西部民众对西部大开发中焦点问题的应对方式研究

研究通过问卷法,调查了四川、重庆、贵州、新疆、内蒙、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等西部地区的民众在西部大开发中可能采取的应对方式。结果表明:在精神文明建设等九个典型问题上,不同年龄、不同职业以及不同文化程度的民众在西部大开发中的应对方式都有所不同。但是总的来说,民众应对方式倾向都是积极适应的,这对顺利开展西部大开发是有利的。     

西部民众对西部大开发中焦点问题的期望研究

本文通过自编问卷对西部大开发中存在的五个社会焦点问题的期望度其影响因素进行调查,研究并分析了西部民众对西部大开发的期望。对344份有效问卷进行统计分析,结果显示：西部民众对西部大开发中焦点问题的期望普遍较高;18到35岁的民众时经济发展与精神文明建设的期望低于其它年龄段;初中和高中文化程度的民众时经济发展与精神文明建设的期望高于其它文化程度的民众。     

转基因食品社会认知度及认可度调查

转基因食品问题既是专业人员和媒体关注的焦点,又是普通老百姓关心的热点。近年来,围绕转基因食品,众说纷纭,始终未形成一致意见。而市场上不断传出转基因食品的种植和商业应用,让人们无所是从。为了解民众对转基因食品的认知度、认可度及相关问题,特进行调查并分析。调查发现:在社会大众、高校师生、网络群体中,大多数人对转基因食品具有一定的认知,在食用上并不排斥,只是希望政府加强审批监管、媒体和科研工作者客观科学地宣传报道转基因食品知识,保护民众的知情权。     

团体咨询改善小学生社会技能的实验研究

目的：通过实验研究表明团体咨询对改善小学生社会技能方面有重要作用。方法：某小学四年级一个班作为实验组,共41人（其中男生23人,女生18人）。采用前后测设计。对实验组进行十二次团体心理咨询,采用社会技能等级评定表进行前后测,以前后测结果的对照及受欢迎程度的改变值和喜欢他人程度的改变值作为效果指标。结果：在受欢迎程度上,前后测得分在受欢迎组、被拒绝组、低接纳组和女生中差异显著,被拒绝组学生团体咨询效果要优于受欢迎组的;在喜欢他人程度的改变上,低接纳组学生的团体咨询效果要优于高接纳组的;在受欢迎程度的改变上,女生的团体咨询效果要优于男生。结论：团体心理咨询对小学生社会技能的干预有效;采取班级团体心理咨询的方式,团体咨询的效果在人际关系不良的学生及女生中表现得更为明显。     

四川短尾鼩尿液气味在社会等级识别中的作用

本文在中立竞技场中通过两两互作确定四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)同性个体间的社会等级,并在此基础上利用其尿液,研究不同社会等级个体的自我/非自我识别能力及模式、尿液气味的行为响应机制,以及社会等级识别能力。结果表明：(1)四川短尾鼩优势个体表现攻击行为较多,从属个体防御行为较多,优势个体的标记行为显著高于从属个体。攻击行为表现为同等级雄性高于同等级雌性,且雌性间的攻击强度低于雄性。(2)从属个体和优势个体分别对自身尿液气味和非自身尿液气味存在明显偏好差异。不同性别、等级个体自我识别模式差异不明显,不同社会等级个体对于自身识别模式和非自身尿液的行为反应模式均不同。不同社会等级个体具有自我识别能力且能力不同。(3)四川短尾鼩能够识别不同社会等级个体的尿液气味,雌性对雄性尿液更感兴趣,雄性对优势雄性尿液选择回避。雄性对其他个体的访问时间与嗅舔频次均显著高于雌性,雌雄个体在识别不同社会等级的尿液气味时存在性二型。     

