维甲酸对人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞形态结构和分化标志物表达的影响

目的:观察维甲酸对人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞形态与超微结构及其相关标志物表达的影响,以鉴定其对神经母细胞瘤细胞终末分化的诱导作用.方法:1μmol/L维甲酸处理SK-N-SH细胞,光镜、电镜和免疫细胞化学检测研究SK-N-SH细胞处理前后细胞形态、超微结构变化和神经元相关标志物的表达变化.结果:光镜与电镜观察结果显示,SK-N-SH细胞经1μmol/LRA处理后,细胞形态和超微结构产生了细胞呈极性状、伸出多个轴突树突状突起、细胞逐渐变小变圆并融合在一起形成类似神经节样结构、细胞表面微绒毛减少、核仁变少变小、常染色质增多、细胞器丰富发达等显著变化;免疫细胞化学检测显示经RA处理后SK-N-SH细胞NSE,MAP2,Synaptophysin的表达较对照组细胞明显加强.结论:维甲酸能改变SK-N-SH细胞形态和超微结构恶性表型特征,并促进与神经细胞相关的终末分化指标的表达,从而对人神经母细胞瘤细胞的终末分化具有显著的诱导作用.     

丹参酮ⅡA对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞形态结构和终末分化指标的影响

目的:观察中药有效成分丹参酮ⅡA(Tan ⅡA)对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞形态与超微结构和相关终末分化指标的影响,以鉴定其对肿瘤细胞终末分化的诱导作用.方法:0.5μg/mL丹参酮ⅡA处理MG-63细胞,光镜、电镜观察和免疫细胞化学检测系统研究MG-63细胞处理前后细胞形态、超微结构变化和成骨细胞相关终末分化蛋白的表达变化.结果:光镜与电镜观察结果显示经Tan ⅡA处理细胞产生了核质比例减小、异染色质减少、常染色质增多、细胞器丰富发达、细胞表面微绒毛减少等显著变化;免疫细胞化学检测显示处理后MG-63细胞I型胶原蛋白、骨粘素和骨钙蛋白的表达呈阳性,并观察到钙化糖原颗粒增多和典型骨结节的形成.结论:丹参酮ⅡA能显著改变MG-63细胞形态与超微结构恶性特征,并促进与成骨细胞相关的终末分化指标的表达变化,从而对人成骨肉瘤细胞的终末分化具有明显的诱导作用.     

视黄酸诱导人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞分化过程中核基质蛋白组成的变化

在鉴定视黄酸(retinoic acid, RA)诱导人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞分化的基础上,应用免疫细胞化学、选择性抽提和蛋白质组学分析技术,对SK-N-SH细胞诱导分化过程中核基质蛋白组成变化进行了系统研究.实验结果显示,经1 μmol/L RA处理后SK-N-SH细胞呈极性状,伸出较长的轴突样突起,胞体逐渐变小变圆.免疫细胞化学结果显示,处理后神经细胞特异表达的蛋白synaptophysin、NSE、MAP2的表达量都较对照组有明显增强.双向凝胶电泳分析显示,在RA诱导SK-N-SH细胞分化前后存在52个差异表达的核基质蛋白,经质谱分析,鉴定了其中的41个蛋白.蛋白印迹杂交进一步确证了诱导分化差异表达核基质蛋白中nucleophosmin和prohibitin等的表达变化.研究结果表明,1 μmol/L RA对SK-N-SH细胞具有显著的诱导分化作用,在SK-N-SH细胞分化过程中,其核基质蛋白组成发生了明显变化.这些变化对于揭示人神经母细胞瘤细胞癌变与逆转机制和肿瘤细胞增殖与分化调控机理均有十分重要的意义,从而为研究神经系统正常发育过程及神经系统疾病的发病机理提供科学依据.     

维甲酸对SK-N-SH细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响

目的:研究维甲酸对SK-N-SH细胞的增殖和相关基因表达的影响.方法:通过苔盼蓝排除法绘制细胞生长曲线、流式细胞技术测定细胞周期、HE染色光镜观察细胞形态改变以及SABC免疫细胞化学梁色法观察维甲酸对SK-N-SH相关癌基因、抑癌基因表达的影响.结果:1μmol/LRA处理后,SK-N-SH细胞的增殖活动受到明显的抑制,处理第7天抑制率达36.16%;周期测定显示处理后出现明显的G0/G1期阻滞,由对照组的49.7%增加至62.7%,增加了26.2%;免疫细胞化学染色结果显示,处理后细胞癌基因c-myc、c-fos的表达较对照组明显降低,而抑癌基因p53、p27的表达则有所加强.结论:维甲酸能有效抑制SK-N-SH细胞的增殖活动,其对细胞的增殖抑制作用与RA下调c-myc、c-fos等癌基因以及上调p53、p27等抑癌基因的表达有关.     

