金鱼总色素及色素组分的比较研究

用色谱和光谱两种方法对金鱼总色素和色素组分进行了研究。研究结果表明,红鲫、草金鱼和红龙睛等红色金鱼总色素光谱在可见光区(472nm附近)有一个吸收峰,黑鲫和黑龙睛等黑色金鱼在可见光区(450nm和472nm附近)有两个吸收峰出现,且红色金鱼所含色素组分以红色(虾青素)为主,黑色金鱼所含色素组分以杏黄色和橙色为主,其他色素组分为辅。金鱼黑色色斑形成是由于黑色素存在时,其他各色素组分的颜色被掩盖的结果;金鱼其他各种色斑的形成则是由于其体内各色素组分以不同比例相互搭配组合的结果。亲缘关系越近的金鱼其总色素组成就越相似,红鲫和黑鲫均含有四种近乎相同的色素组分,红龙睛和黑龙睛均含有六种近乎相同的色素组分,草金鱼虽也含有四种与红鲫和黑鲫相近的色素组分,但Rf值略有差异。据此推测,红鲫和黑鲫、红龙睛和黑龙睛可能分别具有较近的亲缘关系,而草金鱼则可能是介于黑鲫和龙睛鱼之间,且与黑鲫具有较近的亲缘关系。该研究有望为金鱼增色饵料的研制与开发提供理论依据,使金鱼的观赏价值和经济价值得到进一步提高。     

樱桃李色素提取及稳定性研究

樱桃李是我国新疆特有野生果品.依据成熟果实的颜色可分为紫、红、黄三大类型.樱桃李果汁和果渣中含有丰富的天然色素.其中果汁以水溶性色素为主,果渣以醇溶性色素为主.着重研究紫色果和红色果的色素稳定性,以便为相应产品的生产工艺和成品储藏条件选择提供实验依据.这些色素成分的紫外-可见光吸收图谱的总体面貌基本相似,均表现为紫外光区在200 nm～400 nm之间有强吸收.可见光区在520 nm左右有最大吸收.紫色果在520 nm处的光吸收值显著大于红色果.该类色素溶液室温置于室内弥散光下数天及短时间加热不会导致外观色泽的显著变化,但紫外光谱略有改变;长时间受日光照射则明显退色.受Ca2 、Mg2 、Cu2 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Fe2 等金属离子影响较小.樱桃李色素在酸性条件下呈紫红色,在碱性条件下呈紫蓝色,初步推测为花青素类成分,其分子结构研究正在进行中.     

花色与色素

花色与色素苏焕然（哈尔滨师范大学生物系,１５００８０）栾宏＃（黑龙江富裕县教委）１色素的种类花色和色素的种类都非常多,科学家把各种色素分成类胡萝卜素,类黄酮和花青素三大类。类胡萝卜素是含有红色,橙色及黄色在内的一大类色素类群。不仅花瓣中含有这类色素,...     

色素分子在光合膜内取向初探

从正常大麦与缺乏叶绿素b大麦突变种的类囊体中分离提纯捕光叶绿素a /b—蛋白复合体和光系统Ⅱ颗粒,比较其线二色光谱,以及光合膜受到不饱和脂肪酸处理时线二色光谱的变化,参照几种光合色素的标准吸收光谱,初步分析和探讨了叶绿体光合膜中各种线二色组分可能的取向,提出了难以分辩的710～730 nm区域、624nm和595 nm处存在弱二色成分的证据。 七种高等植物叶绿体线二色光谱的成分大致相同。离体叶绿体在不同贮存条件(温度、时间等)下的线二色光谱,在一定范围内表明其色素及色素蛋白复合体具有稳定性。     

蝗虫复眼光谱敏感性的比较研究——Ⅰ.屏蔽色素显微分光光谱的测量

用显微分光光谱法,测定了9种蝗虫复眼两类屏蔽色素的光密度。咖啡色屏蔽色素在400—520nm 波段密度最高,在深红区密度最低。反光屏蔽色素在365—390nm 波段的密度最高,在深红区最低。此外还测定了9种蝗虫之一的黄脊蝗复眼的光屏蔽色素的反射光谱,结果显示在近紫外和橙红区反光率最高。关于屏蔽色素对蝗虫视觉功能如光谱敏感性、明适应、视锐度、视色素和间视紫红之间的转化等问题曾加以讨论。     

