整肠生预防部队夏秋季肠炎效果观察

选用整肠生预防黑龙江地区基层连队夏秋季肠炎,经１００６６人抽样观察,随纲分为两组,治疗组５１３４人,对照组４９３２人。口服整肠生６ｄ,预防组好于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;３０ｄ预防组优于６ｄ预防组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明,整肠生预防肠炎是有效的。整肠生药物剂型简单,给药方便,价格适宜,便于推广应用。     

丽珠肠乐治疗小儿冠状病毒肠炎32例疗效观察

丽珠肠乐治疗轮状病毒肠炎多有报导,但丽珠肠乐治疗冠状病毒肠炎却罕见。我科在１９９６年１０月－１２月对３２例住院冠状病毒肠炎患儿给予口服双歧杆菌活菌制剂（由珠海丽珠医药集团股份有限公司生产的丽珠肠乐）治疗,并与口服庆大霉素组３０例进行对照,观察丽珠肠乐的疗效,现作小结。     

神经肽研究的一些进展

自从70年代初以下丘脑各种释放激素结构阐明为标志的神经肽研究兴起以来,20年过去了。人们可以看出,这个领域已从以发现新神经肽为主走向深入研究作用原理的阶段。本文着重从释放、受体结构、受体的非肽类配体以及作用方式四个方面介绍神经肽研究的进展。 1 神经肽释放需要较高的刺激频率利用外周神经系统的实验标本,发现电刺激频率必须高才能引起其所含的神经肽释放,     

整肠生预防急性放射性肠炎的疗效观察

目的 探讨整肠生在腹盆腔放疗中对急性放射性肠炎的预防作用。方法 211例Ⅱb-Ⅲb期宫颈癌行放射性治疗的患者随机分为观察组（n=109）和对照组（n=102）,两组患者均行三维适形放射治疗,放疗剂量45~50 Gy。观察组给予整肠生与康复新液联合使用：整肠生0.5 g/次,一日三次,康复新液10 mL/次,一日三次,对照组给予康复新液10 mL/次,一日三次,比较两组治疗期间急性放射性肠炎发生率以及发生时间。结果 急性放射性肠炎的发生率,观察组vs对照组为8.3% vs 20.6%,差异有统计学意义（P=0.008）,且观察组出现急性放射性肠炎的时间迟于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。结论 整肠生联合康复新液在预防急性放射性肠炎的发生方面效果显著,可用于临床治疗。     

神经肽Y_2受体对神经病理痛调制的研究进展

神经肽Y2受体（neuropeptideY2 receptor,NPY2R）是一种在很多生理及病理情况下广泛分布、表达于哺乳动物的G蛋白耦联受体。Y2受体在众多生理作用及疾病中发挥重要影响,通过神经肽Y在脊髓及脊髓以上水平的作用,Y2受体对神经病理痛的形成有密切联系。本文拟从Y2受体分子生物学基础、相关的作用机制及涉及神经病理痛实验研究方面,就Y2受体对痛觉调制中的作用作简单综述。     

轮状病毒肠炎患儿的临床表现与肠道外多脏器损伤的相关性

目的：探讨轮状病毒（RV）肠炎患儿的在腹泻、呕吐、发热及脱水程度等临床表现与肠外多脏器损伤的相关性。方法：选取2009年1月-2012年6月在我院儿科住院治疗的轮状病毒肠炎患儿193例,留取其大便、尿液及血液,以便进行大便常规、肠道细菌培养、RV抗原检查、尿常规、血常规以及生化指标检测,所有患儿行胸部X线、心电图等常规检查,并根据诊断标准判断其肠外脏器损伤情况。结果：193例RV肠炎患儿中有呼吸系统损伤120例,占62．17％,心肌损伤82例,占42．49％,肝脏损伤63例,占32．64％,肾脏损伤22例,占11．40％,神经系统损伤15例,占7．77％;呕吐持续≥3d与呼吸系统损伤、肾脏损伤及神经系统损伤有相关性,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;腹泻≥10次／d与呼吸系统损伤有相关性,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;发热持续≥3d及中重度脱水与心肌损伤、肝脏损伤、肾脏损伤及神经损伤有相关性,差异有统计学意义（P（0．05）。结论：RV肠炎患儿临床表现严重程度与肠外脏器损伤存在一定的相关性。     

草鱼肠炎病病原研究的进展

草鱼肠炎病是草鱼中流行广、危害大的一种鱼病。自1953年以来,为了有效地控制此病,对防治方法及其病原进行了研究。1958年从病鱼中分离到一种肠型点状产气杆菌（Aeromonas punctata f．intestinalis),通过对健康鱼腹腔注射感染,获得了阳性结果,因而被定为草鱼肠炎的致病菌。     