新生牛牛脑活性肽NBBP-1对人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响

目的:应用新生牛牛脑活性肽NBBP-1处理人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞,观察NBBP-1对人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响.方法:通过细胞计数、流式细胞仪、光学显微镜、免疫细胞化学方法检测细胞的变化.结果:经60μg/mL NBBP-1处理后,SK-N-SH细胞生长抑制率高达90.09%,细胞周期被阻滞在G0/G1,细胞核裂解成多个,免疫细胞化学染色结果显示,经处理后bcl-2抗凋亡基因蛋白表达减弱,而p53、fas、bax等促凋亡基因蛋白表达增强.结论:新生牛牛脑活性肽NBBP-1对人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞凋亡具有显著的诱导作用,其诱导癌细胞凋亡的机理与其调节和干预癌基因bcl-2和p53、fas、bax等抑癌基因的表达有关.     

维甲酸对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响

目的:研究维甲酸对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响,以探索其对成骨肉瘤细胞的生物学效应.方法:以1μmol/L维甲酸处理人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞,生长曲线测定,流式细胞仪分析、光镜观察和免疫细胞化学检测等研究维甲酸对MG-63细胞的生长曲线、细胞周期和相关癌基因、抑癌基因表达的影响,并对其作用机理进行初步分析.结果:维甲酸处理7天后,MG-63细胞生长抑制率达到42.2%,G0/G1期比例达到61.8%,细胞形态铺展,排列趋于规则,癌基因c-myc、c-fos的表达降低.而抑癌基因Rb、p27表达上调.结论:1μmol/L维甲酸可以有效抑制细胞的增殖活动,改变细胞恶性形态特征,下调癌基因c-myc、c-fos和上调抑癌基因Rb、p27的表达,从而对人成骨肉瘤细胞分化具有诱导作用.     

甘薯提取物对Aβ25-35所致SK-N-SH细胞损伤的保护作用初探

观察甘薯提取物对Aβ25-35所致SK-N-SH细胞损伤的保护作用。将人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SK-N-SH)分为空白对照组、模型组、甘薯提取物(即受试物)0.1、1.0、10.0μg/mL低、中、高剂量组和12.5μmol/L多奈哌齐阳性对照组,用20.0 mmol/L Aβ25-35造成SK-N-SH细胞损伤,MTT法测定细胞存活率,考察甘薯提取物对SK-N-SH细胞的保护作用。实验表明甘薯提取物可明显提高Aβ25-35诱导的SK-N-SH细胞存活率,并呈剂量相关性,同时能够明显改善Aβ25-35诱导的SK-N-SH损伤细胞的细胞形态变化。具有一定的神经营养及保护作用。     

Isoverbascoside对HL-60细胞的诱导分化和细胞毒作用

不同时间、不同浓度的isoverbascoside体外处理HL-60细胞,以形态改变(光镜和透射电镜观察)、功能分化(化学发光检测吞噬能力)、恶性度降低(裸鼠成瘤试验)等指标观察其诱导分化作用;以台盼蓝拒染作用和电镜下形态变化确定其细胞毒作用;用流式细胞术测定其对HL-60细胞周期的影响。20—25μmol/L Isov 1—3天诱导HL-60细胞向粒系方向分化,细胞吞噬能力提高,裸鼠成瘤性降低。30—35μmol/L Isov 2—3天对HL-60细胞有强烈的细胞毒作用。20μmol/L Isov处理12h可引起HL-60细胞的G_1期阻滞,在72h时引起HL-60细胞的G_2/M期的阻滞。     

