北京密云两种蛀果类害虫的发生及防治

桃蛀果蛾与梨小食心虫是北京密云县燕落果树产区的主要蛀果类害虫 ,我们对两种食心虫的发生及其生物学特性进行了观察 ,并提出了防治两种食心虫的综合技术措施 ,使蛀果率由原来的年平均6 0 %降至 2 %。     

不同人工干扰条件下枸杞园害虫的风险性评估与防治策略

在农田生物群落害虫亚群落中,成灾性害虫爆发的事件多为群落内部与环境的不稳定因素共同作用的结果.本文建立了枸杞害虫风险评估体系的2亚体系、5方面、14个指标的综合评价系统,并同时运用害虫风险指数法与经验公式法对宁夏不同人工干扰条件下枸杞园主要害虫进行了风险性分析.结果表明：两种方法的分析结果基本一致,自生园枸杞瘿螨、枸杞蚜虫、枸杞木虱为频发性成灾害虫,枸杞负泥虫、枸杞实蝇、枸杞红瘿蚊、枸杞蛀果蛾为偶发性成灾害虫;有机园频发性成灾害虫与自生园一致,枸杞裸蓟马、枸杞红瘿蚊、枸杞蛀果蛾为偶发性成灾害虫;化防园枸杞瘿螨、枸杞蚜虫、枸杞木虱、枸杞裸蓟马为频发性成灾害虫,枸杞红瘿蚊、枸杞蛀果蛾为偶发性成灾害虫.对枸杞园害虫亚群落的分割为最优5分割,分别为萌芽期、盛发Ⅰ期、休眠期、盛发Ⅱ期和衰退期.相关系数矩阵表明,不同人工干扰条件下枸杞园害虫种群动态显著相关,说明不同人工干扰条件下枸杞园害虫种群动态基本一致,每年均有两个建群期,一个指数增长期.综上确定萌芽期中后期至盛发Ⅰ期前期、盛发Ⅰ期中期、休眠期晚期至盛发Ⅱ期前期为最佳防治阶段,是控制害虫的关键时期.     

中国蛀果蛾科分类学整理及新种记述(鳞翅目：粪蛾总科)

记载中国蛀果蛾科昆虫8属23种（亚种）,其中有中国2新纪录：断斑洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis excisa Walsingham和日本拟蛀果蛾Alexotypa japonica (Walsingham）及2新种：天目坚蛀果蛾Archostola tianmushana sp.nov.和五峰洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis wufengensis sp.nov.。文中给出了中国蛀果蛾科分种检索表和中国新纪录及新种的特征图。     

山茱萸蛀果蛾幼虫触角和口器感器的超微形态

【目的】探索寄主范围不同的蛀果蛾科(Carposinidae)幼虫感器之间是否存在差异。【方法】采用扫描电子显微镜观察了为害山茱萸Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.的单食性蛀果害虫--山茱萸蛀果蛾Carposina coreana Kim老熟幼虫触角和口器感器的超微形态。【结果】山茱萸蛀果蛾幼虫触角柄节未见感器分布, 梗节上有2个刺形感器和3个锥形感器, 鞭节上有1个栓锥感器和3个锥形感器。口器上共有6种感器： 刺形感器数量多, 分布广; 栓锥感器主要分布在颚叶、 下颚须和下唇须上; 指形感器位于内唇和下颚须端节侧缘; 锥形感器和板形感器仅存在于下颚上; 内唇感器为内唇所特有。【结论】蛀果蛾幼虫触角和口器的感器与寄主范围之间未发现严格的对应关系。     

弧蛀果蛾属研究及三新种记述(鳞翅目： 粪蛾总科，蛀果蛾科)

本文记录世界弧蛀果蛾属Commatarcha昆虫11种,其中中国有7种,包括3个新种： 窄弧蛀果蛾C. angustiptera sp. Nov.,梵净弧蛀果蛾C. fanjingshana sp. Nov.和桂弧蛀果蛾C. guangxiensis sp. Nov.。文中给出了世界弧蛀果蛾属分种检索表和新种的特征图。     

中国蛀果斑螟属分类研究(鳞翅目:螟蛾科:斑螟亚科)

