细胞因子对类风湿性关节炎骨平衡的调节作用

类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)是一种以滑膜持续炎症和关节软骨及骨质破坏为特征的自身免疫性疾病。RA的发展伴随着滑膜细胞增生、新生血管、局部大量炎性细胞浸润及细胞因子水平的失调。异常炎症反应贯穿RA始终,细胞因子失调引起的骨破坏和骨建之间的失衡导致RA关节炎症和骨质破坏。RA致残率极高,且没有根治方法对其进行早期诊断和治疗,延缓骨损伤尤为重要。目前临床常用的诊断指标缺乏特异性。现以细胞因子为切入点,概述其在RA不同时期的不同存在及对RA骨平衡的调控作用机制,为寻找RA更加精准的早期诊断指标和治疗靶点提供线索。     

FasL在睾丸细胞的定位

FasL/Fas系统介导的胞外信号凋亡途径是哺乳动物睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的一条主要途径,然而,关于FasL在睾丸细胞中的定位却存在争议。本文对近年来国内外关于FasL在睾丸中的细胞定位研究进行了综述,为阐明FasL/Fas系统介导生殖细胞凋亡的机制提供资料,对深入理解睾丸中Sertoli细胞和生殖细胞间的调控关系及临床实践具有一定的指导作用。     

辛伐他汀对动脉粥样硬化大鼠凋亡相关基因Fas及FasL蛋白表达的影响

目的通过研究辛伐他汀对动脉粥样硬化大鼠血管壁中细胞凋亡相关基因Fas及FasL蛋白表达产物的影响,探讨其在预防动脉粥样硬化发生中的可能机制。方法复制动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型,以辛伐他汀干预,取胸主动脉,观察其斑块变化,采用免疫组化Elivision法测定动脉粥样硬化血管壁中Fas、FasL蛋白表达。结果Fas蛋白表达在实验组明显高于对照组及干预组(P<0.01,P<0.05),实验组FasL蛋白表达也明显高于对照组及干预组(P<0.05)。结论Fas及FasL基因通过促进细胞凋亡作用而诱发动脉粥样硬化过程,辛伐他汀可通过调节细胞凋亡过程发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

汉滩病毒诱导小鼠骨髓瘤SP2/0细胞凋亡的初步研究

为研究汉滩病毒对肿瘤细胞的诱导凋亡作用,以一定量病毒悬液感染体外培养的SP2/0细胞,接种后定时间将细胞消化甩片行Gimsa染色观察凋亡细胞核的变化,制细胞悬液以流式细胞仪测细胞周期,并用免疫组化的方法检测凋亡分子Fas和FasL的表达.结果示经病毒诱导后细胞出现生长特性及形态学变化,Giemsa染色观察到典型凋亡细胞;流式细胞仪显示有凋亡峰出现;免疫组化检测出感染后SP2/0细胞中Fas和FasL表达明显升高.该结果表明汉滩病毒可诱导体外培养SP2/0细胞凋亡,其发生可能与凋亡分子Fas和FasL有关.     

肝癌细胞Fas-FasL途径反击免疫细胞

为了探讨肝癌细胞反击肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)的机制,在体外进行肝癌细胞和TIL混合培养后,检测两种细胞FasL、Fas、caspase-8基因的表达情况,以及肿瘤细胞反击时TIL凋亡比例的变化.将肝癌细胞与TIL按照不同的比例共培养后,流式细胞术检测TIL凋亡率;实时荧光定量PCR检测肝癌细胞与TIL FasL、Fas和caspase-8基因的表达情况;以及Western印迹检测FasL、caspase-8的表达情况.不同浓度的肝癌细胞与TIL共同培养48 h后,随着肝癌细胞接种浓度的增加,TIL凋亡率明显增加(P＜0.01).与正常人肝细胞相比,人肝癌细胞FasL mRNA表达含量明显增高(P＜0.01).与人肝癌细胞共同培养24 h后,TIL Fas、caspase-8基因mRNA的表达也明显升高;TIL caspase-8的表达也明显升高.结果表明,肝癌细胞可以通过Fas系统诱导TIL发生凋亡,这为肝癌的免疫逃逸和肿瘤反击机制提供了依据.     

Fas／FasL与消化道肿瘤的相关性

Fas,FasL均是细胞表面受体。正常情况下,Fas分子主要分布于人体各个组织器官及病变细胞表面,FasL广泛分布于活化的T细胞等免疫细胞表面。Fas与FasL的结合可导致表达Fas的细胞凋亡,平衡机体免疫反应。当机体发生肿瘤时,肿瘤细胞表面Fas表达下调,有时甚至出现FasL的表达,不但削弱了Fas阳性淋巴细胞的攻击能力,而且赋予了肿瘤细胞杀伤免疫细胞的能力,即肿瘤免疫逃逸的新机制—Fas反击。就这一新机制与消化道肿瘤尤其胃部肿瘤的相关性做一综述。     

