车八岭山地常绿阔叶林冰灾后土壤节肢动物群落的多样性

2008年初车八岭山地常绿阔叶林受到中国南方80年一遇的冰灾的重创。为了揭示灾后林冠开度的梯度对土壤节肢动物多样性与分布的影响, 在受冰灾影响的车八岭山地常绿阔叶林设置2 ha固定样地, 按照冠层受损程度选取17个20 m×20 m的样方, 用半球面影像技术获取林冠开度, 并分凋落物层、0–10 cm和10–20 cm的矿质土层采集凋落物及土壤样品, 分析土壤节肢动物多样性。利用双向聚类分析(two-way cluster analysis)对凋落物层的土壤节肢动物和样地进行聚类, 以典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis)研究冠层开度、土壤有机质、电导率以及自然含水量与0–10 cm表土层土壤节肢动物的关系。结果表明土壤节肢动物的多度、丰富度和多样性随土壤层的加深而下降, 具有明显的表聚性; 林冠开度与凋落物层的土壤节肢动物类群数量呈负相关; 甲螨亚目、中气门亚目和前气门亚目动物对光照的适应范围广; 膜翅目、鞘翅目幼虫、综合纲和伪蝎目动物具有明显的避光性; 土壤节肢动物类群的分布与林冠开度、土壤自然含水量、电导率和有机质关系密切。因此可以推论, 冰灾对车八岭山地常绿阔叶林冠层的破坏及土壤因子的变化会进一步影响土壤节肢动物群落的组成和分布。本项研究还表明, 土壤节肢动物群落能有效地表征它们所栖息的生态系统的特点, 可用于监测冰灾后森林恢复和演替动态。而双向聚类分析和典范对应分析对于揭示土壤节肢动物的空间异质性及其与环境因子的相互关系具有理想的效果。     

Acari and Collembola in the litter and soil of three north Queensland rainforests

The population changes, distribution and composition of litter and soil Acari and Collembola from three north Queensland rainforests are described based on samples collected on six occasions at approximately 3-monthly intervals. Numbers of Acari and Collembola collected from litter were lower in the north Queensland rainforests than those reported from rainforests outside Australia: however, numbers of Acari and Collembola in the soil were similar to numbers in rainforest soils elsewhere. Cryptostigmata were the most abundant group of Acari in the litter and 0–4 cm soil layer, comprising 41–55% and 42–55% of the total Acari in the litter and 0–4 cm soil layers respectively. Most of the Acari and Collembola are located in the 0–4 cm soil layer at each site (53–75%), with the litter layer containing the smallest proportion (3–20%). Most of the groups of Acari and Collembola examined show little evidence of seasonal vertical migration between the litter and soil to 8 cm. Minimum numbers of Acari and Collembola in the litter occurred in the dry season and maximum numbers occurred in the wet season. Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of Cryptostigmata appear to be influenced by the periodic saturation of the soil during the wet season.     

The importance of foundation species identity: A field experiment with lichens and their associated micro-arthropod communities

Foundation species provide habitat and modify the availability of resources to other species. In nature, multiple foundation species may occur in mixture, but little is known on how their interactions shape the community assembly of associated species. Lichens provide both structural habitat and resources to a variety of associated organisms and thereby serve as foundation species. In this study, we use mat-forming lichens and their associated micro-arthropods as a miniature ecosystem to study potential synergies between foundation species diversity and the abundance and functional diversity of higher trophic levels. We created lichen patches with monocultures and mixtures of up to four species, and extracted Collembola (identified to species level), Oribatida, Mesostigmata, Pseudoscorpiones, and Araneae with Tullgren apparatuses after 106 days of incubation within a natural lichen mat. We found that different lichen species supported different arthropod abundances. For 19 out of a total of 55 lichen mixtures and arthropod groups, we found non-additive, synergistic effects on arthropod abundance, although the specific lichen mixture causing synergistic effects differed with arthropod group. In addition, synergistic effects on arthropod abundance were more common for arthropod groups at lower trophic levels. The functional diversity of lichen mixtures explained patterns in Collembola abundance, but in the opposite direction than hypothesized because synergistic responses were more frequent in functionally similar lichen mixtures. Finally, we found few effects of lichen mixture identity or diversity on the functional diversity of Collembola communities. When applied to large-scale ecosystems, our results suggest that understanding interactions between coexisting foundation species and identifying those species that drive synergistic effects of foundation species on consumer biota, is likely to be of importance to biodiversity conservation and restoration efforts.     