八氯腺苷诱导SH-SY5Y和SK-N-SH细胞G2/M期阻滞的分子机制不同

为探索八氯腺苷的抗肿瘤作用机制,以神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y和SK-N-SH细胞为对象,采用四唑盐比色实验（MTT法）证明,八氯腺苷具有明显的抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,这种抑制作用呈剂量-时间依赖性.流式细胞分析显示,10 μmol/L八氯腺苷作用48 h后可导致靶细胞生长停滞于G ^₂/M期;SH-SY5Y细胞发生明显细胞凋亡,但SK-N-SH细胞却未见凋亡.Hoechst 33342染色显示,SK-N-SH细胞发生了核分裂异常.蛋白质免疫印迹分析证明,10 μmol/L 八氯腺苷处理SH SY5Y 48～72 h后,G^₂检验点调节蛋白ATM、Chk1、Cdc25C和Cdc2磷酸化形式明显上调,同时伴有caspase-3的激活,提示SH-SY5Y细胞发生了G^₂检验点通路和细胞凋亡途径的激活.与SH-SY5Y细胞不同,在SK-N-SH细胞中,八氯腺苷处理24～96 h时,磷酸化ATM、磷酸化Chk1/Chk2、磷酸化Cdc25C以及磷酸化Cdc2的水平呈现逐渐降低的趋势.结果提示,SK-N-SH细胞在八氯腺苷处理后发生了G^₂检验点失败.蛋白质免疫印迹分析还显示,八氯腺苷可诱导p53在SH-SY5Y细胞的表达,但却不能影响SK—N-SH细胞的p53组成性表达水平.p21在SK-N-SH的组成性表达随八氯腺苷处理时间延长而逐渐减少,但在处理前后的SH-SY5Y细胞均未检测到p21蛋白的表达.上述实验结果提示,八氯腺苷抑制两种细胞增殖的机制不同：在SH-SY5Y细胞,八氯腺苷可激活ATM-Chk-Cdc25C-Cdc2/cyclin途径和凋亡通路,使细胞发生G_²/M期阻滞和细胞凋亡;在SK-N-SH细胞,八氯腺苷诱导G^₂检验点失败,导致细胞阻滞在有丝分裂期,并发生有丝分裂异常.2种不同的细胞命运可能还与p53和p21表达不同有关.     

生长因子诱导下人脐血单个核细胞向肝细胞的分化

目的：探讨在体外培养条件下人脐血单个核细胞向肝细胞的分化。方法：用FGF4、HGF诱导新鲜分离的脐血单个核细胞,并于培养16d通过RT—PCR、免疫细胞化学染色方法等方法检测肝细胞标志物的表达情况。结果：培养16d后。生长因子组贴壁的脐血MNCs中出现细胞体积增大、胞质丰富的双核细胞,RT—PCR和免疫细胞化学染色显示有肝细胞标志物的阳性表达（P〈0．05）。结论：在生长因子诱导下。脐血单个核细胞能够分化为类肝细胞。     

The localization of hnRNP A2/B1 in nuclear matrix and the aberrant expression during the RA-induced differentiation of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2/B1 is involved in the synthesis of RNA. Its expression is up-regulated in many tumor cell lines. In this study, we investigated the distribution of hnRNP A2/B1 in the nuclear matrix, including its co-localization with expression products of related genes. Results from 2-DE PAGE and MS showed that hnRNP A2/B1 is involved with components of nuclear matrix proteins of SK-N-SH cells, and that its expression level is down-regulated after retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Protein immunoblotting results further confirm the existence of hnRNP A2/B1 in the nuclear matrix, as well as its down-regulation after RA treatment. Immunofluorescence microscopy observation showed that hnRNP A2/B1 localized in nuclear matrix of SK-N-SH cells and its distribution regions were altered after RA treatment. Laser scanning confocal microscopy observation showed that hnRNP A2/B1 co-localized with c-Myc, c-Fos, P53, and Rb in SK-N-SH cells. The co-localized region was altered as a result of RA treatment. Our data proved that hnRNP A2/B1 is a nuclear matrix protein and can be up-regulated in human neuroblastoma. The expression and distribution of hnRNP A2/B1 can affect the differentiation of SK-N-SH cells, as well as its co-localization with related oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.     

Status of topoisomerase-2β protein in all-trans retinoic acid–treated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells

Of the mammalian topoisomerase (Topo)-2 isozymes (α and β), Topo-2β protein has been reported to regulate neuronal development and differentiation. However, the status of Topo-2β in all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-treated human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells is not understood. More information about the effects of ATRA on SK-N-SH cells is needed to reveal the role of ATRA in the regulation of Topo-2β levels and spontaneous regression of SK-N-SH cells to predict the clinical activity. This study was proposed to investigate the status and role of Topo-2β protein in ATRA-induced survival and neuronal differentiation of SK-N-SH cells. Microscopic, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitations and Western blot analysis were used to study and compare Topo-2β protein among 10 µM ATRA-treated SK-N-SH cells and controls at different time points. The level of Topo-2β protein increased in the initial days of treatment but markedly decreased upon induction of differentiation by ATRA in later stages. Upon ATRA treatment, SK-N-SH cells stretched, exhibited neurite extensions, and acquired a neuronal phenotype. Both treated and untreated SK-N-SH cells were able to migrate, occupy the scratched area, and completely recolonized 24 hours later. These results suggest an indirect role of Topo-2β protein in regulation of genes involved in cell migration and differentiation of ATRA-treated SK-N-SH cells. This study suggests that Topo-2β may be part of activation/repression of protein complexes activated by epigenetic modifying agents, differentiating signals, and inducible locus. However, detailed studies are needed to explore the ATRA-downstream genes leading to Topo-2β regulation and regulatory proteins of neuronal differentiation.     