用喷雾质谱法分析2种红曲霉所产橙色素的组成

分析了红色红曲霉（Monascus ruber）和烟色红曲霉（Monascus fuliginosus）发酵米粉所产橙色素的喷雾质谱图,发现烟色红曲霉所产橙色素与文献报道的相同;而红色红曲霉所产色素与文献报道不同,其主要组分是分子量分别为340．3和312.3的2种物质。     

动物的色素

动物的保护色、警戒色、婚姻色,都是卟啉(porphyrin)色素、多烯色素、吲哚色素三者在机体內按不同的生理机能相互配合,而表現于体外。 (一)色素细胞的分布动物色素細胞一般位于真皮內,在无脊椎动物中,三种色素細胞的位置多系并行排列;在脊椎动物內,三种色素細胞的位置多系上下排列的:含有吲哚色素的黑色素細胞在最上层,含有多烯色素的紅色与黄色細胞在中间层,含有多烯色素的青色細胞在最下层。含有卟啉色素的无色細胞位于黑色細胞与青色細胞之間并散在于紅、黄二色細胞的周围。     

测定浮游植物中色素的高效液相色谱与二极管阵列分光光度计联用的方法

建立了高效液相色谱与二极管阵列分光光度计联用分析浮游植物中色素的方法.采用90%的丙酮提取藻类中的类胡萝卜素和叶绿素后在反相C18柱上分离,流动相选用甲醇/醋酸铵/丙酮,流速为2.0 mL*min-1.用可见光检测器检测,波长为440 nm.在线的二极管阵列检测器对色素峰的扫描(400～700 nm)得到各色素峰的吸收光谱的结果显示,保留时间相同的色素峰,吸收光谱可能不同.根据色素峰吸收的光谱特性确定色素的种类,可以避免色素峰保留时间相同而造成的判断误差,从而提高了分辨的准确性.     

一品红苞片花色素的分离及初步鉴定

用紫外-可见光分光光度计、高效液相色谱(HPLC)和质谱(MS)技术对一品红(Euphorbia pulcherrima)红色苞片中的花色素提取液进行了初步鉴定。一品红花色素的甲醇溶液分别在270、340 和520 nm 处有 3 个吸收峰; 在 440 nm 吸光度与可见光最大吸收波长 520 nm 吸光度的比值 为0.29; 花色素的甲醇溶液中加入AlCl3后发生红移, 再加入HCl后发生蓝移; 色素溶液在紫外光下无荧光; 色素样品经液相色谱分离后在 270 nm检测有 5 个比较明显的吸收峰; 质谱中得到 595、611、381、571 和 589 等对应的分子离子峰; 花色素酸解液高效液相色谱图谱和鼠李糖、葡萄糖的出峰时间一致。由这些结果可推断一品红花色素样品中主要含有 5 种组分: 矢车菊花色素芸香苷、飞燕草花色素芸香苷、飞燕草花色素苯甲酰基葡糖苷、矢车菊花色素苯甲酰基葡糖苷和一种未知成分。     

一品红苞片花色素的分离及初步鉴定

用紫外-可见光分光光度计、高效液相色谱（HPLC）和质谱（MS）技术对一品红（Euphorbia pulcherrima）红色苞片中的花色素提取液进行了初步鉴定.一品红花色素的甲醇溶液分别在270、340和520 nm处有3个吸收峰;在440 nm吸光度与可见光最大吸收波长520 nm吸光度的比值为0.29;花色素的甲醇溶液中加入AlCl3后发生红移,再加入HCl后发生蓝移;色素溶液在紫外光下无荧光;色素样品经液相色谱分离后在270 nm检测有5个比较明显的吸收峰;质谱中得到595、611、381、571和589等对应的分子离子峰;花色素酸解液高效液相色谱图谱和鼠李糖、葡萄糖的出峰时间一致.由这些结果可推断一品红花色素样品中主要含有5种组分：矢车菊花色素芸香苷、飞燕草花色素芸香苷、飞燕草花色素苯甲酰基葡糖苷、矢车菊花色素苯甲酰基葡糖苷和一种未知成分.     