Characteristics of floor litter and soil arthropod community in different types ot subtropical forest in Ailao Mountain of Yunnan, Southwest China

By using line transect method, an investigation was conducted on the floor litter and soil arthropod community in a mid mountain wet evergreen broad-leaved forest, a mossy dwarf forest, and a Populus bonatii forest in Ailao Mountain of Yunnan in April (dry and hot season), June (rainy season), and December (dry and cold season), 2005. In both dry and rainy seasons, the existing floor litter mass, C storage, and C/N ratio in the three forests all increased in the order of mossy dwarf forest > P. bonatii forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest, but the N storage had less difference. In the floor litter layer of the forests, Acari and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil arthropod community, while Diptera larvae, Coleoptera, ants, and Homoptera were the common groups. The Sorenson coefficients of soil arthropod community in the three forests were extremely great. No significant differences were observed in the soil arthropod density (ind x m(-2)) in the floor litter layer among the three forests, but the relative density (ind x g(-1)) of soil arthropods was higher in the evergreen broad-leaved forest and P. bonatii forest than in the mossy dwarf forest. In the three forests, the density of soil arthropods was significantly higher in dry season than in rainy season, but the Shannon diversity index had less difference. There were significant positive correlations between the existing floor litter mass and the individual density (ind x m(-2)) and dominant groups of soil arthropod communities in dry and hot season (April), but negative correlations between the existing floor litter mass and the relative density (ind x g(-1)) of soil arthropod communities and Acari in dry and cold season (December). The individual densities of Collembola and Coleoptera also had positive correlations with the N storage of the existing floor litter mass in the three forests. It was considered that the floor litter and the development of soil arthropod community in the litter layer of the subtropical forests in Ailao Mountain had a close relation with the vegetation structure of the forests, and the individual density and the diversity of the soil arthropod community were controlled by the floor litter, whereas the environmental factors such as temperature and moisture in the forests also had obvious effects on the seasonal dynamics of the individual density of the soil arthropods.     

Conversion of rainforest into oil palm and rubber plantations affects the functional composition of litter and soil Collembola

Rainforest conversion and expansion of plantations in tropical regions are associated with changes in animal communities and biodiversity decline. In soil, Collembola are one of the most numerous invertebrate groups that affect the functioning of microbial communities and support arthropod predators. Despite that, information on the impact of changes in land use in the tropics on species and trait composition of Collembola communities is very limited. We investigated the response of Collembola to the conversion of rainforest into rubber agroforestry (“jungle rubber”), rubber, and oil palm plantations in Jambi Province (Sumatra, Indonesia), a region which experienced one of the strongest recent deforestation globally. Collembola were sampled in 2013 and 2016 from the litter and soil layer using heat extraction, and environmental factors were measured (litter C/N ratio, pH, water content, composition of microbial community and predator abundance). In the litter layer, density and species richness in plantation systems were 25%–38% and 30%–40% lower, respectively, than in rainforest. However, in the soil layer, density, species richness, and trait diversity of Collembola were only slightly affected by land‐use change, contrasting the response of many other animal groups. Species and trait composition of Collembola communities in litter and soil differed between each of the land‐use systems. Water content and pH were identified as main factors related to the differences in species and trait composition in both litter and soil, followed by the density of micro‐ and macropredators. Dominant species of Collembola in rainforest and jungle rubber were characterized by small body size, absence of furca, and absence of intense pigmentation, while in plantations, larger species with long furca and diffuse or patterned pigmentation were more abundant. Overall, land‐use change negatively affected Collembola communities in the litter layer, but its impact was lower in the soil layer. Several pantropical genera of Collembola (i.e., Isotomiella, Pseudosinella, and Folsomides) dominated across land‐use systems, reflecting their high environmental adaptability and/or efficient dispersal, calling for studies on their ecology and genetic diversity. The decline in species richness and density of litter‐dwelling Collembola with the conversion of rainforest into plantation systems calls for management practices mitigating negative effects of the deterioration of the litter layer in rubber plantations, but even more in oil palm plantations.     

