共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 109 毫秒
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低温微生物适应低温的分子机制 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
根据Morita和Russel的定义 ,低温微生物可分为两类 :一类是其最高生长温度低于2 0℃的微生物称嗜冷菌 (psychrophiles) ,另一类是指在 0~ 40℃可以生长的微生物称耐冷菌 (psychrotrophs)。这些微生物体内的温度与环境温度很接近。尽管低温对生化反应有着强烈的负效应 ,但低温微生物在低温下却能成功地生长与繁殖 ,它们因此产生了各种各样的适应机制 ,主要是细胞膜、蛋白质、酶分子水平上发生了精细的组成和结构的变化[1] ,因此弥补了低温对生长的有害影响。催化生物体内所有生化反应的酶是生物体适… 相似文献
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低温酶冷适应的分子机制及其在生物技术中的应用 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
低温酶 (cold adaptedenzymes)是指在低温条件下能有效催化生化反应的一类酶。低温酶与中温酶相比有以下特点 :1 .酶的最适反应温度较同功能的中温酶低 0℃~ 3 0℃ ;2 .在较低温度下 (<40℃ ) ,酶的转换数 (Kcat)或生理系数 (Kcat Km)高于来自中温菌中的同类酶 ;3 .低温酶的热稳定性差 ,低温酶主要是由低温微生物 (cold adaptedmicroorganisms)产生的。由于地球表面上存在大量的低温环境使低温微生物分布极为广泛 ,其在生态系统中起着重要作用 ;对低温微生物及其产生的低温酶的冷适… 相似文献
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适冷微生物及其适冷机制研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
地球上许多生境为永久低温或季节性低温环境,适冷微生物在自然界中广泛存在。适冷微生物在环境净化、饲料、食品、奶制品、化妆品、皮革加工、洗涤等行业中具有广泛的应用前景。对适冷微生物的多样性、适冷的分子基础和适冷代谢机制进行了综述。 相似文献
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生物圈的80%是由低温环境构成,大约90%的海水平均温度为5℃或者更低,这里孕育着极为丰富的微生物。根据微生物对环境温度的耐受性和其生长温度上限/下限的不同,将微生物分为嗜冷微生物和适冷微生物两大类。由这些微生物产生的适冷酶在低温下具有较高的催化效率和特异性,因而在生物技术领域具有巨大的应用潜力和开发价值。总结了近5年适冷酶新酶的筛选、发现及适冷酶稳定性的改造和低温表达系统等方面的最新研究进展,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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低温微生物适冷特性及其在食品工业中的潜在用途 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
温度是影响生物生存的一个限制因素。所有微生物都具有一特征性的最适生长温度 ,此时它们具有最大的生长和繁殖速率。同时 ,微生物还具有一定的温度耐受范围 ,低于或高于这一生长温度范围的限度 ,它们就会因新陈代谢失活而不能生长。按照在不同温度条件下生长能力的不同 ,微生物可被大致分为 3类 :高温菌、中温菌和低温菌。其中低温菌又通常被分为嗜冷菌 (psychrophiles)和耐冷菌 (psychrotrophs)。按照Morita( 1 975 )的定义 ,嗜冷菌的最适生长温度 <1 6℃ ,其生长温度的上限为 2 0℃ ;耐冷菌则是指能在 0… 相似文献
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微生物对低温极端环境适应性的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
嗜冷微生物是地球寒冷环境中最主要的生物类群,并且是驱动全球生物地球化学循环的关键环节。嗜冷微生物在适应策略上显示出应对多种极端环境因素的巨大潜力,研究其适应和进化机制有助于更好地理解微生物与环境之间相互作用过程,并有效利用极端环境微生物资源。近年来,随着分子生物学和基因组学技术的高速发展,对微生物适应寒冷环境的机制及嗜冷微生物在指示气候变化和工农业应用方面均有一系列的突破。在此,本文将从基因组的GC含量、蛋白质稳定性、转录翻译调控、细胞膜流动性、渗透压调节、抗氧化损失和基因组适应性进化等方面总结当前在微生物适应低温环境机制上所取得的进展,并展望低温环境微生物在指示气候变化和工农业应用中的前景。 相似文献
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Marx JC Collins T D'Amico S Feller G Gerday C 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2007,9(3):293-304
The Antarctic marine environment is characterized by challenging conditions for the survival of native microorganisms. Indeed,
next to the temperature effect represented by the Arrhenius law, the viscosity of the medium, which is also significantly
enhanced by low temperatures, contributes to slow down reaction rates. This review analyses the different challenges and focuses
on a key element of life at low temperatures: cold-adapted enzymes. The molecular characteristics of these enzymes are discussed
as well as the adaptation strategies which can be inferred from the comparison of their properties and three-dimensional structures
with those of their mesophilic counterparts. As these enzymes display a high specific activity at low and moderate temperatures
associated with a relatively high thermosensitivity, the interest in these properties is discussed with regard to their current
and possible applications in biotechnology. 相似文献
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微生物低温酶适冷机制研究进展 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
