GDNF对多巴胺能神经元作用机制的研究进展

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF）是神经保护治疗帕金森病（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）的一种神经营养因子,越来越多的在体和离体实验研究显示GDNF是中脑多巴胺（dopaminergic neuron,DA）能神经元的有效存活因子。GDNF受体是由结合在细胞质膜外的糖基化磷酯酰基（glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol,GPI）和GDNF功能性孤儿受体酪氨酸激酶Ret蛋白质组成。特异性的GDNF与其受体结合后,激活其胞内部分c-Ret,经由不同的第二信使来传递信号发挥作用。主要可能的机制有顺式作用和反式作用。而探索GDNF促进中脑黑质DA能神经元再生修复的可能机制,为进一步深入研究GDNF的作用机制提供科学依据。     

α-硫辛酸对6-羟多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的影响

实验运用PC12细胞系研究6-羟多巴胺的细胞毒性作用以及α-硫辛酸抗6-羟多巴胺毒性的作用及其机制.用MTT法测定显示6-OHDA使细胞存活率降低至56.8%,细胞突起变短、胞质浓缩、核质深染,细胞贴壁能力下降,胞膜损伤.原位末端dUTP标记法(TUNEL)显示阳性标记细胞,表明6-OHDA引起PC12细胞产生坏死和凋亡.流式细胞仪分析表明6-OHDA作用后凋亡细胞比例达20.09%.运用α-硫辛酸预处理后,能明显预防6-OHDA的毒性作用,可使细胞存活率上升,凋亡细胞比例降低至3.09%,α-硫辛酸的作用与提高细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量有关.     

α—硫辛酸对6—羟多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的影响

PC12 cell line, a clonal cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of rat adrenal medulla, was used as a model of dopaminergic neuron in vitro to study the effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the 6-OHDA induced apoptosis. The results from MTT method show that 6-OHDA decreased the cell survival rate obviously. Through TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP-biotion nick end labeling) and Flow cytometer (FCM) detection, we found that 6-OHDA triggered cell apoptosis and induced necrosis. It was confirmed by the different percentage of cell survival rate and apoptosis concluded from FCM and MTT. alpha-lipoic acid was used as antioxidant to protect the cell from 6-OHDA's injury. The result indicateed that alpha-lipoic acid can partly prevent apoptosis induced by 6-OHDA but fail to prevent necrosis since it can decrease the apoptotic cell from 20.09% to 3.09%, just as increased cell survival rate from 56.8% to 72.6% but can not reach the normal level showed by MTT assay. Biochemical approach showed the cell's antioxidant ability especial for SOD activity and GSH content increased after the treatment of alpha-lipoic acid. The data suggest that alpha-lipoic acid may protect PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by 6-OHDA through the antioxidant path.     

锰对PC12 细胞的增殖抑制与凋亡研究

目的:研究锰作用下PC12细胞的增殖抑制作用与凋亡相关的形态学、生化指标改变。方法:用200,400,600,800μmol/LMnCl2的培养液,分别作用对数生长期PC12细胞1,2,3,4d后,用MTT筛选锰的细胞毒性剂量;透射电镜观察细胞形态学变化;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测MnCl2对PC12细胞基因组DNA的影响。结果:MTT实验显示200-800μmol/L MnCl2作用4天对PC12有显著的抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖趋势,600μmol/L MnCl2作用4d对PC12的抑制率可达50%以上。600μmol/L MnCl2作用4d电镜可见细胞凋亡,同样条件下细胞DNA碎片化。结论:PC12细胞在锰作用下发生增殖抑制,原因是锰诱导PC12细胞凋亡。     

Caspase-3在roscovitine诱发PC12细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用