Seasonal fluctuation of different edaphic microarthropod population densities in relation to soil moisture and temperature in a pine,Pinus kesiya Royle plantation ecosystem

Seasonal fluctuations of soil and litter microarthropod populations in a pine,Pinus kesiya Royle plantation of North Eastern India were investigated between November 1976 and November 1977. Three major groups were recognized: (a) Collembola, (b) Acarina and (c) miscellaneous. Collembola was the most abundant group and was dominated byIsotoma trispinata (MacGillivray). The total microarthropod density ranged from 26,800 per m² to 145,200 per m². Collembola densities ranged from 10,000 to 121,200 per m², Acarina densities ranged from 8,800 to 41,600 per m², and the miscellaneous group ranged from 1,200 to 6,400 per m². Soil moisture was positively correlated with total arthropod, Collembola and Acarina densities. Soil temperature was positively correlated only with Acarina. Densities of Collembola and Acarina were negatively correlated.The work described in this paper was carried out while the author was at the Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Mehgalaya (India).It was presented at the Ninth International Biometeorological Congress, 23rd Sptember–1st October, 1981, Osnabrück and Stuttgart-Hohenheim, FRG.     

Mean annual population density of Collembola and Acari in the soil and litter of three indigenous South Australian forests

A quantitative study of the soil and litter fauna of three South Australian low open forests was made for two years. The soil and vegetation of the sites were similar but the mean annual rainfall of the areas differed; 635, 690 and 1050 mm/y, respectively for the ‘dry’, ‘medium’ and ‘wet’ sites. Monthly samples were taken of litter, and the upper 0–4 cm and lower 4–8 cm soil layers, and the method used to estimate the numbers of active animals is also described. Mean annual population densities of Collembola and Acari were greatest at the medium site (9.5 and 48.6 × 10³/m², respectively) and least at the dry site (4.9 and 35.1 × 10³/m², respectively) and values are discussed in relation to site organic carbon content. Over all the sites, between 11–21, 67–75 and 10–15% of the collembolan populations, and 10–13, 66–72 and 16–21% of the acarine populations inhabited the litter layer and upper and lower soil layers respectively. Isotomidae were the most abundant collembolan family in each level at each site, but the overall proportion of Entomobryidae increased from the dry to wet site. Prostigmata were the most abundant acarine order in each level at two sites. Cryptostigmata were dominant in the litter layer of the wet site, and their overall proportion increased from the dry to wet site. Seasonal density changes were similar on all sites with minima in the summer and maxima in the winter months. The results obtained here combined with those from other published investigations indicate a trend of faunal population change over various ecosystems in Australia. Prostigmatid mites and iso-tomid Collembola dominate at arid sites. As sites become less arid and the amount of soil organic matter increases, the proportion of cryptostigmatid and mesostigmatid mites increases, and other groups of Collembola, particularly Entomobryidae, become more frequent.     

