MHC Ⅰ链相关分子A/B在胰腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨MHC Ⅰ链相关分子A/B(MICA/B)在胰腺癌(PDA)组织中的表达及其与胰腺癌发生发展的相关性.方法:应用免疫组化检测MICA/B在胰腺癌中的表达,分析MICA/B与胰腺癌临床病理学特征的相关性.结果:MICA/B在PDA组织中的阳性表达率为89.58%(43/48),而慢性胰腺炎和正常胰腺组织中不表达或微弱表达,癌组织与慢性胰腺炎及正常胰腺组差异显著(x2=36.069,p<0.001).MICA/B在胰腺癌组织中的表达水平与肿瘤的临床分期和病理分级有密切的关系(x2=8.398,10.000;P=0.015,0.003),在早期、分化较好的胰腺癌组织中MICA/B表达水平较高,而在分化较差的胰腺癌组织中表达水平较低,随着胰腺癌进展,MICA/B从肿瘤细胞表面脱落到癌细胞周围的间质组织中,晚期胰腺癌患者MICA/B的表达水平较低甚至不表达.Spearman等级相关分析显示MICA/B表达程度与分化程度正相关(r=0.331).结论:MICA/B作为诱导蛋白通过MICA/B-NKG2D介导的免疫反应可能在早期清除胰腺癌细胞中起重要作用.但随着肿瘤的进展,MICA/B从肿瘤细胞表面脱落,释放到肿瘤间质组织进而引起肿瘤免疫逃避.因而我们推测,MICA/B-NKG2D介导的免疫监视障碍可能促进了胰腺癌的进展.     

ULBP2在胰腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨ULBP2在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与胰腺癌发生发展的相关性.方法:应用免疫组化检测ULBP2在胰腺癌中的表达,分析ULBP2与胰腺癌临床病理学特征的相关性.结果:ULBP2在胰腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为87.5％ (35/40),正常胰腺组织阳性表达率为18.1％ (2/11),癌组织与正常胰腺组差异显著(x2=21.865,P＜0.01).ULBP2在胰腺癌组织中的表达水平与肿瘤远处转移和分化程度密切相关(x2=4.322,6.400 P=0.038,0.041).结论:ULBP2可能在胰腺癌发生发展中起重要作用,ULBP2有望成为胰腺癌免疫治疗的靶点.     

MRP在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的：了解MRP蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的表达情况,并探讨其临床意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学法检测72例胰腺癌组织,10例正常胰腺组织中MRP蛋白的表达,并分析其与临床病理学特征及预后的关系。结果：MRP蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的阳性表达率为91．7％,明显高于其在正常胰腺组织中的表达（p〈0．05）。胰腺癌组织中的MRP蛋白高表达与病理学分级低显著相关（p=0．031）,亦与年龄有关（p〈0．05）,而与肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤大小、淋巴结有无转移、临床分期及神经有无浸润无显著相关性（p〉0．05）。MRP蛋白高表达者的中位生存期明显长于低表达者（21．7个月vs11．1个月,p=0．040）。结论：胰腺癌组织中MRP蛋白的高表达与胰腺癌术后的预后好相关,检测胰腺癌中MRP蛋白的表达具有重要的临床意义。     

WWOX蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨WWOX蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学孓P法检测人胰腺癌组织芯片150芯（包括70例胰腺癌组织和5例胰腺炎）中WWOX蛋白的表达,采用HPIAS-1000图文报告管理系统对WWOX蛋白的表达进行定量分析,并用SPSS11．5软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK（q）检验。结果胰腺癌组织中WWOX蛋白呈低表达,胰腺炎组织中WWOX蛋白呈高表达。结论提示WWOX基因表达下调可能在胰腺癌的发生、发展中起了重要作用。     

CD133在胰腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨CD133在胰腺癌中的表达及其与临床病理特征和预后的关系.方法:采用免疫组织化学方法,检测71例胰腺癌和10例正常胰腺组织中CD133的表达.分析CD133在胰腺癌中的表达与临床病理特征和预后之间的相关性.结果:CD133在胰腺癌中的表达的阳性率64.79%明显高于正常胰腺组织中的10%.胰腺癌中CD133的表达率随着临床TNM分期的增加而明显增高(P＜0.05).胰腺癌中CD133的表达率在有淋巴结转移中为71.4%(20/28)明显高于无淋巴结转移中的23.3%(10/43)(P＜0.05).CD133的表达与年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、神经浸润、切缘、病理学分级无显著相关性(P＞0.05).CD133高表达者的中位生存期明显短于低表达者(9.1个月vs 23.9个月,P＜0.05).结论:胰腺癌中CD133的高表达与TNM分期高及淋巴结转移有关.CD133高表达与胰腺癌预后差有关.CD133在胰腺癌的发展、转移及预后中可能发挥重要作用,可作为临床评价胰腺癌生物学行为及评估预后的指标之一.     