骨折愈合相关神经肽的研究进展

神经肽(neuropeptide,NP)是在骨折创伤时由感觉神经释放,参与组织细胞增殖、分化的调控[1]。目前发现骨组织中含有的神经肽有降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-relat-ed peptide,CGRP)、P物质(substance P,SP)、血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)、神经肽Y(neuropep-tide Y,NPY)和腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(adenylate cyclase acti-vating polypeptide,ACAP)、蛋白基因产物(protein geneproduct 9.5,PGP 9·5)和酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxy-lase,TH)等。其中CGRP、SP、VIP等在骨折愈合中的作用目前已越来越…     

人的另一个脑——肠脑

人有２个脑,即颅脑和肠脑。两脑有功能类似的神经元,它们分泌多种神经递质。两脑在进化和胚胎发育过程中有同源性,在解剖功能方面有密切的联系。     

十三种神经递质和神经肽在参环毛蚓神经系统的分布:免疫细胞化学研究

选择生活在我国的环节动物门典型代表参环毛蚓（Pheretima aspergillum)的研究对象,使用13种抗体,运用免疫细胞化学染色技术,在光学显微镜下观察神经递质和神经肽阳性细胞的形态与分布。研究发现在参环毛蚓脑,ACTH阳性神经细胞、AVP阳性神经细胞、calcitonin阳性神经细胞、CCK阳性神经细胞、glutamate阳性神经细胞和NPY阳性神经细胞染色浓重,分布密集,位于脑的后侧半,尤其特别的是在calcitonin阳性大神经细胞内含有粗大密集的分泌颗粒。β－EP阳性神经细胞染色较谈,OT阳性神经细胞染色也较深,但分布稀疏, calbindi-D、CGRP、GABA、SOM、VIP呈阴性反应;在咽下神经节与腹神经节,仅有少量AVP阳性神经细胞、glutamate阳性神经细胞和NPY阳性神经细胞散在分布;在肠神经系统,β－EP阳性神经细胞、CGRP阳性神经细胞、SOM阳性神经细胞、VIP阳性神经细胞染色较深,分布散在;另外,在肠上皮,CGRP阳性上皮细胞、calcitonin上皮细胞和VIP阳性上皮细胞呈强阳性反应,分布于阴性上皮细胞之间。表明表明参环毛蚓神经系统存在着在其它环节动物所观察到的神经递质和神经肽：ACTH、VIP、β-endorphin、CCK、NPY、CGRP,亦存在着文献从未报道过的神经递质和神经肽：calcitonin、AVP、OT、glutamate、SOM,其中calcitonin、CGRP、VIP双重分布于神经细胞和非神经组织的肠上皮细胞,本文首次提供了形态学的证据。     

Moderately Different NADPH-Diaphorase Positivity in the Selected Peripheral Nerves after Ischemia/ Reperfusion Injury of the Spinal Cord in Rabbit

1. To vicariously investigate the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) production after spinal cord injury, NADPH-d histochemistry was performed on the selected peripheral nerves of adult rabbits 7 days after ischemia. The effect of transient spinal cord ischemia (15 min) on possible degenerative changes in the motor and mixed peripheral nerves of Chinchilla rabbits was evaluated.2. The NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was used to determine NADPH-diaphorase activity after ischemia/reperfusion injury in radial nerve and mediane nerve isolated from the fore-limb and femoral nerve, saphenous nerve and sciatic nerve separated from the hind-limb of rabbits. The qualitative analysis of the optical density of NADPH-diaphorase in selected peripheral nerves demonstrated different frequency of staining intensity (attained by UTHSCSA Image Tool 2 analysis for each determined nerve).3. On the seventh postsurgery day, the ischemic spinal cord injury resulted in an extensive increase of NADPH-d positivity in isolated nerves. The transient ischemia caused neurological disorders related to the neurological injury—a partial paraplegia. The sciatic, femoral, and saphenous nerves of paraplegic animals presented the noticeable increase of NADPH-d activity. The mean of NADPH-diaphorase intensity staining per unit area ranged from 134.87 (±32.81) pixels to 141.65 (±35.06) pixels (using a 256-unit gray scale where 0 denotes black, 256 denotes white) depending on the determined nerve as the consequence of spinal cord ischemia. The obtained data were compared to the mean values of staining intensity in the same nerves in the limbs of control animals (163.69 (±25.66) pixels/unit area in the femoral nerve, 173.00 (±32.93) pixels/unit area in saphenous nerve, 186.01 (±29.65) pixels/unit area in sciatic nerve). Based on the statistical analysis of the data (two-way unpaired Mann–Whitney test), a significant increase (p≤0.05) of NADPH-d activity in femoral and saphenous nerve, and also in sciatic nerve (p≤0.001) has been found. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the histochemically stained nerves of fore-limbs after ischemia/reperfusion injury and the same histochemically stained nerves of fore-limbs in control animals.4. The neurodegenerative changes of the hind-limbs, characterized by damage of their motor function exhibiting a partial paraplegia after 15 min spinal cord ischemia and subsequent 7 days of reperfusions resulted in the different sensitivity of peripheral nerves to transient ischemia. Finally, we suppose that activation of NOS indirectly demonstrable through the NADPH-d study may contribute to the explanation of neurodegenerative processes and the production of nitric oxide could be involved in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury by transient ischemia.     