有机肥和植被去除管理对人工林土壤节肢动物多样性的影响

施用有机肥和林下抚育（植被去除）是人工林重要的管理措施;土壤节肢动物物种丰富,是土壤生态系统的重要组成成分,对环境变化敏感,可以作为森林管理的指示生物。人工林植被去除和施肥管理影响土壤性质、资源输入量及微生物多样性,从而影响土壤节肢动物多样性,但是相关研究还十分缺乏。以沿海地区杨树人工林为对象,研究了施用有机肥和林下植被去除对土壤节肢动物的数量和多样性的影响。结果表明,有机肥和植被去除管理对不同土壤层土壤节肢动物的数量和多样性指标影响不一致。有机肥增加0-10 cm深度土壤节肢动物总数量、蜱螨目数量,降低土壤节肢动物群落物种丰富度、均匀度和Shannon多样性指数;植被去除减少0-10 cm深度土壤节肢动物总数量和弹尾目数量,降低均匀度指数。两种处理对10-20 cm深度土壤节肢动物群落的数量和各多样性指标影响不显著。总体来说（0-20 cm）,有机肥处理土壤节肢动物的数量显著增加,优势类群前气门亚目（Prostigmata）的数量增长为对照的4倍,但是土壤节肢动物群落的均匀度和Shannon多样性指数显著降低,这可能是土壤节肢动物优势类群前气门亚目密度急剧增加,而物种丰富度没有变化所导致;此外,施用有机肥增加了土壤有机质、总氮、有效磷的含量,降低土壤pH值,并且与前气门亚目密度显著相关。林下植被去除没有影响0-20 cm深度土壤节肢动物的数量和各多样性指标。     

Abundance patterns of soil micro-arthropods at aPinus pumila scrub in an alpine range of central Japan

Seasonal changes in abundances of major soil micro-arthropods were assessed at aPinus pumila scrub in an alpine range of central Japan during a period with no snow coverage. The total abundance showed a peak in late August, reaching no less than 140 000 m⁻², which was comparable to that in an evergreen coniferous plantation in the cool-temperate zone. Collembola was the most dominant group of soil micro-arthropods, comprising about 50% of the total, followed by oribatid mites (Acari [O]) occupying 20%. Annual mean air temperature was no more than 2.1 °C and the daily fluctuation in temperature was less in soil layers. The thickness of the A₀ layer reached 9–10 cm and soil organic matter accumulation was estimated to be 45–58 ton dry weight ha⁻¹. The large amount of litterfall and organic matter accumulation in the soil, comparable to those of sub-alpine evergreen coniferous forests, and a lower decomposition rate due to severe environmental conditions, suggest the relative importance of litter processing by soil micro-arthropods such as Collembola and Acari, especially in alpine regions.     

Densities of Collembola and Acarina in the soil and litter of three indigenous South Australian forests related to layer,site and seasonal differences

A quantitative study was made of the micro-arthropod fauna in the litter and two soil layers at three South Australian forest sites (designated ‘dry’ medium’ and ‘wet’) using data taken at monthly intervals over 2 years. This study examined variations in density estimates of the major taxonomic groups of Acarina and Collembola that were associated with sample depth, site and season. There were substantial differences in the proportions of variation attributed to layer, site and seasonal effects. Most variation was associated with layer differences, being greatest in the acarine Prostigmata and in the collembolan Onychiuridae. Only the acarine Astigmata had slightly more variation between sites than between layers. Seasonal variation exceeded site variation in all collembolan groups except the Entomobryidae. In the acarine groups estimated ratios of seasonal to site variation were 6.1, 1.6, 1.0 and 0.4 for the Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Cryptostigmata and Astigmata, respectively. Some variations due to inconsistencies in the above patterns were significant statistically but were small compared with variations associated with the seasonal, layer and site effects. Densities of all animals had marked seasonal variation which was broadly similar to that of rainfall in the warm temperate, mediterranean type climate of the region. Minimum density and activity occurred in about the last week in January, a period of maximum temperature and low soil moisture content; maxima were usually about 7 months later. This contrasts with warm and cool temperate areas of Australia with summer rainfall, where peak densities have been recorded in summer. The Mesostigmata, Astigmata, Podundae and Onychiuridae patterns of seasonal variation did not differ significantly with layer or site differences. The remaining groups had significant differences with layers and sites, the former being larger. Density minima and maxima were generally later going from litter to lower soil, about 2.5–8 weeks for density maxima and 0–4 weeks for minima. Groups with significant lags showed reduced amplitude in their seasonal variation with increased depth. There was little seasonal variation in the relative proportions of all animal groups.     