骨桥蛋白在胰腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究骨桥蛋白OPN在胰腺癌中的表达水平及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法:采用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法分别检测50例胰腺癌手术切除标本和20例癌旁正常胰腺组织中OPNmRNA及其蛋白水平的表达。结果:胰腺癌组织中OPNmRNA高表达率为90%(45/50)明显高于其在癌旁正常胰腺组织中的表达15%(3/20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);OPN蛋白的阳性率为86.0%(43/50),明显高于癌旁正常胰腺组织中的表达30%(6/20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);OPN在胰腺癌组织中表达与其淋巴结转移明显相关(P<0.05)。结论:OPN在胰腺癌中的过表达对胰腺癌的生长、浸润及转移起重要作用。     

抑癌基因PTEN在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的研究胰腺癌组织中PTEN蛋白及PTEN mRNA的表达及其临床病理意义.方法常规石蜡包埋切片SABC免疫组化法和原位杂交技术检测26例胰腺癌、12例癌旁组织及8例正常胰腺组织中PTEN蛋白和PTEN mRNA表达情况,同时结合病人的临床病理资料进行分析.结果 26例胰腺癌、12例癌旁组织及8例正常胰腺组织中,正常胰腺组织及癌旁组织PTEN蛋白阳性16例(75%),阳性物质位于胰腺腺细胞及胰岛细胞的胞质中,胰腺癌PTEN蛋白阳性10例,PTEN蛋白表达于癌细胞胞质,阳性率(38.4%)与正常组织存在显著差异(P<0.01).淋巴结未转移病例PTEN阳性率与淋巴结转移病例的阳性表达率无显著差异(P>0.05).PTEN mRNA表达结果与PTEN蛋白基本一致,胰腺癌PTEN mRNA阳性12例,阳性率(46.2%).结论 PTEN表达与胰腺癌临床病理特征和生物学行为存在密切关系.可能与胰腺癌的发生、发展及预后有关.     

肿瘤对自然杀伤细胞的杀伤敏感性研究

自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）是机体抗肿瘤的第一道防线,是机体天然免疫的主要承担者,也是获得性细胞免疫的核心调节细胞。NK细胞对肿瘤的杀伤活性与其细胞表面受体和肿瘤细胞表面的配体密切相关,由于肿瘤细胞表面配体表达不同致使对NK细胞杀伤的敏感性有很大差异,临床疗效不一。我们简要介绍了影响肿瘤细胞对NK细胞杀伤敏感性的机制,对目前提高肿瘤细胞敏感性的策略和方法进行了总结。     

细胞周期素A在血管瘤组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨细胞周期素A在血管瘤中的表达及与血管瘤发生、发展的关系。方法收集武汉大学人民医院病理科1996—2001年皮肤毛细血管瘤存档蜡块49例,所有标本常规HE染色和免疫组织化学SP法检测增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）,按Mulliken分类标准并结合PCNA的表达进行分组;然后采用免疫组织化学SP法和原位杂交检测49例皮肤毛细血管瘤增生期、退化期及正常皮肤组织中细胞周期素A的表达水平,并结合检测Ⅷ因子相关抗原的表达证实血管瘤组织中表达细胞周期素A的细胞的确是血管瘤内皮细胞,对免疫组织化学结果采用HPIAS-1000高清晰度彩色病理图文报告管理系统对细胞周期素A的表达进行定量分析。并用SPSS11．5软件对各组免疫组织化学反应阳性颗粒的平均光密度、阳性面积率做单因素方差分析和SNK（q）检验。结果增生期血管瘤内皮细胞中细胞周期素A高表达,退化期呈低表达。经q检验,增生期组与退化期组之间、增生期组与正常皮肤组之间,细胞周期素A的平均光密度及阳性面积率有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,退化期组与正常皮肤组之间平均光密度及阳性面积率的差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论细胞周期素A在增生期血管瘤组织中的过度表达使细胞周期紊乱,是增生期血管瘤内皮细胞不断分裂增生。     

TGF-α、TGF-β1在胰腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究TGF-α、TGF-β1与胰腺癌临床病理的关系.方法:免疫组织化学SABC法检测41例胰腺癌组织和12例正常胰腺组织中TGF-α、TGF-β1的表达情况,并分析其与病人的年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、病理分级和分期(UICC)等指标的相关性.结果:在41例胰腺癌组织中TGF-αTGF-β1的阳性表达率分别为73.2%、63.4%,在12例正常胰腺组织中的阳性表达率分别为16.7%、25.0%,两组之间存在显著差异(P=0.001).在胰腺癌组织中,TGF-β1的表达在不同分期中存在显著差异(P=0.019);TGF-α的表达与胰腺癌患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、大小、分期及组织学分级无相关性(P>0.05).结论:TGF-α、TGF-β1在胰腺癌中高表达.TGF-β1与胰腺癌病理分期有关.     