Fas与FasL的分子生物学研究进展

Fas是细胞表面诱导凋亡的分子,是I型膜蛋白,属TNF受体家族成员。而Fas配体（FasL)是Ⅱ型膜蛋白,属TNF家族成员。Fas与FasL结合,可向细胞传递死亡信号,引发细胞凋亡。Fas在人体中表达及功能正常与否,对人体免疫调控起重要作用。     

胎盘发生过程中的细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是一种正常的生理现象,在胚泡着床过程中,伴随有大量细胞凋亡。研究表明,胎盘发生过程中的细胞凋亡,对调控子宫内膜基质细胞的蜕膜化和滋养层细胞的浸润以形成胎盘具有重要意义;另外,由Fas/FasL系统介导的细胞凋亡可能与母体对胎儿的免疫耐受性有关。本文主要评述细胞凋亡的一般通路以及胎盘发生过程中细胞凋亡的调控。     

类风湿关节炎的关节滑膜病理生理机制

类风湿关节灸(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的主要病理特点是滑膜细胞增生,衬里层增厚,多种炎性细胞浸润,血管留形成等,这种病理改变是多种因素共同作用的结果。本文从基因突变、原癌基因活化、滑膜细胞演变、炎性细胞浸润,以及信号转导等方面,阐述其关节滑膜病理生理机制。     

人脑星形细胞瘤中p53，Fas／FasL的表达及其与凋亡关系的研究

目的：探讨细胞凋亡在星形细胞瘤中的作用及其与p53、Fas和Fas配体（Fas ligand,FasL）的关系。方法：对43例星形细胞瘤的标本分别进行HE染色,TUNEL及免疫组化分别标记p53,Fas和FasL。结果：高级别肿瘤和低级别肿瘤间的凋亡无显著差异（P〉0．05）。高级别星形细胞瘤的p53,Fas和FasL的表达均显著高于低级别肿瘤（P均〈0．05）。结论：突变型p53可作为评价星形细胞瘤生物学行为的参考指标。与低级别星形细胞瘤相比,高级别肿瘤中的细胞凋亡受到了抑制,且Fas与FasL的过表达对细胞凋亡可产生明显影响。     

Targeting the Fas/FasL system in Rheumatoid Arthritis therapy: Promising or risky?

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting synovial joints. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α is a key component of RA pathogenesis and blocking this cytokine is the most common strategy to treat the disease. Though TNFα blockers are very efficient, one third of the RA patients are unresponsive or present side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is required. RA pathogenesis is characterized by the hyperplasia of the synovium, closely associated to the pseudo-tumoral expansion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which invade and destroy the joint structure. Hence, depletion of RA FLS has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic strategy. The TNF family member Fas ligand (FasL) was reported to trigger apoptosis in FLS of arthritic joints by binding to its receptor Fas and therefore suggested as a promising candidate for targeting the hyperplastic synovial tissue. However, this cytokine is pleiotropic and recent data from the literature indicate that Fas activation might have a disease-promoting role in RA by promoting cell proliferation. Therefore, a FasL-based therapy for RA requires careful evaluation before being applied. In this review we aim to overview what is known about the apoptotic and non-apoptotic effects of Fas/FasL system and discuss its relevance in RA.     

Expression of Fas antigen and Fas ligand in bronchoalveolar lavage from silicosis patients

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of apoptosis through Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interaction in the pathogenesis of silicosis, we examined the expression of Fas antigen, FasL and apoptosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes obtained from patients with silicosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with silicosis, and 10 healthy controls were studied. Non-adherent cells were separated and analysed by cytometry for the expression of Fas antigen, FasL, and the co-expression of Fas/FasL. By double staining, we studied the FasL expression on CD4, CD8, CD56 and CD45RO-positive cells. DNA fragmentation was investigated by the terminal deoxy(d) UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS: We have found Fas and FasL expression in silicosis patients to be significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Interestingly, 6-18% of lymphocytes from silicosis patients co-expressed Fas and FasL. In silicosis patients, FasL was highly expressed on CD4+, CD56+ and CD45RO+ bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Fas antigen expressing cells showed DNA fragmentation characteristic for apoptosis. CONCLUSION: FasL was significantly expressed on cytotoxic effector and memory cells. The Fas/FasL system is implicated in the inflammatory process observed in silicosis patients.     

Doxycycline induces Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphocytes.

Tetracyclines have been used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with local infiltration of inflammatory cells and matrix destruction as observed in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis plays an important role in maintaining T lymphocyte homeostasis and modulating immune response. The present study demonstrates that doxycycline inhibits Jurkat T lymphocyte proliferation and induces apoptosis. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated Jurkat cells are more susceptible to doxycycline-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, doxycycline-induced apoptosis is associated with increased Fas/FasL expression in Jurkat cells. The increase of apoptosis in Jurkat cells treated with doxycycline is consistent with the increase of FasL expression. These results suggest that doxycycline may downregulate the inflammatory process in certain diseases by eliminating activated T lymphocytes through Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis.     