Dynamics of the Leaf-Litter Arthropod Fauna Following Fire in a Neotropical Woodland Savanna

Fire is an important agent of disturbance in tropical savannas, but relatively few studies have analyzed how soil-and-litter dwelling arthropods respond to fire disturbance despite the critical role these organisms play in nutrient cycling and other biogeochemical processes. Following the incursion of a fire into a woodland savanna ecological reserve in Central Brazil, we monitored the dynamics of litter-arthropod populations for nearly two years in one burned and one unburned area of the reserve. We also performed a reciprocal transplant experiment to determine the effects of fire and litter type on the dynamics of litter colonization by arthropods. Overall arthropod abundance, the abundance of individual taxa, the richness of taxonomic groups, and the species richness of individual taxa (Formiciade) were lower in the burned site. However, both the ordinal-level composition of the litter arthropod fauna and the species-level composition of the litter ant fauna were not dramatically different in the burned and unburned sites. There is evidence that seasonality of rainfall interacts with fire, as differences in arthropod abundance and diversity were more pronounced in the dry than in the wet season. For many taxa the differences in abundance between burned and unburned sites were maintained even when controlling for litter availability and quality. In contrast, differences in abundance for Collembola, Formicidae, and Thysanoptera were only detected in the unmanipulated samples, which had a lower amount of litter in the burned than in the unburned site throughout most of our study period. Together these results suggest that arthropod density declines in fire-disturbed areas as a result of direct mortality, diminished resources (i.e., reduced litter cover) and less favorable microclimate (i.e., increased litter desiccation due to reduction in tree cover). Although these effects were transitory, there is evidence that the increasingly prevalent fire return interval of only 1–2 years may jeopardize the long-term conservation of litter arthropod communities.     

Effects of a mulch layer on the assemblage and abundance of mesostigmatan mites and other arthropods in the soil of a sugarcane agro-ecosystem in Australia

Sugarcane farmers can utilise a soil conservation technique called green cane trash blanketing, a form of mulching that can increase plant productivity through a number of channels, e.g., via altering soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics, and influence soil arthropod assemblages. Predatory mites (Mesostigmata) are important components of soil communities because they can control populations of other soil-dwelling pest species. Our aim was to characterise mulch-influenced predatory Mesostigmata community assemblages in sugarcane soils in Queensland, Australia. We found that application of a mulch layer significantly increased the abundance of Mesostigmata, and oribatid mites and collembolans, in soils. Furthermore, we observed that the assemblages of Mesostigmata in soil covered by mulch were significantly different to those in bare soil; and the assemblages of Mesostigmata changed over time. The assemblages of Mesostigmata, but not Oribatida or collembolans, were significantly different in soil under mulch depending on whether the mulch was freshly laid, or decomposing. Our results show that the use of mulch, specifically the green cane trash blanket, can increase overall microarthropod abundance including Mesostigmata. This is likely due to increased habitat complexity and changing resource availability.     

Soil animal communities at five succession stages in the litter of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong,China

Soil animals are abundant in forest litter layer,but little attention has been Paid to the vertical distribution of community structure of soil animals in the layers at different plant community succession stages.The forest litter layer can be divided into fresh litter layer(L),fermentation layer(F)and humus layer(H),which may represent different litter decomposition stages.The aim of the study is to ascertain the vertical distribution features of soil animal communities among the three litter layers and the change in the succession process of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF)in Tiantong,Zhejiang Province,China.Soil animal communities in the five plant communities at different succession stages were investigated during the 2003 winter.Soil animals,which were collected by using Tullgren funnels,amounted to a total of 13381 individuals falling into 2 phyla,8 classes and 20 orders.The dominant groups were Acarina and Collembola,accounting for 94.24% of the total individuals,with the number of Acarina individuals 7.66 times than that of Collembola.The common group was Diptera.The results indicated that there was a distinctive vertical distribution of the soil animal communities in the forest litter laver,but it differed from that in soil below the litter layer.In contrast to those in the soil,the soil animals in the litter layer generally tended to increase in both group abundance and density from the top fresh litter layer to the bottom humus layer.Altogether 19 groups and 59.03% of total individuals were found in the bottom layer,while only 8 groups and 5.35% of the total individuals in the top.Moreover,there were some variations in the distribution of the soil animals at different plant succession stages.85.19% of Homoptera and 100% of Symphyla were found in the litter layer at the climax succession stage.while 75.61% of Thysanoptera at the intermediate succession stage.Therefore,these groups might be seen as indicative groups.The total numbers of soil animal groups and individuals in the litter layers greatly changed in the succession process of the EBLF.They both were greatest at the climax,moderate at the intermediate and smallest at the primary succession stage.However,the main soil animal groups in the litter at the different succession stages were essentially the same.They were Acarina,Collembola,Diptera and Lepidoptera.Although similarity analysis revealed that the soil animal communities in the litter at the intermediate succession stage were most similar to those at the climax succession stage,they differed greatly from each other in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index.The Shannon-Wiener index was highest at the climax succession stage and lowest at the intermediate succession stage.Finally,the paper discusses the following three questions:the role of soil animals as indicators for plant community succession;the role of different soil animal groups in the litter decomposition at different stages;and the major factors affecting the composition and distribution of soil animals in the litter.This paper provides a new perspective for the research on the succession mechanism of plant communities and the decomposition functions of soil animals.     