对中国蛀果斑螟属Assara Walker进行了系统研究,结果表明我国该属有昆虫共11种;突蛀果斑螟As-sara tumidula sp.nov,该种与白斑蛀果斑螟A.korbi(Caradja)相似,两者前翅后缘中部都有一白斑,但新种沿前翅前缘仅有一块白色区域,雄性外生殖器抱器瓣末端略微膨大,呈指状,阳茎端基环两侧臂锥形,雌性外生殖器第8腹节的长大于宽,后表皮突达第8腹节前缘,囊导管端部1/3加宽;蔺江蛀果斑螟A.linjiangensis sp.nov,该种与仓白蛀果斑螟A.palliaella Yamanaka在外形上相似,但前翅有3个黑色圆点,亚外缘线模糊,雌性外生殖器的后表皮突仅达第8腹节后缘,囊突新月形;苍白蛀果斑螟A.pallidella Yamanaka,中国新纪录种;井上蛀果斑螟A.inouei Yamanaka,中国新纪录种;芒果蛀果斑螟A.seminivalis(Turner)中国新纪录种寄主是芒果Mangifera indicaL.和银叶树Heritiera littoralis Aiton;白斑蛀果斑螟A.korbi(Caradja)取食鸦胆子Rhus javanica(L.)上的五倍子;丽江蛀果斑螟A.incredibilis Roesler;黑松蛀果斑螟A.funerella(Ragonot)寄主为黑松Pinus thunbergii Parl;松蛀果斑螟A.hoeneella Roesler寄主马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb;台湾蛀果斑螟A.formosana Yoshiyasu取食栓叶安息香Styrax suberifolia Hook.et Arn,上蚜虫的虫瘿;白缘蛀果斑螟A.albicostalis Walker。文中编制了中国蛀果斑螟属的分种检索表,并提供了新种和新纪录种的外生殖器特征图,研究标本包括新种模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

寄生松球果蛀虫的缺沟姬蜂属一中国新记录种

报道寄生松球果钻蛀害虫的缺沟姬蜂属1中国新记录:枞缺沟姬蜂LissonotasapineaTownes,Momoi&Townes,1965。标本保存在国家林业局森林病虫害防治总站。     

湿度对梨小食心虫存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确湿度变化对梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)在果实外各阶段存活率和蛀果率的影响及湿度对害虫最终存活率产生影响的关键阶段。【方法】在室内相对湿度25%,40%,55%,70%和85%条件下,记录和分析梨小食心虫的产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫化蛹率、蛹羽化率以及产卵、化蛹和羽化时间。【结果】湿度高低对化蛹率没有影响,供试的5种相对湿度下,化蛹率均为100%;但湿度对产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、蛹羽化率和世代存活率均有显著影响,湿度越高,各阶段存活率、幼虫蛀果率和世代存活率也越高。不同虫态存活对湿度要求从高到低依次为:幼虫蛀果期成虫期卵期蛹期老熟幼虫期。湿度对害虫世代存活率产生显著影响主要发生在幼虫蛀果期、成虫期和卵孵化期。同时,湿度提高利于成虫产卵、化蛹和羽化,反之发育延缓。【结论】湿度会显著影响梨小食心虫各阶段的存活率、幼虫蛀果率和繁殖,成虫盛发期、卵期和蛀果期的湿度影响害虫种群数量和蛀果率的关键阶段。     

番茄二代棉铃虫发生期预测技术研究

<正> 棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hubner)是番茄主要蛀果害虫,在北京1年发生4代。二代为害最重,一般年份平均蛀果损失5％左右,重发生年达10％以上,严重地块40～70％。1984年我们对棉铃虫二代卵峰期开展了测报技术研究,取得了明显效果,现介绍如下。     

寄生松球果蛀虫的缺沟姬蜂属—中国新记录种

报道寄生松球果钻蛀害虫的缺沟姬蜂属1中国新记录：枞缺沟姬蜂Lissonota sapinea Townes,Momoi＆Townes．1965。标本保存在国家林业局森林病虫害防治总站。     

北方果树食心虫远程便捷识别系统

针对目前果树食心虫识别方法实用性差、效率低、准确性不高的问题,开发了北方果树食心虫的远程便捷识别系统。本系统以科学性和实用性相结合为准则,创新性的以"果树种类"→"果树生育期"→"取食部位"→"受害状"→"虫体粗略特征"→"虫体细微特征"为逻辑,模拟果农识别食心虫时由表及里,由内到外,由粗及细的过程,并由此建立了远程便捷识别诊断的模型。总结苹果、梨、枣、桃、杏5种果树在萌芽、开花、抽枝、展叶和座果5个生育阶段时,桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫、桃蛀螟等14种常见食心虫在果树的芽、花、枝、叶和果实上取食的危害状,食心虫的粗略和细微识别特征及食心虫的发生规律、预测预报和防治方法等详细信息。按识别诊断模型的逻辑编写识别检索表,并建立果树发育阶段、果树受害部位及各种食心虫的信息数据库,及匹配的图片信息数据库。利用VBScript程序表达模型的逻辑关系,通过搭建web平台,基于Windows Server2003的IIS6.0架构本系统,实现了远程数据共享,即北方果树食心虫的远程便捷识别系统。本系统包含了北方果树上主要食心虫各方面信息,且操作快捷简单,较传统的食心虫分类大大提高了效率,为果园的食心虫识别和防治提供了极大的便利。     

