulans from Callus Cultures and Healthy Offshoots of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Pure cultures of a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, which produced endospores after 3 to 5 days on solid medium, were isolated exclusively from tissue cultures of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections of the bacteria revealed the bilayer membrane typical of gramnegative bacteria and confirmed the nature of the spores as true endospores. Biochemical and physiological tests indicated that the bacteria were Bacillus circulans. B. circulans was consistently isolated from the internal tissues, including the meristem, of apparently healthy offshoots of date palm. When meristem and embryo callus tissue culture samples were injected with B. circulans isolated from similar tissue culture samples and from offshoots, the majority of the isolates produced a rapid, destructive soft rot of the tissues.