Importance of habitat structure to the arthropod food-web in Douglas-fir canopies

This study tested the hypothesis that habitat structure dictates the distribution and community composition of arboreal arthropods. A diverse arthropod assemblage of Douglas-fir canopies, which included Araneae, Psocoptera, Collembola and Homoptera, was chosen as a model system. Habitat structural diversity, defined as needle density and branching complexity of Douglas-fir branches, was manipulated in a four-month experiment by needle removal, thinning and tying of branches. Abundance of canopy spiders declined significantly following needle density reduction and branch thinning, branch tying significantly increased spider abundance. Distinct habitat utilization patterns were found among individual spider guilds. Orb weavers (Araneidae) dominated spider assemblages in structurally simple habitats, whereas tied branches were colonized primarily by sheet-web weavers (Linyphiidae) and nocturnal hunting spiders (Anyphaenidae and Clubionidae). Spider species richness and average body size of several spider species increased in structurally more complex habitats. Arboreal spiders appeared to be limited by strong bottom-up effects in the form of habitat quality and, to a lesser degree, prey availability. Habitat manipulations did not affect densities or biomass of flying arthropod colonists in the branch vicinity. Needle removal and branch thinning led to a significant decline in the abundance of Psocoptera and Collembola. Tying of branches resulted in an eight-fold increase in Collembola numbers, organisms most sensitive to habitat alterations. Canopy habitat structure modified vertical dispersal of Collembola from forest litter, which may have significant implications for arboreal consumers. Our results lend strong support to the importance of habitat structural diversity in explaining general patterns of arthropod abundance and diversity on plants.     

广州长岗山森林凋落物土壤动物群落结构及季节变化

为了解华南地区城市森林凋落物土壤动物群落结构特征及季节变化,对广州市长岗山自然保护区森林凋落物层土壤动物群落进行了为期1年的逐月采样调查,共采获凋落物土壤动物21 817头,隶属于3门9纲22类群,其中蜱螨目和弹尾目为优势类群,二者占全年土壤动物个体总数的70.3%;蠕形马陆亚纲、等足目、蜘蛛目、缨翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目幼虫和双翅目幼虫为常见类群,它们的个体数占全年土壤动物总个体数的27.0%.这些主要类群的相对多度和密度随采样季节而改变并与凋落物的湿度存在着一定的相关性.蜱螨目的密度高峰期出现在降雨量最多的5-8月;弹尾目的密度高峰出现在2-7月;缨翅目的密度高峰在8-12月,凋落物湿度过高或过低均使缨翅目密度降低;鞘翅目的密度高峰分别出现在5-8月、11月和翌年2月,而蠕形马陆亚纲的密度高峰期集中在5-6月,而其余月份的密度维持在低水平.蜱螨目(A)和弹尾目(C)个体数之比的大小不一定能反映同一气候带土壤动物的分布特征和规律,因为即使在同一地点,不同的采样时间也会造成A/C值差异悬殊.保留城市森林凋落物对提高城市森林土壤动物的多样性具有重要意义.     