我们已证实周期蛋白激酶（cyclin-dependent kinases）cdk2、cdc2和cdk5抑制剂roscovitine诱导PC12细胞凋亡。本实验应用caspase-3免疫细胞化学与hoechst 33342荧光化学双标、MTT比色法细胞活性测定和Western blot方法,研究了caspase-3在roscovitine所致PC12细胞凋亡中的作用。结果显示,roscovitine（50μmol／L）处理PC12细胞12h,细胞核染色质凝缩及核碎片形成,同时胞浆中出现caspase-3阳性标志,caspase-3阳性细胞占细胞总数的42％。非特异性caspases抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK（50μmol／L）和caspase-3特异性抑制剂Z-DEVD-FMK（100μmol／L）可部分降低roscovitine所致的细胞死亡,使细胞存活率分别由29．03％（roscovitine）增至58．06％（Z-VAD-FMK＋roscovitine）和45．16％（Z-DEVD-FMK＋roscovitine）：用单克隆non-erythroid α-spectrin抗体检测roscovitine处理组细胞匀浆提取液,表明caspase-3裂解的特异性spectfin 120kDa蛋白产物较对照组显著增加。提示细胞凋亡成分caspases参与roscovitine所敛的细胞凋亡,其中caspase-3发挥重要作用。     

腺病毒介导BDNF基因对无血清培养SH-SY5Y细胞的生物学作用研究

目的 :为了有效的将腺病毒介导的脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)用于神经损伤的保护治疗。方法 :在体外用BDNF重组腺病毒 (Ad BDNF)对SH SY5Y细胞进行感染 ,在无血清培养条件下对细胞的生长分化进行了形态学的观察 ,利用MTT法检测不同浓度的Ad BDNF对SH SY5Y细胞的促存活作用 ,并对细胞凋亡作用进行了检测。结果和结论 :腺病毒介导的BDNF可有效的促进感染后的SH SY5Y细胞的存活 ,生长和分化 ,并可有效的抑制无血清状态下细胞凋亡的发生     

细胞色素c的释放是多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡的重要环节

通过末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导dUTP缺口翻译法和DNA凝胶电泳观察多巴胺(DA)对PC12细胞凋亡的诱导作用, 并经蛋白质印迹法检测胞浆细胞色素c、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白以及活化型半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)水平. 结果表明, 在DA诱导PC12细胞凋亡的过程中, 可见PC12细胞中活化型caspase-3蛋白表达, 胞浆中细胞色素c水平明显增高, 同时Bcl-2蛋白水平下降, 而Bax蛋白水平明显增加. 环孢菌素A预处理对细胞色素c释放和caspase-3激活有明显的抑制作用, 而对Bcl-2和Bax蛋白影响不明显. 结果提示, Bcl-2和Bax蛋白、细胞色素c以及caspase-3可能参与DA诱导PC12细胞凋亡, 线粒体细胞色素c向胞浆释放可能是其中的中心环节.     

酒精促PC12细胞凋亡及对神经鞘磷脂合酶表达和活性的影响

目的 观察酒精诱导PCI2细胞凋亡及其凋亡过程中神经鞘磷脂合酶活性和mRNA表达量的变化.方法 MTr法测定酒精对PCI2细胞增殖的抑制作用.Hoeelmt33258染色荧光显微镜观察PCI2细胞凋亡形态学变化.DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡梯状DNA条带.RT-PCR法检测酒精对PCI2细胞SMSI和SMS2 mRNA表达的影响.薄层层析法测定SMS的活性.结果 PCI2细胞去血清培养24 h,酒精浓度在100、200、400和800 mmoL/L时,细胞存活率分别是单纯去血清的87.54%、70.73%、57.89%和51.70%,表现出较强的细胞增殖抑制作用（P〈0.05）;细胞核形态学变化显示酒精处理组凋亡细胞增多,表现染色质凝集,细胞核变小、核碎裂成碎片等典型细胞凋亡特征性变化,凋亡率随着酒精浓度的增大而升高,去血清组的酒精浓度为100、200和300 mmol/L时,细胞凋亡率呈剂量依赖关系;琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见酒精处理组有不同程度的DNA断裂,显示凋亡细胞典型的梯状DNA.RT-PCR检测酒精对PCI2细胞SMS转录水平结果显示,不同浓度酒精作用于PCI2细胞0.5 h,SMSI表达量无显著变化,当作用时间达1h和2 h,SMSl表达量显著增加,并呈剂量依赖性,而SMS2的mRNA表达则不受酒精作用的影响;薄层层析法检测细胞总SMS活性显示,不同浓度酒精作用2 h,细胞SMS活性随酒精浓度增加而升高.结论 酒精可导致PCI2细胞凋亡并与酒精浓度呈正相关.酒精致PCI2细胞凋亡过程中SMSl的mRNA表达量增高,酶活性增强,提示酒精致PCI2细胞凋亡作用与鞘磷脂循环有关.     