不同社会等级雄性根田鼠对自身和同性陌生气味的辨别

采用两两遭遇法确定雄性根田鼠的社会等级,然后以新鲜尿作气味源,在行为选择箱中观察不同社会等级雄性根田鼠对自身气味和非自身气味的行为响应模式,结果表明:种群中从属个体对自身尿液存在明显偏好,其对自身尿液的接近潜伏期显著短于非自身尿液,而访问时间、自我修饰频次都显著高于非自身尿液;种群中优势个体则优先访问非自身尿液,其对非自身尿液的访问时间、嗅舔时间、自我修饰及反标记均显著高于自身尿液;对非自身尿液,不同社会等级雄性个体之间存在明显不同的行为反应模式。这说明,不同社会等级雄性根田鼠具有自我识别的能力且模式不同,同时其对非自身尿气味响应模式的差异也与自身的社会等级有关。     

哈尔滨地区手术室护士职业倦怠现状与社会支持的相关分析

目的:研究哈尔滨地区手术室护士职业倦怠现状与社会支持现状,分析其相关性,通过提高社会支持,减轻职业倦怠感.方法:通过目的抽样选取哈尔滨地区8所二甲以上的医院468名手术室护士进行调查,回收有效问卷450份,调查工具包括一般情况调查表、职业倦怠量表与社会支持量表.结果:在职业倦怠量表中,情感耗竭得分为29.42± 9.58,去个性化得分为7.45± 4.32,个人成就感得分为28.12±9.29.手术室护士的情感耗竭与主观支持存在显著相关(P＜0.01).去个性化与主观支持和支持利用度存在显著相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:预防手术室护士职业倦怠,应努力增加护士的社会支持,塑造良好的人格,更好地为社会大众服务.     

二炮某部夏秋入伍新兵应对方式、社会支持及心理健康状况调查

目的:调查分析夏秋入伍新兵心理健康状况及其与应对方式、社会支持的关系,为针对性开展新兵心理卫生服务,提高新兵心理健康水平提供参考依据。方法:采用自编心理需求调查问卷、简易应对方式、社会支持以及症状自评量表(SCL-90)对二炮某部首次夏秋季入伍新兵进行心理测试,并进行相关回归分析。结果:新兵在应对方式上的得分与全国成人常模存在显著差异;在社会支持量表的得分与军人常模存在显著差异;在SCL-90中,与2010年新兵比较在躯体化、强迫症状、忧郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性6个因子之间存在显著差异,与军人常模比较在躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、忧郁、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性8个因子之间均存在显著差异。简易应对方式、社会支持与心理健康的相关分析显示,消极应对与心理健康各因子间均存在显著相关关系;主观支持与强迫症状、人际关系敏感、忧郁和敌对4个因子间存在显著相关,客观支持与人际关系敏感、敌对2个因子间存在显著相关,对支持的利用度与人际关系敏感、焦虑、敌对、恐怖和精神病性5个因子间存在显著相关。以新兵心理健康作为因变量,社会支持与应对方式作为自变量,进行逐步回归分析,最终进入回归的因子为对支持的利用度和消极应对。结论:本年度新兵整体心理健康状况良好,他们多采用积极应对方式应对应激事件,所得到的社会支持以及对支持的利用度良好,愿意在新训期间通过心理素质训练,提高心理健康水平。     

高中生学习生物学行为归因的研究

采用自编成绩归因问卷对高中生学习生物行为归因进行调查,以探索高中学生对学习生物行为归因的倾向,寻找其规律性,为今后教学中根据不同学生进行适当的心理归因训练提供依据。结果表明:1)努力程度、学习兴趣是对生物学习影响较大的因素;学习方法、试题难度、休息等的影响则较小;2)成绩与内归因的影响成线性关系;3)考试失败的学生其成绩与内归因有线性关系。     