FAS在子宫内膜样腺癌及其癌前病变中的表达及意义

目的研究脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase FAS)在子宫内膜样腺癌及其癌前病变中的表达以及与临床病理意义。方法 37例子宫内膜样腺癌、21例子宫内膜非典型增生、23例子宫内膜复杂性增生、17例子宫内膜单纯性增生及11例增生期子宫内膜中FAS的表达情况,结合临床病理参数并进行统计学分析。结果 FAS在子宫内膜样腺癌、子宫内膜非典型增生、子宫内膜复杂性增生、子宫内膜单纯性增生及增生期子宫内膜中均有表达,其阳性表达率依次为81.1%、57.1%、56.5%、52.9%、45.5%。子宫内膜样腺癌中FAS的阳性表达率明显高于增生期子宫内膜、子宫内膜单纯性增生、子宫内膜复杂性增生及子宫内膜非典型增生(P<0.05)。FAS的阳性表达率在浸润深度≥1/2肌层的子宫内膜样腺癌明显高于浸润深度<1/2肌层者(P<0.05)。FAS的表达与年龄及组织学分级无显著差异性(P>0.05)。在子宫内膜样腺癌中FAS的表达与ER有关(P<0.05)结论本研究提示FAS的表达可能与子宫内膜样腺癌的发生、发展有关。FAS可以作为提示子宫内膜样腺癌预后的一个新的参考指标。部分ER阳性的子宫内膜样腺癌的发生、发展可能与FA...     

Antigen loading of MHC class I molecules in the endocytic tract

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules bind antigenic peptides that are translocated from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporter associated with antigen processing. MHC class I loading independent of this transporter also exists and involves peptides derived from exogenously acquired antigens. Thus far, a detailed characterization of the intracellular compartments involved in this pathway is lacking. In the present study, we have used the model system in which peptides derived from measles virus protein F are presented to cytotoxic T cells by B-lymphoblastoid cells that lack the peptide transporter. Inhibition of T cell activation by the lysosomotropic drug ammoniumchloride indicated that endocytic compartments were involved in the class I presentation of this antigen. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that class I molecules and virus protein F co-localized in multivesicular endosomes and lysosomes. Surprisingly, these compartments expressed high levels of class II molecules, and further characterization identified them as MHC class II compartments. In addition, we show that class I molecules co-localized with class II molecules on purified exosomes, the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes that are secreted upon fusion of these endosomes with the plasma membrane. Finally, dendritic cells, crucial for the induction of primary immune responses, also displayed class I in endosomes and on exosomes.     

肺腺癌预后相关miRNA生物信息学筛选及其临床意义

目的：探讨肺腺癌预后相关miRNA组学特征及其临床意义。方法：应用癌症基因组图谱（TCGA）数据库,检索人肺腺癌miRNA表达谱数据,进行差异分析,再利用Cox风险回归模型筛选预后相关miRNA;利用mirwalk分析平台,对筛选出的miRNA进行靶向调控基因预测、KEGG功能富集分析,最后,预测出预后相关miRNA的功能。结果：共筛选肺腺癌差异miRNA46个,其中,上调19个、下调27个;通过Cox生存分析筛选到预后相关miRNA有6个,即hsa-mir-21、hsa-mir-142、hsa-mir-200a高表达,hsa-mir-101、hsa-let-7c、hsa-mir-378e低表达,其中hsa-mir-21、hsa-mir-378e与肺腺癌患者不良预后有关,生存期显著缩短（P<0.05,AUC=0.618）。KEGG分析上述预后相关miRNA靶向调控基因与免疫反应通路、miRNA与癌症通路、代谢通路等有关。结论：hsa-mir-21、hsa-mir-378e与肺腺癌预后不良有关,未来经进一步临床验证有可能作为肺腺癌预后相关的分子标记物。     

Recent advances in proteomic profiling of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the road ahead

Introduction: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. However, there remain many unmet clinical needs, from diagnosis to treatment strategies. The inherent complexity of the molecular characteristics of PDAC has made it difficult to meet these challenges, rendering proteomic profiling of PDAC a critical area of research.

Area covered: In this review, we present recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and its current application in proteomic studies on PDAC. In addition, we discuss future directions for research that can efficiently incorporate current MS-based technologies that address key issues of PDAC proteomics.