Antisense inhibition of BCL-2 expression induces retinoic acid-mediated cell death during differentiation of human NT2N neurons

Changes in expression of the proto-oncogene Bcl-2 are well known in the developing brain, with a high expression level in young post-mitotic neurons that are beginning the outgrowth of processes. The physiological significance of the Bcl-2 up-regulation in these neurons is not fully understood. We used a differentiation model for human CNS neurons to study the expression and function of Bcl-2. NT2/D1 human neuronal precursor cells differentiated into a neuronal phenotype in the presence of 10 microM retinoic acid for 3-5 weeks. This concentration of retinoic acid was not toxic to undifferentiated NT2/D1 cells but was sufficient to up-regulate the BCL-2 protein in 6 days. The BCL-2 levels increased further after 3 weeks, i.e. when the cells started to show neuronal morphology. Inhibition of the accumulation of endogenous BCL-2 with vectors expressing the antisense mRNA of Bcl-2 caused extensive apoptosis after 3 weeks of the retinoic acid treatment. The loss of neuron-like cells from differentiating cultures indicated that the dead cells were those committed to neuronal differentiation. Death was related to the presence of retinoic acid since withdrawal of retinoic acid after 16 days of treatment dramatically increased cell surviving. The ability of BCL-2 to prevent retinoic acid-induced cell death was also confirmed in undifferentiated NT2/D1 cells that were transfected with a vector containing Bcl-2 cDNA in sense orientation and exposed to toxic doses (40-80 microM) of retinoic acid. Furthermore, down-regulation of BCL-2 levels by an antisense oligonucleotide in neuronally differentiated NT2/D1 cells increased their susceptibility to retinoic acid-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that one function of the up-regulation of endogenous BCL-2 during neuronal differentiation is to regulate the sensitivity of young post-mitotic neurons to retinoic acid-mediated apoptosis.     

Inhibition of neuropathy target esterase expressing by antisense RNA does not affect neural differentiation in human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cell line

Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is phosphorylated and aged by oraganophosphorus compounds (OP) that induce delayed neuropathy in human and some animals. NTE has been proposed to play a role in neurite outgrowth and process elongation during neural differentiation. However, to date, there is no direct evidence of the relevance of NTE in neural differentiation under physiological conditions. In this study we have investigated a possible role for NTE in the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of neuroblastoma cells by antisense RNA. A NTE antisense RNA construct was generated and then transfected into human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. A positive cell clone that can stably express NTE antisense RNA was obtained by G418 selection and then identified by western blotting. NTE activity was depressed in the transfected cells with only about 50% activity of the enzyme in the control cells. ATRA-induced differentiation of the neuroblastoma cells with lowered NTE activity revealed that inhibition of NTE expression does not affect neural differentiation in SK-N-SH cells. The result suggested that organophosphates may inhibit neural differentiation by initially acting on other targets other than NTE.     

A combined evaluation of biochemical and morphological changes during human neuroblastoma cell differentiation

1. The effects of retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, nerve growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate on the human neuroblastoma cell line, LAN-5, were studied. Intracellular levels of acetylcholinesterase, neuron-specific enolase, catecholamines and related neurotransmitters, vasointestinal peptide, and substance P were evaluated after induction. 2. Cell morphology was strongly affected by retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. The main effects of retinoic acid and gamma-interferon were the loosening of cell clusters and the extension of long neurites; cytosine arabinoside induced cell body swelling and marked neuritogenesis. Following 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate treatment, the cells became small, round, and neuritic. Conversely, modifications induced by nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were mild. Cell proliferation rate was reduced by retinoic acid, gamma-interferon, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, while nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were devoid of effects. 3. Acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly stimulated by retinoic acid and by gamma-interferon. Neuron-specific enolase activity was unaffected by all treatments except 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, which enhanced it by 1.6-fold. 4. The cellular catecholamine and related metabolite content was lowered by retinoic acid and gamma-interferon, while cytosine arabinoside and, even more, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate showed a stimulatory activity on their intracellular accumulation. 5. Finally, the cell-associated vasointestinal peptide level was strikingly increased by gamma-interferon and, to a lesser extent, by retinoic acid, cytosine arabinoside, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. 6. It is concluded that the most relevant biochemical changes associated with LAN-5 cells differentiation involve the repertoire of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These events vary in quality and in quantity, likely due to the pattern complexity of gene expression triggered by each inducer in determining the diversity of neuronal phenotypes.     