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.     

Homer1a基因敲除对小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的:通过研究homer1a基因敲除小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤及海马区星形胶质细胞活化、数目形态变化,探讨homer1a基因在脑缺血损伤中的作用及机制。方法:取雄性homer1a基因敲除(Knock Out,KO)小鼠及同窝野生型(Wild Type,WT)小鼠各15只,分为基因敲除假手术组(Sham Knock Out,SKO,n=3)、基因敲除型缺血2 h再灌注24 h组(Model Knock Out,MKO,n=12)、野生型假手术组(Sham Wild Type,SWT,n=3)及野生型缺血2 h再灌24h组(Model Wild Type,MWT,n=12)。线栓法闭塞小鼠大脑中动脉制作脑缺血再灌注损伤模型(middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion,MCAO/R),在缺血再灌注损伤前(0 h)及缺血再灌注后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h后进行改良版神经损伤严重性评分(modified Neurological severity scores,m NSS)、2,3,5—氯化三苯基四氮唑(2,3,5triphenyltetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色、苏木素—伊红染色(Hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)、原位末端转移酶标记技术(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(Td T)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate(d UTP)nick end labeling,TUNEL)检测及免疫荧光染色观察海马区星形胶质细胞神经纤维酸性蛋白(Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein,GFAP)改变。结果:SKO组、SWT组行为学m NSS评分均为0分,TTC染色未见梗死灶。TUNLE及GFAP染色阳性细胞数很少且未见统计学差异(P0.05)。脑缺血再灌注24 h后,MKO组m NSS评分较MWT组高;TTC染色MKO组较MWT组梗死百分比高;MKO组较MWT组TUNEL凋亡率高;GFAP免疫荧光染色阳性数MKO组少于MWT组,且均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:homer1a基因敲除加重了小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,星形胶质细胞可能参与并发挥复杂作用。     

Neuropeptide messenger plasticity in the CNS neurons following axotomy

Neuronal peptides exert neurohormonal and neurotransmitter (neuromodulator) functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Besides these functions, a group of neuropeptides may have a capacity to create cell proliferation, growth, and survival. Axotomy induces transient (1–21 d) upregulation of synthesis and gene expression of neuropeptides, such as galanin, corticotropin releasing factor, dynorphin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, angiotensin II, and neuropeptide Y. These neuropeptides are colocalized with “classic” neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, aspartate, glutamate) or neurohormones (vasopressin, oxytocin) that are downregulated by axotomy in the same neuronal cells. It is more likely that neuronal cells, in response to axotomy, increase expression of neuropeptides that promote their survival and regeneration, and may downregulate substances related to their transmitter or secretory activities.     

Stimulation of the Sympathetic Perimesenteric Arterial Nerves Releases Neuropeptide Y Potentiating the Vasomotor Activity of Noradrenaline: Involvement of Neuropeptide Y-Y1 Receptors

