云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带蚂蚁物种多样性

哀牢山地处青藏高原、横断山地和云贵高原三大自然地理区域的结合部,在这样一个特殊的地理气候区域内栖息着怎样的蚂蚁群落?不同海拔高度引起的气候条件差异导致蚂蚁群落结构和多样性产生了怎样的差异?为了揭示这一科学问题,本文采用样带法、样地调查法和多样性指标法研究了哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带的蚂蚁物种多样性。在哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带记录蚂蚁7亚科47属150种,喜马毛蚁(Lasiushimalayanus)是蚂蚁群落的优势种,同时发现常见种2个,较常见种20个,较稀有种55个,稀有种72个,稀有种占了物种总数的48.00%。东坡4个垂直带蚂蚁群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数顺序为:中南段>北段>中北段>南段。相关性分析显示蚂蚁的物种数和多样性指数与海拔存在显著负相关性,物种数、个体密度和多样性指数与乔木郁闭度存在显著负相关性。蚂蚁群落在海拔梯度间表现出高度的不相似性和强烈的更替模式,不同垂直带间的蚂蚁群落同样表现出高度的不相似性和强烈的更替格局。哀牢山自然保护区东坡各垂直带蚂蚁物种数、个体密度、多样性指数总体上随海拔升高而降低,主要受海拔和气温因素制...     

山东曲阜地区蚂蚁群落结构及物种多样性研究

通过诱捕法和样方调查法获得曲阜地区蚂蚁4亚科15属19种。优势种为菱结大头蚁（Pheidole rhombino-da)、粗面收获蚁（Messor aciculatus)和异色草蚁（Lasius alienus),前2种亦是研究区域的广布种。根据调查数据分析了该地区5种生境中蚂蚁群落的结构及多样性特征,以及人为干扰和生境异质性对蚂蚁群落的影响。结果表明：5种生物中蚂蚁群落种类组成和多样性等指标均不相同。落叶阔叶林中蚂蚁群落种类数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）和Pielou均匀度指数（J）最高;人工杨树林中蚂蚁群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）最低;河滩草丛中蚂蚁巢数、个体数以及种类优势度指数（D）最高。人类干扰越强的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越低;生境质量和异质性越高的生境,蚂蚁群落多样性指数越高。聚类分析与群落结构序列分析结果基本一致,人工杨树林与人居环境中蚂蚁群落相似性最高,其他几个生境蚂蚁群落间相似性很低。同种蚂蚁在不同生境中巢穴和蚁群大小有差异。     

红火蚁入侵对人为干扰区蚂蚁群落结构及多样性的影响

【目的】研究红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren入侵人为干扰区域后对本地蚂蚁群落建立及物种多样性的影响,为有效控制红火蚁进一步扩散蔓延提供科学依据。【方法】以广州市花都区花东镇保良村安置区为典型案例,调查研究了安置区外围(非人为干扰区)、安置区(人为干扰区)内的楼房区、草坪绿化地、荒地3种生境的蚂蚁种类和数量,分析其群落结构及多样性指数。【结果】(1)安置区外围诱集到25种蚂蚁,以黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius、褐大头蚁Pheidole megacephala Fabricius为优势种,而在安置内仅诱集到13种,红火蚁占绝对优势;红火蚁入侵定殖显著降低了安置区内蚂蚁种群的多样性、均匀度和丰富度,而优势度及优势集中性指数却显著升高,其对安置区外围的农业生态系统影响较小。(2)安置区内草坪绿化地、荒地生境中红火蚁的比例占90%以上,而在楼房区中红火蚁的比例仅为29.11%;红火蚁在草坪绿化地、荒地的优势种占绝对优势,其优势度指数、优势集中性指数与楼房区差异极显著;在安置区内,红火蚁在人类极少活动的荒地发生较重,偶尔活动的草坪区发生次之,经常活动的楼房区极少发生。【结论】入侵红火蚁与本地蚂蚁在人为干扰区共同定殖时,红火蚁入侵显著降低了人为干扰区内的蚂蚁群落多样性,但其红火蚁的发生程度与人类日常活动呈反比。     