长江中下游鲢鳙草青四大家鱼线粒体DNA多样性分析

对长江中、下游湖北石首、江西九江、安徽芜湖三江段鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼天然群体共３６５尾鱼的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）的ＮＤ５／６、Ｃｙｔｂ基因和Ｄ－Ｌｏｏｐ区片段进行了限制性内切酶酶切片段长度多态（ＲＦＬＰ）分析。结果表明：（１）长江中、下游鲢、鳙和青鱼的遗传多样性丰富，草鱼不甚丰富。发现鲢、鳙和青鱼的ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型分别有２８、１９、２７种，草鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ基因型仅见７种；鲢、鳙和青鱼的基因型多样性     

肉白水晶彩鲫和红鲫杂交的遗传学

通过肉白水晶彩鲫(Carassius auratustransparent colored var.)和红鲫(C.a.red var.),以及后代不同杂交组合的体色遗传学研究,结果表明,肉白水晶彩鲫和红鲫杂交、肉白水晶彩鲫自交,子代全部为水晶彩鲫型;红白水晶彩鲫自交,子代表现为水晶彩鲫型和红鲫型;红鲫自交,子代全部为红鲫型。初步推断肉白水晶彩鲫是体表鸟粪素缺失型的纯合体(-/-),红鲫是体表鸟粪素完全型的纯合体( / ),红白水晶彩鲫是杂合体( /-)。鸟粪素缺失型相对完全型是显性,但它们的杂交遗传不完全符合一对等位基因的孟德尔分离规律。对照经典遗传学中金鱼的透明和正常遗传实验,发现透明鱼与肉白水晶彩鲫相似,五花鱼与红白水晶彩鲫相似,正常鱼与红鲫相似。二者的主要区别是经典遗传学依据体表将水晶彩鲫分为透明鱼和五花鱼,本研究依据体色将水晶彩鲫分为肉白色、红白色和其他色,由于分类角度的不同,一些观点和结论就产生了差异。     

不同品种金鱼和鲫鱼的分子系统发育关系研究

为探讨不同品种金鱼的系统进化关系,利用PCR技术扩增了金鱼的7个代表品种红龙睛(Red dragongoldfish)、红帽子(Red cap goldfish)、虎头(Tiger head goldfish)、琉金(Gold plating goldfish)、墨龙睛(Black dragongoldfish)、水泡眼(Water vesicle goldfish)、珍珠(Genuine pearl goldfish)的线粒体DNA上细胞色素b的部分核苷酸序列,长度为597 bp.结合GenBank中红鲫、野鲫、日本白鲫、银鲫、鲤鱼的序列进行比较分析,结果显示,这7个金鱼品种之间的同源性都很高,在99.5%～100%之间;7种金鱼和红鲫的同源性也很高,为99.5%～99.8%,与野鲫的同源性在96.8%～97.2%,与日本白鲫、银鲫的同源性为93.1%～94.3%,与鲤鱼的同源性相对较低,为88.3%～88.6%.利用DNAstar软件构建了不同品种金鱼和鲫鱼的分子系统树,从分子水平进一步证实了金鱼起源于野鲫.     

鲤鱼鱼精蛋白的提取及抑菌活性研究

以鲤鱼的成熟精巢为原料,经0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液浸提,硫酸解离,并分别经乙醇、丙酮分离提取鱼精蛋白。测定了鱼精蛋白对细菌和真菌的最低抑制浓度以及在不同pH条件下的抑菌特性,试验结果表明鱼精蛋白具有较好的热稳定性,与EDTA复合使用可以增强抑菌效果,在酱油中可以代替苯甲酸的防腐作用。     

The use of genetic relationships among cattle breeds in the formulation of rational breeding policies: an example with South Devon (South Africa) and Gelbvieh (Germany)*

At the instigation of the South Devon Cattle Breeders' Society of South Africa we studied the genetic relationships of South Devon cattle (South Africa) and Gelbvieh cattle (Germany) with eight other breeds including Red Angus and Black Angus (USA). On the basis of comparisons at ten immungenetic loci Gelbvieh and South Devon cattle are nearly as genetically similar as Red and Black Angus. The results indicate that Gelbvieh and South Devon had a common ancestry on the Continent and are distinct from other British breeds such as Hereford, Angus and Jersey. This study illustrates the application of studies of the genetic similarities of different breeds to the rational development of future breeding and preservation programs.     