Abstract: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) appears to be involved in the sympathetic regulation of vascular tone. To assess the putative role of NPY in mesenteric circulation, the release and biological effect of NPY were examined after electrical stimulation of perimesenteric arterial nerves. Nerve stimulation with trains of 2–30 Hz increased the perfusion pressure of the arterially perfused rat mesenteric bed in a frequency- and time-dependent fashion. Trains of 15–30 Hz significantly displaced to the left, approximately threefold, the noradrenaline (NA)-induced pressor concentration-response curve, in addition to increasing significantly its efficacy. Perfusion with 10 nM exogenous NPY mimicked the electrical stimulation effect, causing a threefold leftward shift of the NA concentration-response curve and increasing the maximal NA response. These effects were antagonized by 100 nM BIBP 3226, indicating the activity of NPY-Y₁ receptors. Electrical stimulation of the perimesenteric nerves released immunoreactive NPY (ir-NPY) in a frequency-dependent fashion; the ir-NPY coelutes with synthetic NPY as confirmed by HPLC. Both the electrically induced pressor response and the calcium-dependent release of NPY were obliterated in preparations perfused with 1 µM guanethidine or in rats pretreated intravenously for 48 h with 6-hydroxydopamine, thus revealing the sympathetic origin of these phenomena. Only a small proportion of the total NPY content in the perimesenteric arterial nerves is released after electrical stimulation. Chromatographic studies of the physiological sources of the ir-NPY support that NPY fragments are generated via peptidase degradation. The present findings demonstrate that NPY is released from the perimesenteric arterial sympathetic nerves and acts, via the activation of NPY-Y₁ receptors, as the mediator responsible for the potentiation of NA's effect on perfusion pressure in the isolated rat mesenteric bed.     

Phospholipid Composition in Spinal Cord Regions after Ischemia/Reperfusion

Ischemia-reperfusion induced changes in concentration of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and sphingomyelin (SM) in the gray matter taken in toto, white matter, dorsal horns, intermediate zone and ventral horns of the rabbit's spinal cord were studied and compared with neurohistopathological changes. With the exception of PI concentration in the dorsal horns, ischemia of 25 min caused significant degradation of all phospholipids. While short-lasting recirculation (1 h) did not returned the levels of phospholipids to control values, postischemic recirculation for 3 h sharply increased the resynthesis of all phospholipids, but only the concentration of PE, PS, and PI in the dorsal horns and PC in the intermediate zone significantly improved and returned close to control values. Corresponding neurohistopathological changes resulting after the same reperfusion periods are given.     

神经肽受体Y5亚型在大鼠胃的表达

应用RT—PCR、Western印迹和免疫组化技术研究神经肽受体亚型Y5在正常大鼠和胃轻瘫大鼠胃的表达,并进行组织学定位。发现Y5受体在大鼠胃存在着表达,主要表达定位在胃窦的黏膜层,可能与胃动力的调控有关。半定量分析显示胃轻瘫大鼠较正常大鼠表达水平下调。     

An Anoxia-starvation Model for Ischemia/Reperfusion in C. elegans

Protocols for anoxia/starvation in the genetic model organism C. elegans simulate ischemia/reperfusion. Worms are separated from bacterial food and placed under anoxia for 20 hr (simulated ischemia), and subsequently moved to a normal atmosphere with food (simulated reperfusion). This experimental paradigm results in increased death and neuronal damage, and techniques are presented to assess organism viability, alterations to the morphology of touch neuron processes, as well as touch sensitivity, which represents the behavioral output of neuronal function. Finally, a method for constructing hypoxic incubators using common kitchen storage containers is described. The addition of a mass flow control unit allows for alterations to be made to the gas mixture in the custom incubators, and a circulating water bath allows for both temperature control and makes it easy to identify leaks. This method provides a low cost alternative to commercially available units.     

Ionized Calcium-binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunoreactive Cells Change in the Gerbil Hippocampal CA1 Region after Ischemia/Reperfusion

Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (iba-1) is specifically expressed in microglia and plays an important role in the regulation of the function of microglia. We observed chronological changes of iba-1-immunoreactive cells and iba-1 level in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient ischemia. Transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils was induced by the occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 5 min. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of iba-1 were performed in the gerbil ischemic hippocampus. In the sham-operated group, iba-1-immunoreactive cells were detected in the CA1 region. Thirty minutes after ischemia/reperfusion, iba-1 immunoreactivity significantly increased, and its immunoreactive cells were well ramified. Three hours after ischemia/reperfusion, iba-1 immunoreactivity and level decreased, and thereafter they increased again with time after ischemia/reperfusion. Three days after ischemia/reperfusion, iba-1-immunoreactive cells had well-ramified processes, which projected to the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region. Seven days after ischemia/reperfusion, iba-1 immunoreactivity and level were highest in the CA1 region, whereas they significantly decreased in the CA1 region 10 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Iba-1-immunoreactive cells in the ischemic CA1 region were co-localized with OX-42, a microglia marker. In brief, iba-1-immunoreactive cells change morphologically and iba-1 immunoreactivity alters in the CA1 region with time after ischemia/reperfusion. These may be associated with the delayed neuronal death of CA1 pyramidal cells in the gerbil ischemic hippocampus.