多巴胺对PC12细胞的双重影响

本实验运用PC12细胞,研究不同浓度多巴胺(dopamine,DA)对细胞的影响。同时利用兼具促进多巴胺释放和抑制多巴胺摄取双重作用的安非它命(amphetamine,AMP)观察胞内外多巴胺对细胞的不同作用。结果显示:胞外高浓度DA能引起细胞抗氧化能力下降,胞内游离Ca~(2+)浓度上升,细胞存活率大幅度降低,部分细胞出现凋亡;低浓度DA对细胞存活率无明显影响,而使细胞抗氧化能力有一定提高。长时间安非它命单独作用也可引起细胞存活率下降,并伴随胞内GSH水平降低;安非它命与多巴胺共同作用在一定程度上可导致细胞内抗氧化物质水平低于多巴胺单独作用,表明细胞内一定浓度DA可以维持或提高细胞抗氧化物质水平。结果提示,脑内同样存在的多巴胺神经元对DA重摄取功能下降,胞外氧化应激增强,可能是引起脑内多巴胺神经元退行性病变的重要原因之一。     

多巴胺对PC12细胞的双重影响

本实验运用PC12细胞,研究不同浓度多巴胺（dopamine,DA)对细胞的影响,同时利用兼具促进多巴胺释放和抑制多巴胺摄取双重作用的安排它命（amphetamine,AMP)观察胞内外多巴胺对细胞的不同作用。结果显示;胞外高浓度DA能引起细胞抗氧化能力下降,胞内游离Ca^2 浓度上升。细胞存活率大幅度降低,部分细胞出现凋亡;低浓度DA对细胞存活率无明显影响,而使细胞抗氧化能力有一定提高,长时间安非它命单独作用也可引起细胞存活率下降,并伴随胞内GSH水平降低;安非它命与多巴胺共同作用在一定程度上可导致细胞内抗氧化物质水平低于多巴胺单独作用,表明细胞内一定浓度DA可以维持或提高细胞抗氧化物质水平。结果提示,脑内同样存在的多巴胺神经元对DA重摄取功能下降,胞外氧化应激增强,可能是引起脑内多巴胺神经元退行性病变的重要原因之一。     

Neuroprotective effect of Korea Red Ginseng extract on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in PC12 Cells

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a valuable herb in Asian countries that is used as a crude substance to inhibit inflammation and to enhance vitality, longevity and immunity. The protective effects of KRG against the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) were investigated in vitro in the present study.

Methods: PC12 cells were pretreated with the water extract of KRG for 24?h, then incubated with MPP+ for 24?h. The growth of the cells was assessed using a live cell viability assay, the ratio of apoptotic cells was measured using flow cytometry and morphology of the apoptotic cells was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The expressions of caspase-3 and -9 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR.

Results: Pretreatment of the KRG extract increased cell viability significantly when compared with that of only MPP+-treated cells (p?p?p?p?Conclusion: These results indicate that KRG treatment suppresses MPP+-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by regulating caspase cascades, suggesting a possible role for KRG in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.     