Expression of a drug resistance gene in human neuroblastoma cell lines: modulation by retinoic acid-induced differentiation.

Expression of a multidrug resistance gene (mdr1) and its protein product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), has been correlated with the onset of multidrug resistance in vitro in human cell lines selected for resistance to chemotherapeutic agents derived from natural products. Expression of this gene has also been observed in normal tissues and human tumors, including neuroblastoma. We therefore examined total RNA prepared from human neuroblastoma cell lines before and after differentiation with retinoic acid or sodium butyrate. An increase in the level of mdr1 mRNA was observed after retinoic acid treatment of four neuroblastoma cell lines, including the SK-N-SH cell line. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis demonstrated concomitant increases in Pgp. However, studies of 3H-vinblastine uptake failed to show a concomitant Pgp-mediated decrease in cytotoxic drug accumulation. To provide evidence that Pgp was localized on the cell surface, an immunotoxin conjugate directed against Pgp was added to cells before and after treatment with retinoic acid. Incorporation of [3H]leucine was decreased by the immunotoxin in the retinoic acid-treated cells compared with the undifferentiated cells. These results demonstrate that whereas expression of the mdr1 gene can be modulated by differentiating agents, increased levels of expression are not necessarily associated with increased cytotoxic drug accumulation.     

Sub-micromolar concentrations of retinoic acid induce morphological and functional neuronal phenotypes in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma cells are neural crest derivatives that can differentiate into neuron-like cells in response to exogenous agents, and are known to be particularly sensitive to retinoic acid. The spectrum of neuroblastoma responses, ranging from proliferation, migration, differentiation, or apoptosis, is difficult to predict due to the heterogeneity of these tumors and to the broad effective range of retinoic acid. Our study focused on the effects of nanomolar concentrations of retinoic acid on neuroblastoma differentiation in two cell lines cells: SK-N-SH (HTB-11) and IMR-32. Each cell line was treated with retinoic acid from 1 to 100 nM for up to 6 d. Morphological changes were quantified; immunocytochemistry was used to observe changes in neuronal protein expression and localization, while live-cell calcium imaging utilizing pharmacological agents was conducted to identify neuron-like activity. Retinoic acid-treated HTB-11 but not IMR-32 cells developed specific neuronal phenotypes: acquisition of long neurite-like processes, expression of neurofilament-200, increased responsiveness to acetylcholine, and decreased responsiveness to nicotine and epinephrine. In addition, nanomolar levels of retinoic acid elicited increased nuclear trafficking of the CRABP2, which is traditionally associated with gene expression of cellular pathways related to neuronal differentiation. Collectively, these results show that nanomolar concentrations of retinoic acid are capable of inducing both structural and functional neuron-like features in HTB-11 cells using CRABP2, suggesting differentiation in neuroblastoma cells into neuronal phenotypes. These have important implications for both chemotherapeutic design and for the use of neuroblastomas as in vitro models for neuron differentiation.     

Localization of Prohibitin in the Nuclear Matrix and Alteration of Its Expression During Differentiation of Human Neuroblastoma SK-N-SH Cells Induced by Retinoic Acid

The nuclear matrix-intermediate filament system of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells before and after retinoic acid (RA) treatment was selectively extracted and the distribution of prohibitin (PHB) in the nuclear matrix, as well as its colocalization with related genes, was observed. Results of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry (MS) identification, and protein immunoblotting all confirm that PHB was present in the components of SK-N-SH nuclear matrix proteins and was down-regulated after RA treatment. Immunofluorescence microscopy observations show that PHB was localized in the nuclear matrix and its distribution was altered due to RA treatment. Laser confocal microscopy results reveal that PHB colocalized with the expression products of c-myc, c-fos, p53, and Rb, but the colocalization region was altered after RA treatment. Our results prove that PHB is a nuclear matrix protein and is localized in nuclear matrix fibers. The distribution of PHB in SK-N-SH cells and its colocalization with related proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes suggest that PHB plays pivotal roles in the differentiation of SK-N-SH cells and deserves further study.