中国不同地区疾控机构青年职工饮食行为分析

目的：分析我国不同地区疾控机构青年职工饮食行为差异。方法：采用整群抽样的方法，对全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆建设兵团省级疾控机构40岁及以下职工共计6 099人，以网络问卷的形式开展膳食调查。按照经济发展状况分成东、中、西部和东北地区，比较不同地区疾控机构青年职工饮食行为差异。结果：东部地区达到谷薯类推荐摄入量的比例为43.5%，中部地区达到肉类推荐摄入量的比例为45.2%，西部地区受访者不吃水产的比例为18.2%，均显著高于其他地区（P<0.05）。西部地区受访者外就餐/外卖次数≥6次/周的比例为29.0%，东北地区受访者不吃早餐≥5次/周的比例为15.7%，西部地区受访者每日都吃早餐的比例为72.6%，西部地区受访者摄入含糖饮料≥4瓶/周的比例为20.7%，结果均显著高于其他地区（P<0.05）。结论：不同地区疾控青年职工饮食行为存在差异，部分地区存在饮食行为不合理情况，应针对性的加强健康宣教。     

社会神经科学研究进展

社会神经科学是研究人类的社会行为及其神经机制的综合性学科.从1992年学科成立至今,社会神经科学研究取得了丰硕的成果.本文系统介绍了该领域4个主要研究方向:社会知觉、社会认知、社会调节和社会互动的研究成果,并在此基础上总结了各研究方向的核心问题,即社会知觉加工的模块化问题、人类社会认知的独特性问题和社会调节加工的跨文化一致性问题.已有研究表明,社会知觉加工至少在计算算法层面是特异化的;心智化系统是人类独有的加工模块;人类社会调节不具备跨文化的一致性;大脑间耦合可能是社会互动共有的神经机制.最后,展望了社会神经科学未来的发展方向.     

Social Dominance and Legitimizing Myths about Animal Use

The present study tested the hypothesis that the relation between social dominance orientation and the endorsement of legitimizing myths about the human use of nonhuman animals is moderated by the salience of that use. Eighty-two student participants read an article about agriculture that focused on either animal or crop production and then completed measures of legitimizing myths about animal use, speciesism, and social dominance orientation. In support of the hypothesis, legitimizing myths and speciesism were endorsed among people higher in social dominance orientation in the animal agriculture condition but not in the crop agriculture condition. This illustrates that when issues regarding the human use of animals are salient, people who support inequality between human groups are likely to appeal to justifications of practices in animal use that benefit humans. More broadly, it illustrates that a similar nexus between social dynamics and psychological variables sustains both human intergroup inequality and hierarchical human–animal relationships.     

Social ties at work: Roma migrants and the community dynamics

This research examines how the internal social dynamics of Roma communities at home shape their propensity to migrate. It is theoretically grounded in the literature on social capital and focuses on two core concepts: ‘migration-rich’ and ‘migration-poor’ communities. The research is based on in-depth interviews and informal discussions with Roma from six (mainly rural) communities of Transylvania (Romania) and includes qualitative data gathered from migrants as well as from people who did not migrate. The findings challenge existing conceptualizations of Roma migration as either explained by poverty alone or by cultural arguments (such as nomadism). This paper indicates that even in the context of severe poverty, social networks are actually decisive for migration. It demonstrates that the patterns of migration tend to be community-specific and shaped by a locally shared culture (ethos) on migration. The research suggests policy choices according to the community profile and its internal dynamics.     

Domestic Dogs as Facilitators in Social Interaction: An Evaluation of Helping and Courtship Behaviors

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have suggested that dogs facilitate social interaction between humans. Furthermore, the nature of social interaction is limited to nonverbal behavior such as smiling or gazing or to commonplace conversations. Four studies were carried out in field settings in order to explore if dogs can facilitate closer relationships. In the first experiment, a male confederate (accompanied or not by a dog) solicited people for money in the street. The second experiment was the same except that a female confederate was used. In a third experiment, a male confederate (with or without a dog) accidentally dropped some coins on the ground, to see if people would help him pick them up. In the fourth experiment, a male confederate (with or without a dog) solicited young women in the street for their phone numbers. Results show that the presence of the dog was associated with a higher rate of helping behavior (experiments 1, 2, 3) and higher compliance with the request of the confederate (experiment 4). The influence of a domestic dog as a facilitator to create affiliation and relations in social interaction is discussed.     