Expert commentary: Compared with other cancer studies, little progress has been made in PDAC proteomics, perhaps attributed to the difficulty in performing in-depth and large-scale clinical studies on PDAC. However, recent advances in mass spectrometry can advance PDAC proteomics past the fundamental research stage.     

HER2/HER3 signaling regulates NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity via MHC class I chain-related molecule A and B expression in human breast cancer cell lines

Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinases HER2 and HER3 is associated with a poor prognosis in several types of cancer. Presently, HER2- as well as HER3-targeted therapies are in clinical practice or evaluated within clinical trials, including treatment with mAbs mediating growth inhibition and/or activation of Ab-induced innate or adaptive cellular immunity. A better understanding of how HER2/HER3 signaling in tumors influences cellular immune mechanisms is therefore warranted. In this study, we demonstrate that HER2/HER3 signaling regulates the expression of MHC class I-related chain A and B (MICA and MICB) in breast cancer cell lines. The MICA and MICB (MICA/B) molecules act as key ligands for the activating receptor NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) and promote NK cell-mediated recognition and cytolysis. Genetic silencing of HER3 but not HER2 downregulated the expression of MICA/B, and HER3 overexpression significantly enhanced MICA expression. Among the major pathways activated by HER2/HER3 signaling, the PI3K/AKT pathway was shown to predominantly regulate MICA/B expression. Treatment with the HER3-specific ligand neuregulin 1β promoted the expression in a process that was antagonized by pharmacological and genetic interference with HER3 but not by the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related protein kinases inhibitor caffeine. These observations further emphasize that HER2/HER3 signaling directly, and not via genotoxic stress, regulates MICA/B expression. As anticipated, stimulating HER2/HER3 enhanced the NKG2D-MICA/B-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Taken together, we conclude that signaling via the HER2/HER3 pathway in breast carcinoma cell lines may lead to enhanced NKG2D-MICA/B recognition by NK cells and T cells.     

MHC class I molecules are incorporated into human herpesvirus‐6 viral particles and released into the extracellular environment

Human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6), which belongs to the betaherpesvirus subfamily, mainly replicates in T lymphocytes. Here, we show that MHC class I molecules are incorporated into HHV‐6 viral particles and released into the extracellular environment. In addition, HHV‐6A/B‐infected T cells showed reduced surface and intracellular expression of MHC class I molecules. The cellular machinery responsible for molecular transport appears to be modified upon HHV‐6 infection, causing MHC class I molecules to be transported to virion assembly sites.     

Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl

In species with duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, estimates of genetic variation often rely on multilocus measures of diversity. It is possible that such measures might not always detect more detailed patterns of selection at individual loci. Here, we describe a method that allows us to investigate classical MHC diversity in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, using a single locus approach. This is possible due to the well-characterised gene organisation of the ‘minimal essential’ MHC (BF/BL region) of the domestic chicken, which comprises two differentially expressed duplicated class I (BF) and two class II B (BLB) genes. Using a combination of reference strand-mediated conformation analysis, cloning and sequencing, we identify nine BF and ten BLB alleles in a captive population of jungle fowl. We show that six BF and five BLB alleles are from the more highly expressed locus of each gene, BF2 and BLB2, respectively. An excess of non-synonymous substitutions across the jungle fowl BF/BL region suggests that diversifying selection has acted on this population. Importantly, single locus screening reveals that the strength of selection is greatest on the highly expressed BF2 locus. This is the first time that a population of red jungle fowl has been typed at the MHC region, laying the basis for further research into the underlying processes acting to maintain MHC diversity in this and other species.     

Targeting the metabolism and immune system in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Insights and future directions

Pancreatic cancer, specifically pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), presents a challenging landscape due to its complex nature and the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This immunosuppression severely limits the effectiveness of immune-based therapies. Studies have revealed the critical role of immunometabolism in shaping the TME and influencing PDAC progression. Genetic alterations, lysosomal dysfunction, gut microbiome dysbiosis, and altered metabolic pathways have been shown to modulate immunometabolism in PDAC. These metabolic alterations can significantly impact immune cell functions, including T-cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and macrophages, evading anti-tumor immunity. Advances in immunotherapy offer promising avenues for overcoming immunosuppressive TME and enhancing patient outcomes. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities for future research in this evolving field. By exploring the connections between immunometabolism, genetic alterations, and the microbiome in PDAC, it is possible to tailor novel approaches capable of improving immunotherapy outcomes and addressing the limitations posed by immunosuppressive TME. Ultimately, these insights may pave the way for improved treatment options and better outcomes for PDAC patients.