Assemblages of surface-dwelling Collembolans in Moscow Province. 1. Structure and dynamics of meadow and forest complexes

Data on the species composition, structure, and seasonal changes in the dynamic density of surfaceactive Collembola communities in meadows and forests of Moscow Province are provided. A total of 27 epigeic species were recorded from May to October in four biotopes (18–24 in each biotope) using pitfall traps. All of the communities studied consist of 1–2 dominant species, several subdominants, and 11–19 rare species, with the prevalence of Entomobryomorpha and Symphypleona. The springtail communities in the studied forest and meadow biotopes are very similar in species composition but differ in the relative abundance of individual species. The total dynamic density of epigeic species was shown to vary during the season, being significantly dependent on the type of biotope and the time of survey. The maximum density was recorded at the beginning of the active season (May–June); the minimum density was observed in August.     

云南省三种典型气候带凋落物层弹尾类多样性分布格局

弹尾类是土壤动物中常见的优势类群,其作为土壤微食物网的重要组成部分,参与凋落物分解、土壤团聚体形成等重要生态过程。以往对弹尾类分布格局的研究通常关注其在不同海拔梯度或者不同生境类型下的分布情况,但在不同气候带下弹尾类多样性沿纬度分布格局仍不清楚。为讨论不同气候带下弹尾类沿纬度的分布格局及其潜在的环境影响机制,于2017年10月(雨季末期)在云南省同一经度(E 101°)分布的三种典型气候带设置海拔梯度样带:热带雨林(西双版纳,800 m、1000 m、1200 m、1400 m)、亚热带常绿阔叶林(哀牢山,2000 m、2200 m、2400 m、2600 m)、亚高山针叶林(丽江玉龙雪山,3200 m、3400 m、3600 m、3800 m),采集凋落物层弹尾类并调查分析土壤温度、土壤含水量、凋落物厚度、土壤pH、土壤容重及土壤孔隙度等环境因子。利用Berlese-Tullgren法收集土壤动物,共获得弹尾类19150只,隶属于10科29属,其中符■属(39.9%,等节■科)数量最多,其余优势属为棘■属(21.7%,棘■科)和球角■属(10.1%,球角■科),这3个属合计占总体的71.7%。凋落物层弹尾类的密度在亚高山针叶林明显高于热带雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林,弹尾类的属数排序由多到少依次为热带雨林、亚高山针叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林。通过最小二乘回归法对弹尾类多样性的海拔格局进行回归分析,得出弹尾类的丰富度指数(Margalef′s指数、Menhinick′s指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou均匀度指数)沿热带雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、亚高山针叶林呈单调递减格局。通过全模型子集回归筛选最佳环境模型表明,温度是影响弹尾类多样性沿不同气候带分布格局的主要环境因子。本研究为预测不同气候带下弹尾类多样性如何响应环境变化提供参考。     

Soil animal communities at five succession stages in the litter of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tiantong, China