二龄鲢和鳙血液的比较研究

以１１５尾二龄链和９１尾二龄鳙为材料,测定了血液中红细胞数,白细胞数、血红蛋白值、红细胞脆性植、比积及比重,红细胞沉降率,白细胞分数计数值及各型血细胞大小等正常值。结果显示：红细胞和白细胞值,比积值及淋巴细胞所占百分比值均是鲢高于鳙,而红细胞沉降率和中性粒细胞却是鳙高于链,在鲢上,其血液指标植也存在雌雄差异,上述血液指标值也存在周年变化。     

Melanocortin 1 receptor variation in the domestic dog

The melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) is encoded by the Extension locus in many different mammals, where a loss-of-function causes exclusive production of red/yellow pheomelanin, and a constitutively activating mutation causes exclusive production of black/brown eumelanin. In the domestic dog, breeds with a wild-type E allele, e.g., the Doberman, can produce either pigment type, whereas breeds with the e allele, e.g., the Golden Retriever, produce exclusively yellow pigment. However, a black coat color in the Newfoundland and similar breeds is thought to be caused by an unusual allele of Agouti, which encodes the physiologic ligand for the Mc1r. Here we report that the predicted dog Mc1r is 317 residues in length and 96% identical to the fox Mc1r. Comparison of the Doberman, Newfoundland, Black Labrador, Yellow Labrador, Flat-coated Retriever, Irish Setter, and Golden Retriever revealed six sequence variants, of which two, S90G and R306ter, partially correlated with a black/brown coat and red/yellow coat, respectively. R306ter was found in the Yellow Labrador, Golden Retriever, and Irish Setter; the latter two had identical haplotypes but differed from the Yellow Labrador at three positions other than R306ter. In a larger survey of 194 dogs and 19 breeds, R306ter and a red/yellow coat were completely concordant except for the Red Chow. These results indicate that the e allele is caused by a common Mc1r loss-of-function mutation that either reoccurred or was subject to gene conversion during recent evolutionary history, and suggest that the allelic and locus relationships for dog coat color genes may be more analogous to those found in other mammals than previously thought.     

Studies on rheomelanins. V. Hemolysis associated with the transformation of catechol into rheomelanin in human blood.

Incubation of 2 mg amounts of catechol in 5 ml samples of heparinated blood plasma from four subjects at 38 degrees C for 24 h produced plasma-soluble rheomelanins. These solutions had the brown color and the yellow-green fluorescence in ultraviolet light of 366 nm of other rheomelanins. Their differential ultraviolet and visible spectra showed a rheomelanin absorption maximum at 344 nm. Paper chromatograms of the rheomelanin-plasma solutions in 5% methanol-95% water showed elongated spots of rheomelanins with RF values of 0.82, on Whatman No. 1 paper. Using heparinated distilled water adjusted to pH 7.4 with sodium bicarbonate instead of human blood plasma gave markedly different findings from those obtained with the plasma rheomelanin solutions. Incubation of 4 mg amounts of catechol in 10 ml samples of heparinated whole blood from four subjects for 24, 32 and 48 at 38 degrees C produced rheomelanins as found in the plasma separated from the blood after incubation. The differential ultraviolet and visible spectra of these solutions revealed hemolysis caused by the catechol rheomelanins; this was more marked with longer incubations. The hemolysis was manifested by two absorption peaks at about 270 and 400 nm. Paper chromatography revealed the brown elongated spots of catechol rheomelanins with an RF value of 0.82. Other spots owing to the products of hemolysis were also present.     

Spectral Sensitivities of Wolf Spider Eyes

ERG's to spectral lights were recorded from all eyes of intact wolf spiders. Secondary eyes have maximum relative sensitivities at 505–510 nm which are unchanged by chromatic adaptations. Principal eyes have ultraviolet sensitivities which are 10 to 100 times greater at 380 nm than at 505 nm. However, two animals' eyes initially had greater blue-green sensitivities, then in 7 to 10 wk dropped 4 to 6 log units in absolute sensitivity in the visible, less in the ultraviolet. Chromatic adaptations of both types of principal eyes hardly changed relative spectral sensitivities. Small decreases in relative sensitivity in the visible with orange adaptations were possibly retinomotor in origin. Second peaks in ERG waveforms were elicited from ultraviolet-adapted principal eyes by wavelengths 400 nm and longer, and from blue-, yellow-, and orange-adapted secondary eyes by wavelengths 580 nm and longer. The second peaks in waveforms were most likely responses of unilluminated eyes to scattered light. It is concluded that both principal and secondary eyes contain cells with a visual pigment absorbing maximally at 505–510 nm. The variable absolute and ultraviolet sensitivities of principal eyes may be due to a second pigment in the same cells or to an ultraviolet-absorbing accessory pigment which excites the 505 nm absorbing visual pigment by radiationless energy transfer.