Nonylphenol enhances apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells

Although nonylphenol is well known as an endocrine disrupting chemical, there is little information concerning biological effect of nonylphenol. In this study, we investigated effect of nonylphenol on apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells using TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays. In addition, changes in contents of proapoptotic factors, Bad and Bax, and antiapoptotic factor, Bcl-2, and enzyme activity of caspase-3 were studied. Below 100 ng/ml of nonylphenol increased TUNEL signals, DNA fragmentation and content of proapoptotic factor, Bad as compared to those by serum deprivation without nonylphenol. Furthermore, addition of nonylphenol enhanced caspase-3 activity and Z-VAD, caspase-3 inhibitor, diminished such effect. These results indicated that below 100 ng/ml of nonylphenol enhanced apoptosis induced by serum deprivation via caspase-3 activation in PC12 cell.     

Neuroprotective effects of tetramethylpyrazine on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells

In the present study, we investigated the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. The apoptosis in H2O2-induced PC12 cells was accompanied by a decrease in Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, release of cytochrome c to cytosol and the activation of caspase-3. TMP not only suppressed the down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol, but also attenuated caspase-3 activation and eventually protected against H2O2-induced apoptosis. These results indicated that TMP blocked H2O2-induced apoptosis by the regulation of Bcl-2 family members, suppression of cytochrome c release, and caspase cascade activation in PC12 cells.     

PC12 cells show immunoreactivity to a number of proteins and peptides, including vasostatin

N-terminal chromogranin A (CGA) contains peptides with vasoinhibitory properties, called vasostatin I (VST) and II [CGA(1–76) and (1–113) in human and bovine; (1–128) in rat]. Three fragments of VST were synthesized and antisera raised: human CGA(68–76) (VST I), rat CGA(121–128) (VST II fragment 2), and bovine/human CGA(83–91) (VST II, fragment 3). Strong immunoreactivity was observed in PC12 cells with antisera to VST II, fragment 3, VST I, and neuron-specific enolase. Little or no immunoreactivity was observed using antisera to synaptophysin, whole molecule CGA, pancreastatin, protein gene product 9.5, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, or with antibodies 875 and 876 to VST II, fragment 2. Most of the VST antisera cross-reacted, with a species of molecular weight, 61 kDa but one, 874, cross-reacted with two species of molecular weights, 7.2 and 12 kDa. Our results show the presence of N-terminally processed CGA in PC12 cells.     

Enhancing Effect of Manganese on L-DOPA-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

L-DOPA and manganese both induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells. In this study, exposure of PC12 cells to 0.2 mM MnCl2 or 10-20 microM L-DOPA neither affected cell viability, determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, nor induced apoptosis, tested by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and the TUNEL technique. L-DOPA (50 microM) induced decreases in both cell viability and apoptosis. When 0.2 mM MnCl2 was associated with 10, 20, or 50 microM L-DOPA, a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed. Apoptotic cell death also occurred. In addition, manganese inhibited L-DOPA effects on dopamine (DA) metabolism (i.e., increases in DA and its acidic metabolite levels in both cell lysate and incubation medium). The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly inhibited decreases in cell viability, apoptosis, and changes in DA metabolism induced by the manganese association with L-DOPA. An increase in autoxidation of L-DOPA and of newly formed DA is suggested as a mechanism of manganese action. These data show that agents that induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in catecholaminergic cells may act synergistically.     

Chloride channels involve in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells

Chloride channel activity is one of the critical factors responsible for cell apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). However, the roles of chloride channels in apoptosis have not been fully understood. In the current study, we assessed the role of chloride channels in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced apoptosis of pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). Extracellular application of H₂O₂ activated a chloride current and induced cell volume decrease in a few minutes. Incubation of cells with H₂O₂ elevated significantly the membrane permeability to the DNA dye Hoechst 33258 in 1 h and induced apoptosis of most PC12 cells tested in 24 h. The chloride channel blocker NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate) prevented appearance of H₂O₂-induced high membrane permeability and cell shrinkage, suppressed H₂O₂-activated chloride currents and protected PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by H₂O₂. The results suggest that chloride channels may contribute to H₂O₂-induced apoptosis by ways of elevation of membrane permeability and AVD in PC12 cells.     