Soil animals are abundant in forest litter layer, but little attention has been paid to the vertical distribution of community structure of soil animals in the layers at different plant community succession stages. The forest litter layer can be divided into fresh litter layer (L), fermentation layer (F) and humus layer (H), which may represent different litter decomposition stages. The aim of the study is to ascertain the vertical distribution features of soil animal communities among the three litter layers and the change in the succession process of the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest (EBLF) in Tiantong, Zhejiang Province, China. Soil animal communities in the five plant communities at different succession stages were investigated during the 2003 winter. Soil animals, which were collected by using Tullgren funnels, amounted to a total of 13 381 individuals falling into 2 phyla, 8 classes and 20 orders. The dominant groups were Acarina and Collembola, accounting for 94.24% of the total individuals, with the number of Acarina individuals 7.66 times than that of Collembola. The common group was Diptera. The results indicated that there was a distinctive vertical distribution of the soil animal communities in the forest litter layer, but it differed from that in soil below the litter layer. In contrast to those in the soil, the soil animals in the litter layer generally tended to increase in both group abundance and density from the top fresh litter layer to the bottom humus layer. Altogether 19 groups and 59.03% of total individuals were found in the bottom layer, while only 8 groups and 5.35% of the total individuals in the top. Moreover, there were some variations in the distribution of the soil animals at different plant succession stages. 85.19% of Homoptera and 100% of Symphyla were found in the litter layer at the climax succession stage, while 75.61% of Thysanoptera at the intermediate succession stage. Therefore, these groups might be seen as indicative groups. The total numbers of soil animal groups and individuals in the litter layers greatly changed in the succession process of the EBLF. They both were greatest at the climax, moderate at the intermediate and smallest at the primary succession stage. However, the main soil animal groups in the litter at the different succession stages were essentially the same. They were Acarina, Collembola, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Although similarity analysis revealed that the soil animal communities in the litter at the intermediate succession stage were most similar to those at the climax succession stage, they differed greatly from each other in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Shannon-Wiener index was highest at the climax succession stage and lowest at the intermediate succession stage. Finally, the paper discusses the following three questions: the role of soil animals as indicators for plant community succession; the role of different soil animal groups in the litter decomposition at different stages; and the major factors affecting the composition and distribution of soil animals in the litter. This paper provides a new perspective for the research on the succession mechanism of plant communities and the decomposition functions of soil animals. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25 (3) [译自: 生态学报, 2005,25(3)]     

Surface and leaf-litter arthropods in the coastal forests of Tanzania

Surface and leaf litter arthropod assemblages of the seasonal lowland coastal forests of eastern Tanzania were investigated from eleven sites over a 3-year period (1991–93). Pit-fall trap data show that four groups comprise more than 10% of the total sample: ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, 31%), grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera, 22%), beetles (Coleoptera: 17.39%) and spiders (Araneae: 13.48%). Arthropod abundance varies considerably with season, with greater total numbers of arthropods in all groups found in wetter periods. Arthropod abundance also varies considerably according to habitat, with greatest numbers found in forests with the most intact canopy cover, and in valley-bottom forest as compared to ridge-top forest; the valleys are normally both wetter and with a more complete and taller canopy. Tullgren Funnel data show that over 50% of the leaf litter fauna comprises tiny arthropods of the groups Collembola and Acarina. Abundance of arthropods in the leaf litter of these forests varies from a maximum of ≈ 16,000 m^–2, to a minimum of 780 m^–2. Abundance is highest in wetter periods, in the forest areas with the most intact canopy cover, and in valley-bottom as opposed to ridge-top habitats.     

Arthropod Abundance and Diversity in a Lowland Tropical Forest Floor in Panama: The Role of Habitat Space vs. Nutrient Concentrations

Tropical forest floor characteristics such as depth and nutrient concentrations are highly heterogeneous even over small spatial scales and it is unclear how these differences contribute to patchiness in forest floor arthropod abundance and diversity. In a lowland tropical forest in Panama we experimentally increased litter standing crop by removing litter from five plots (L−) and adding it to five other plots (L+); we had five control plots. After 32 mo of treatments we investigated how arthropod abundance and diversity were related to differences in forest floor physical (mass, depth, water content) and chemical properties (pH, nutrient concentrations). Forest floor mass and total arthropod abundance were greater in L+ plots compared with controls. There were no treatment differences in nutrient concentrations, pH or water content of the organic horizons. Over all plots, the mass of the fermentation horizon (Oe) was greater than the litter horizon (Oi); arthropod diversity and biomass were also greater in the Oe horizon but nutrient concentrations tended to be higher in the Oi horizon. Arthropod abundance was best explained by forest floor mass, while arthropod diversity was best explained by phosphorus, calcium and sodium concentrations in the Oi horizon and by phosphorus concentrations in the Oe horizon. Differences in arthropod community composition between treatments and horizons correlated with phosphorus concentration and dry mass of the forest floor. We conclude that at a local scale, arthropod abundance is related to forest floor mass (habitat space), while arthropod diversity is related to forest floor nutrient concentrations (habitat quality).