地球寒冷生境中生存着大量微生物。它们必须在酶学水平上对低温导致的生理、生化变化进行调整,才能在极端环境中维持生命活力。低温导致化学反应速率下降,而低温酶可通过高周转率(κcat)、高催化效率(κcatKm)来弥补这种影响。低温酶的一些共性,包括低温条件(0~30℃)下催化活力较高、最适作用温度低、稳定性差以及活化能较低等,都可能与蛋白结构的高度柔顺性有关。与高温酶、中温酶相比,低温酶中涉及蛋白稳定性的结构因素以及弱相互作用,数量减少或发生改变。低温酶可能通过分子内相互作用的减弱、酶分子与溶剂间相互作用的增强,并经过适当的构象折叠,提高蛋白结构的柔顺性 。 相似文献
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《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(5):1095-1103
Isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS) of a psychrophilic marine bacterium, Colwellia maris, were purified to electrophoretically homogeneous state. The molecular mass of the ICL was found to be 240 kDa, composed of four identical subunits of 64.7 kDa. MS was a dimeric enzyme composed of 76.3 kDa subunits. N-Terminal amino acid sequences of the ICL and MS were analyzed. Purified ICL had its maximum activity at 20°C and was rapidly inactivated at the temperatures above 30°C, but the optimum temperature for the activity of MS was 45°C. NaCl was found to protect ICL from heat inactivation above 30°C, but the salt did not stabilize MS. Effects of temperatures on the kinetic parameters of both the enzymes were examined. The Km for the substrate (isocitrate) of ICL was decreased with decreasing temperature. On the other hand, the Km for the substrate (glyoxylate) of MS was increased with decreasing temperature. The calculated value of free energy of activation of ICL was on the same level as that of MS. 相似文献
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Ivana Alejandra Cavello Brenda Bezus Adalgisa Martinez Gabriela Garmendia Silvana Vero Sebastián Cavalitto 《Geomicrobiology journal》2013,30(9):847-857
AbstractAntarctic and sub-Antarctic regions are – with Polar Regions, mountains and the deep sea – the most extreme environments on Earth because of its low temperatures, dryness, high incidence of solar radiation and low nutrient availability. Nevertheless, microorganisms have successfully colonized these regions. In this study, culturable yeasts from soil samples collected from two different locations, a human-impacted area (Encerrada Bay) and a largely pristine and naturally vegetated area near Lago Escondido city (54°39′0″S, 67°46′48″W) from Tierra del Fuego province, Argentina were identified and characterized at different levels. They were characterized and classified as psychrotolerant and were considered as moderately halotolerant because of their ability to grow in the presence of 1.5?M of NaCl. Yeasts from phylum Ascomycota were affiliated to five genera: Candida, Yarrowia, Debaryomyces, Nadsonia, and Wickerhamiella, whereas from phylum Basidiomycota yeasts were affiliated to six genera: Naganishia, Rhodotorula, Leucosporidum, Tausonia, Cystofilobasidium, and Apiotrichum. Most of the yeasts demonstrated at least one extracellular enzymatic activity (mainly β-glucosidase, esterase, and protease activities). One isolate identified as Tausonia pullulans showed significant activity across the eight enzyme types tested. In light of these findings, Tierra del Fuego province could be considered as a cold environment with a potential source of cold-adapted yeasts producing industrially relevant cold-active enzymes. 相似文献
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油藏极端环境中的微生物 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
油藏属于高温、高压、高矿化度以及油、气、水共存的极端环境,与之相适应,油藏中孕育着丰富多样的微生物.介绍了油藏极端环境、油藏微生物的一般特征、典型的微生物生理群以及随油田开发微生物分布的变化. 相似文献