Fas and Fas ligand in gut and liver

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) has been shown to play a major role in development and in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. A principal mechanism of apoptosis is molecular interaction between surface molecules known as the "death receptors" and their ligands. Perhaps the best-studied death receptor and ligand system is the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system, in which FasL, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of death-inducing ligands, signals death through the death receptor Fas, thereby resulting in the apoptotic death of the cell. Numerous cells in the liver and gastrointestinal tract have been shown to express Fas/FasL, and there is a growing body of evidence that the Fas/FasL system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many liver and gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, graft vs. host disease, and hepatitis. Here we review the Fas/FasL system and the evidence that it is involved in the pathogenesis of liver and gastrointestinal diseases.     

Advanced glycation end-product (AGE) induces apoptosis in human retinal ARPE-19 cells via promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and activating the Fas-FasL signaling

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are extremely accumulated in the retinal vascular and epithelial cells of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, particularly with diabetic retinopathy (DR). To elucidate the pathogenesis of the AGE-induced toxicity to retinal epithelial cells, we investigated the role of Fas–Fas ligand (FasL) signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction in the AGE-induced apoptosis. Results demonstrated that the AGE-BSA- induced apoptosis of retinal ARPE-19 cells. And the AGE-BSA treatment caused mitochondrial dysfunction, via deregulating the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) signaling. Moreover, the Fas/FasL and its downstreamer Caspase 8 were promoted by the AGE-BSA treatment, and the exogenous α-Fas exacerbated the activation of Caspase 3/8. On the other side, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fas/FasL inhibited the AGE-BSA-induced apoptosis. Taken together, we confirmed the activation of Fas–FasL signaling and of mitochondrial dysfunction in the AGE-BSA-promoted apoptosis in retinal ARPE-19 cells, implying the important role of Fas–FasL signaling in the DR in DM.     

淋巴结内FasL蛋白及其mRNA的表达

ＦａｓＬｉｇａｎｄ（ＦａｓＬ）与Ｆａｓ结合诱导细胞凋亡。这一机制对机体免疫反应可能起调节作用。运用ＦａｓＬ多克隆抗体、人工合成ＦａｓＬ寡核苷酸探针分别对淋巴结内ＦａｓＬ蛋白及ｍＲＮＡ进行免疫组织化学检测和原位杂交。结果：正常大鼠淋巴结副皮质区散在分布ＦａｓＬ阳性细胞;非特异性反应性增生的淋巴结内有大量ＦａｓＬ阳性细胞,主要分布在副皮质区,同时输出淋巴管内可见ＦａｓＬ阳性细胞。这为Ｆａｓ系统在参与淋巴细胞凋亡,以维持机体免疫平衡方面的作用提供了证据,同时也提示Ｆａｓ系统可能与某些感染性疾病的发病有关。     

Camptothecin induces the transit of FasL trimers to the cell surface in apoptotic HEp-2 cells

Fas ligand (L) is a membrane protein from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. It induces apoptosis upon contact with its Fas/CD95/APO1 receptor. Trimerization of FasL on the surface of effector cells is essential in the binding of the Fas trimer of the target cells. The receptor then recruits an adaptor and caspase-like proteins which lead apoptosis. This paper reports on the fate of FasL in HEp-2 cells committed to apoptosis by induction with campthotecin. Our main results demonstrated that in non-apoptotic cells, FasL aggregates in the cytoplasm forming trimers of 120 kDa. Apoptosis increases the trimeric FasL species, but also induces its dissociation into monomers of 35 kDa. In conclusion, camptothecin appears to perturb the Fas and FasL segregation in the cytoplasm by promoting the transit of FasL to the cell surface, thus fostering a process of autocrine or paracrine apoptosis. FasL is trimerized prior to Fas/FasL complex formation, and after apoptosis, FasL undergoes an intense turnover.     

A proinflammatory role for Fas in joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease bearing all the hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis, e.g. polyarthritis, synovitis, and subsequent cartilage/bone erosions. One feature of the disease contributing to joint damage is synovial hyperplasia. The factors responsible for the hyperplasia are unknown; however, an imbalance between rates of cell proliferation and cell death (apoptosis) has been suggested. To evaluate the role of a major pathway of cell death – Fas (CD95)/FasL – in the pathogenesis of CIA, DBA/1J mice with a mutation of the Fas gene (lpr) were generated. The susceptibility of the mutant DBA-lpr/lpr mice to arthritis induced by collagen type II was evaluated. Contrary to expectations, the DBA-lpr/lpr mice developed significantly milder disease than the control littermates. The incidence of disease was also significantly lower in the lpr/lpr mice than in the controls (40% versus 81%; P < 0.05). However DBA-lpr/lpr mice mounted a robust immune response to collagen, and the expression of local proinflammatory cytokines such as, e.g., tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6 were increased at the onset of disease. Since the contribution of synovial fibroblasts to inflammation and joint destruction is crucial, the potential activating effect of Fas on mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 was investigated. On treatment with anti-Fas in vitro, the cell death of NIH3T3 fibroblasts was reduced and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 was increased. These findings suggest that impairment of immune tolerance by increased T-cell reactivity does not lead to enhanced susceptibility to CIA and point to a role of Fas in joint destruction.