Regulatory networks upon neurogenesis induction in PC12 cell line by small molecules

Alteration in the normal regulatory pathway of differentiation can lead to the induction of programmed cell death. Accordingly, some chemicals like staurosporine, nerve growth factor, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, and trimethyltin are shown to be able to induce differentiation in vitro, via different mechanisms in the PC12 cell line. Hence, understanding the details of the molecular mechanisms of differentiation induction by these small molecules are important for further application of these molecules in neurogenesis. Therefore, we sought to determine these signaling pathways, using gene regulatory networks analysis. Then, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the alterations in the gene expression pattern of the PC12 cell lines in response to these chemicals at the early stages. Based on the comparative analysis and previous knowledge, we have proposed the affected pathways during differentiation and apoptosis. Our findings could be useful in the development of protocols to reprogramming of neurons by such small molecules with high efficiency.     

Puerarin protects PC12 cells against beta-amyloid-induced cell injury

beta-Amyloid protein (Abeta), a major protein component of brain senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, is known to be directly responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of apoptosis. In this study, the protective effect of puerarin, an isoflavone purified from the radix of the Chinese herb Pueraria lobata, on Abeta-induced rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cultures was investigated. Although exposure of PC12 cells to 50 microM Abeta25-35 caused significant viability loss and apoptotic rate increase, pretreatment of the cells with puerarin for 24h reduced the viability loss and apoptotic rate. Puerarin (1 microM) significantly inhibited Abeta25-35-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. Preincubation of the cell with puerarin also restored the ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential levels that had been altered as a result of Abeta25-35 treatment. Puerarin was also found to increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reduce caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that puerarin could attenuate Abeta25-35-induced PC12 cell injure and apoptosis and could also promote the survival of PC12 cells. Therefore, puerarin may act as an intracellular ROS scavenger, and its antioxidant properties may protect against Abeta25-35-induced cell injury.     

锰作用下PC12细胞的氧化应激机制研究

目的:以鼠嗜铬神经瘤细胞(PC12)为模型,筛选锰对神经细胞增殖抑制作用的时间及剂量,观察锰作用下PC12细胞的氧化应激反应与细胞形态学、生化指标改变和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶pp38(p38MAPKs)的活化表达。方法:用200,400,600,800μmol/LMnCl2的培养液,分别作用对数生长期PC12细胞1,2,3,4d后,用MTT筛选锰的细胞毒性剂量;测定200-600μmol/L MnCl2作用4d后,PC12细胞还原型谷胱甘肽和丙二醛含量;透射电镜观察细胞形态学变化;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测MnCl2对PC12细胞基因组DNA的影响。western-blot法检测p-p38。结果:MTT实验显示200~800μmol/LMnCl2作用1,2,3,4d对PC12有显著的抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖趋势,600μmol/LMnCl2作用4d对PC12的抑制率可达50%以上。200-600μmol/LMnCl2作用于细胞4d后,随着浓度的升高,还原型GSH逐渐降低,MDA的含量逐渐升高;600μmol/LMnCl2作用4d电镜可见细胞凋亡,同样条件下细胞DNA碎片化。Western-blot实验显示600μmol/LMnCl2作用1,2,3,4dp-p38逐渐升高,3d时较对照组增加6.6倍(n=3,p<0.05),200,400,600μmol/L MnCl2作用4d时,磷酸化蛋白38(p-p38)也逐渐升高,400μmol/L MnCl2作用4d时较对照组升高了4.7倍(n=3,p<0.05)。结论:PC12细胞在锰作用下发生氧化应激反应,上调p-p38,诱导细胞凋亡,细胞增殖抑制。