贵阳地区豆野螟和亮灰蝶的生物学特性

在贵阳地区,豆野螟Maruca testulalis Geyer和亮灰蝶Lampides boeticus(L．)是豇豆的主要钻蛀性害虫,其田间虫口之和占钻蛀性害虫虫口总量的99．9％;它们每年均可完成5个世代,7月上旬～8月上旬田间虫口达最高峰,对豇豆等多种豆类蔬菜的产量和品质危害极大。该文报道这2种害虫的生物学特性和田间种群消长规律,包括各代田间可见时间(从卵至成虫)、各虫态历期、发育速率、发育起点温度、有效积温等,结合本研究结果及国内相关文献探讨了2种钻心虫的某些生物学特性和防治对策。     

Diversity and abundance of lepidopteran stem borers and their host plants in Ethiopia

Lepidopteran stem borers are among the most important insect pests of maize, sorghum and sugarcane in sub‐Saharan Africa. Except for Chilo partellus, the other stem borer pests in Ethiopia are indigenous to Africa and are assumed to have coevolved with some native grasses and sedges in the natural habitat. In addition to pest species, natural habitats harbour diverse non‐economic stem borer species, some of which are new to science. However, with the growing threats to natural habitats, some non‐economic stem borer species may switch or expand their host ranges to include cultivated crops and evolve as “new” pests. Besides host switch, some of the unknown species currently limited to natural habitats may disappear. We examined the diversity, abundance and interactions of lepidopteran stem borers and their wild host plants in five different vegetation mosaics in Ethiopia. The stem borer species diversity varied among vegetation mosaics and host plants. Forty‐four stem borer species belonging to 14 different genera in the families of Noctuidae, Crambidae, Pyralidae and Tortricidae were recorded from 34 wild host plants and through light trap. Among these families, Noctuidae was the highest in species richness in which 31 species were identified, out of which 15 species and two genera were new to science. This paper discusses the ecological interpretation of host plant–stem borer species interactions, particularly in relation to habitat disturbances.     

我国稻螟灾害的现状及损失估计

我国稻螟为害的确切记载始于 1 0 2 2年。 2 0世纪 5 0年代中期以前 ,以二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker)为害为主。此后十几年中 ,三化螟Tryporyzaincertulas(Walker)普遍大发生。 70年代 ,我国螟害轻微。 1 993年 ,二化螟急剧回升 ,三化螟也随之回升。 1 996年 2种稻螟大发生 ,此后连年暴发成灾。目前我国螟灾的主要特点是虫口密度高、受害范围广、受害程度重、持续时间长、经济损失大。首要螟灾区是沿江稻区 ,二化螟和三化螟分别约占 2 3和 1 3。全国年发面积约 1 5 0 0万hm2 ,防治约 3 80 0万hm2 次。该文首次估计年防治代价约 45 7～ 60亿元 ,残虫造成作物损失近 65亿元 ,总经济损失约 1 1 5亿元。由此可见 ,当前稻螟已取代稻飞虱、棉铃虫成为影响我国国计民生的头号害虫。     

Constitutive expression of a cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene,CpTi, in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to two major rice insect pests

The gene encoding a cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI), which confers insect resistance in trangenic tobacco, was introduced into rice. Expression of the CpTi gene driven by the constitutively active promoter of the rice actin 1 gene (Act1) leads to high-level accumulation of the CpTI protein in transgenic rice plants. Protein extracts from transgenic rice plants exhibit a strong inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin, suggesting that the proteinase inhibitor produced in transgenic rice is functionally active. Small-scale field tests showed that the transgenic rice plants expressing the CpTi gene had significantly increased resistance to two species of rice stem borers, which are major rice insect pests. Our results suggest that the cowpea trypsin inhibitor may be useful for the control of rice insect pests.     

Species diversity and distribution of lepidopteran stem borers in South Africa and Mozambique

Country‐wide surveys of lepidopteran stem borers in wild host plants were undertaken between 2006 and 2009 in South Africa and 2005 and 2010 in Mozambique. A total of 4438 larvae were collected from 65 wild host plants in South Africa and 1920 larvae from 30 wild host plants in Mozambique. In South Africa and Mozambique, 50 and 39 stem borer species were recovered, respectively, with four new species and two new genera among noctuids. Less than 5% of the total number of species collected are considered to be economically important in Africa. These species were Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Noctuidae), Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae). Data from this study and others in East Africa on the very low abundance of stem borers in wild host plants question the putative role of wild host plants as reservoir for stem borer pests. One new host plant family (Prioniaceae), as well as 24 and 13 wild hosts from South Africa and Mozambique respectively, was added to the list of known hosts in Africa.     