Successful Aging,Social Support,and Ownership of a Companion Animal

Studies consistently find that higher levels of social support improve the psychological and physiological health of older people, but findings from empirical research are mixed regarding the presence of a “pet effect”— the idea that living with an animal can improve human health, psychological wellbeing, and longevity. We examined the assocations among social support, dog and cat ownership, and successful aging in a panel of 5,688 people between the ages of 50 and 74 years. Utilizing GLM, we tested for the presence of a complement (independent or additive effects) and/or hydraulic (interactive effect) association of pets and human support on four indicators of successful aging (pain, functional ability, chronic illnesses, and subjective successful aging). Supporting the hydraulic hypothesis, we found that having a dog was associated with fewer chronic illnesses, higher functional ability, and higher levels of subjective success when people lack human support. Similarly, having both a dog and a cat was associated with higher functional ability, less pain, and higher levels of subjective success when people lack human support. Supporting the complement hypothesis, we found that having a cat was associated with more chronic illnesses and lower levels of subjective successful aging. Findings carry practical implications for supporting pet ownership of older people, suggesting that dogs have a positive association with successful aging.     

Social defeat and the culture of chronicity: or,why schizophrenia does so well over there and so badly here

The history of the way schizophrenia has been conceptualized in American psychiatry has led us to be hesitant to explore the role of social causation in schizophrenia. But there is now good evidence for social impact on the course, outcome, and even origin of schizophrenia, most notably in the better prognosis for schizophrenia in developing countries and in the higher rates of schizophrenia for dark-skinned immigrants to England and the Netherlands. This article proposes that “social defeat” may be one of the social factors that may impact illness experience and uses original ethnographic research to argue that social defeat is a common feature of the social context in which many people diagnosed with schizophrenia in America live today.     

Dream Sharing as Social Interaction

A survey was administered to 241 individuals whose questionnaire responses were analyzed to determine if they told their dreams to others, to whom they told their dreams, for what purpose, and in what social contexts dreams were shared. Respondents were also asked whether there were types of dreams they would not tell and individuals with whom they would not share dreams. This exploratory study suggests that dream sharing is a part of everyday social interaction, with the primary purpose of entertainment. There are gender differences with regard to dream sharing, and this sharing involves the utilization of social practices whereby individuals may protect themselves and others through deciding whether or not to share a dream. The study describes dream sharing as a social act that is negotiated based on the social rules regarding what topics friends and other intimates share in public or private.     

Perceptions of Social Responsibility of Prominent Animal Welfare Groups

Nonhuman animal welfare is an increasingly important component of consumer expectations of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The extent to which prominent animal welfare or protection organizations may influence people’s perceptions of food industry CSR may be related to an organization’s perceived social responsibility. Data from an online survey of 300 U.S. residents were used to explore relationships between demographics/lifestyle choices and perceptions of prominent animal welfare organizations (using best–worst scaling methodology). Overall, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was perceived to be the most socially responsible organization analyzed, followed by the Humane Society of the United States and the American Humane Association (AHA). Results suggest that the perceived social responsibility of animal protection organizations in this study was not strongly linked to personally (financially) supporting them, with 2 exceptions: the perceptions of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and AHA. Improved understanding of the perception of animal welfare or protection organizations can inform decision making by organizations interested in furthering animal welfare causes.     

情绪的脑机制研究在社会认知神经科学中的进展

社会认知神经科学是近几年国外新兴起的交叉学科,旨在阐述社会性、情绪性的体验与行为的心理和神经基础。它综合了认知神经科学与社会心理学研究的长处,对刻板印象、态度与态度改变、他人知觉、自我认知以及情绪与认知交互作用等方面进行了深入研究。主要范式是应用认知神经科学的方法来验证社会心理学在这些范畴上的各种不同理论观点,并在某些方面取得了突破性进展,但仍存在着广泛的发展空间。随着当前各种脑成像技术的革新,人们对情绪状态下大脑的神经活动的了解在原来认知的层面上有了进一步提升。本文主要阐述社会认知神经科学在情绪的脑机制研究上所取得的进展。