Pest management through tropical tree conservation

Tropical trees can provide various ecological services to adjacent agricultural environments, including maintaining and amplifying the numbers of beneficial insects. In Mexico, certain tree species harbor a diverse guild of hymenopteran parasitoids that attack pest fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and are at the same time sources of valuable hardwood timber. Indigenous trees and their associated fauna are slowly disappearing due to forest clearance and the expansion of crop monocultures. Here we explore the relationship among pest and non-pest fruit flies, their fruit-hosts and parasitoids in the context of mango orchards and surrounding patches of uncultivated vegetation and propose a novel mechanism to use these associations in favor of conservation purposes and pest management. Trees of conservation biological control interest are classified as: (1) parasitoid multiplier plants, species that serve as alternate hosts for key fruit fly pests when their commercial hosts are not available, but in which they are unusually vulnerable to parasitism; (2) parasitoid reservoir plants, native or introduced trees in whose fruits non-pest fruit flies serve as hosts to generalist parasitoids that are able to attack pest tephritids in other species of commercially grown fruit; and (3) pest-based parasitoid reservoir plants, native or introduced species that are not economically important locally, but which harbor fruit flies that would be pests in other circumstances and that serve as hosts for parasitoids of the important pests in the vicinity. Protection, multiplication and dissemination of such tree species has the potential to increase the number of naturally produced fruit fly parasitoids and could assist in the management of tephritid pests in areas where destruction of forests has impoverished the historical sources of fruit fly natural enemies. Tropical forest conservation may help resource-poor farmers reduce crop losses, increase biodiversity within fruit-growing regions and conserve native forests for both conservation purposes and commercial use of native hardwoods.     

A review of sugarcane stem borers and their natural enemies in Asia and Indian Ocean Islands: an Australian perspective

This paper provides a review on lepidopteran stem borer pests of graminaceous crops in Asia and Indian Ocean Islands which have the potential to invade Australia. Information on the geographical distribution, host plants and potential of invading Australia is provided for 36 stem borer species. A literature review of all natural enemies of 18 key pest species is provided. A knowledge of possible biological control options is essential to determine which natural enemies are to be considered for introduction following an incursion. The Braconid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), stands out as a promising candidate for introduction into Australia following a borer incursion. Studies are currently being conducted on a native Cotesia species in Australia, which may be able to parasitize larvae of exotic borers, therefore minimizing the need for other parasitoids introductions.     

The fruit fly scourge: has Zimbabwe been spared?

We conducted a questionnaire survey to assess fruit growers’ knowledge and practices regarding fruit fly pests and a fruit fly trapping inspection to capture any fruit fly species present at 10 points of 23 wards of Marondera district. Most growers were not aware of the pest, although they had reported that fruits were rotting in orchards. Most growers therefore took no action against fruit flies on their farms. The trapping inspection confirmed that three fruit fly species, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Dacus, are already present in Zimbabwe in general and in Marondera district in particular and the Bactrocera species dominates. There is a need for government, through extension agents, and other stakeholders to compile and communicate accurate data on the presence and status of the fruit fly in addition to investing in the continuous monitoring of the pest.     

Agroforestry management affects coffee pests contingent on season and developmental stage

1 Management of vegetational diversity in agroecosystems is a potentially regulating factor of pest population dynamics and may affect developmental stages in different ways.
2 We investigated the population dynamics of red spider mites, coffee leaf miners, and coffee berry borers in three management types of coffee agroforests: increasing plant diversity from a few shade tree species (simple-shade agroforests), intermediate-shade tree species (complex-shade agroforests) to high-shade tree species (abandoned coffee agroforests) in Ecuador. Furthermore, we studied how changes in agroforestry management affect population stage structure of each coffee pest.
3 Our results show that agroforestry management affected seasonal patterns of coffee pests in that higher densities of red spider mites were observed from August to December, coffee leaf miners from December to February, and coffee berry borers from May to July. Moreover, specific developmental stages of red spider mites, coffee leaf miners, and coffee berry borers differed in their responses to agroforestry management. During all stages, red spider mite reached higher densities in simple-shade agroforests compared with complex-shade and abandoned agroforests. Meanwhile, coffee leaf miner densities decreased from simple-shade to complex-shade and abandoned agroforests, but only for larvae, not pupae. Similarly, only coffee berry borer adults (but not eggs, larvae and pupae) demonstrated a response to agroforestry management. Environmental variables characterizing each agroforestry type proved to be important drivers of pest population densities in the field.
4 We emphasize the importance of considering seasonal differences and population structure while investigating arthropod responses to different habitat types because responses change with time and developmental stages.