红火蚁对新入侵龙眼园和荒草地蚂蚁类群多样性的影响

于2007年7月至2008年2月期间在增城龙眼园及周边的荒草地人工移殖1蚁巢及10蚁巢红火蚁,并采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法调查研究红火蚁对新入侵龙眼园区和荒草地区蚂蚁类群多样性的影响。结果表明,在荫蔽、少干扰的龙眼园和杂草茂密、少干扰的未割草区,红火蚁难以成功定殖,对这两种生境蚂蚁类群的多样性几乎没有影响;在红火蚁成功定殖的1蚁巢割草区和10蚁巢割草区,红火蚁以这两种密度入侵对蚂蚁类群多样性的影响程度不同。在1蚁巢割草区,红火蚁入侵后5个月期间,由于其数量占蚂蚁个体总数的比例很少,对蚂蚁类群多样性的影响很小;在红火蚁成功定殖5个月后,第6—7个月其工蚁所占比例增加,蚂蚁类群个体数和优势度下降,多样性和均匀度增加;第8—9个月其工蚁所占比例继续增加,而蚂蚁个体数、多样性和均匀度下降,优势度增加。在10蚁巢割草区,红火蚁入侵后,蚂蚁类群个体数、多样性和均匀度下降,优势度增加。红火蚁入侵对1蚁巢割草区和10蚁巢割草区蚂蚁物种数的影响较小。     

滇东南地区的蚂蚁物种多样性

为了全面揭示云南蚂蚁多样性规律,采用样地调查法研究了滇东南地区的蚂蚁物种多样性。结果表明:在滇东南地区5个垂直带共采获蚂蚁7亚科57属202种;各样地蚂蚁群落主要指标为:物种数目6～49种(平均24种),个体密度0.7～5 943.6头/m~2(平均560.5头/m~2),多样性指数0.1693～2.6382(平均1.6574),均匀度指数0.0771～0.8022(平均0.5468),优势度指数0.0012～0.9031(平均0.2733);蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.0333～0.3810,处于极不相似至中等不相似水平。结论认为,滇东南地区栖息着丰富的蚂蚁种类,在生态系统功能和生物多样性保护中具有重要价值。垂直带上蚂蚁物种的丰富度和多样性主要受气温制约,具体表现为纬度和海拔对蚂蚁群落的影响。该地区蚂蚁群落主要指标普遍表现出多域效应现象,除了地形和森林结构因素外,主要受到人类干扰影响,应当结合天然林保护工程对该地区蚂蚁群落加以保护,以便充分发挥其生态功能。     

地表蚂蚁在云南萨王纳地区植被恢复过程中的指示作用

为了查清地表蚂蚁在萨王纳地区人工植被恢复过程中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了云南省萨王纳地区人工林和自然植被地表蚂蚁多样性。(1)群落物种组成:采集蚂蚁40467头,隶属于5亚科19属47种。扁平虹臭蚁Iridomyrmes anceps是保护较好自然植被的常见种;而迈氏小家蚁Monomorium mayri是干扰较大的自然植被及多数人工林的常见种。(2)多度和α多样性:在人工林中,印楝林地表蚂蚁群落多度和α多样性最高,桉树林次之,新银合欢林最低。(3)群落相似性及β多样性:印楝林地表蚂蚁群落与自然植被灌草丛较接近,而其它人工林蚂蚁物种组成不相似;新银合欢林β多样性最高,βCs值在0.481—0.935;印楝林较低,βCs值在0.200—0.478。(4)相关性分析:地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度S值及ACE值和草本植物群落S值及ACE值均正相关。印楝林和桉树林具有较高的α多样性,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义;而新银合欢林是生境极度退化区域的重要植被恢复模式之一,这3种人工林对于萨王纳地区植被恢复具有重要作用。蚂蚁群落α多样性能够作为生物多样性的指示物,指示云南萨王纳地区植被恢复中生物多样性的状况。     

红火蚁入侵对广东多种生境中蚂蚁类群的影响

采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法研究了深圳红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁的类群多样性和相似性.结果表明:草坪和荒草地红火蚁发生区域的蚂蚁物种数明显减少,且草坪中蚂蚁种类减少的程度(6种)大于荒草地 (3种).红火蚁入侵后荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的蚂蚁优势种发生了明显改变,红火蚁替代了原来的优势蚂蚁种类,在数量上占据了主导地位,在荒草地和草坪这种优势种的改变更为明显.对蚂蚁类群指数的分析表明:红火蚁入侵荒草地和草坪后蚂蚁类群的多样性、均匀度降低,优势度明显增大;而荔枝园中蚂蚁类群多样性指数、均匀度指数均增大,优势度指数降低.荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁类群相似性系数不同,分别为0.6316、0.5882和0.2941.     

云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落多样性研究

为探究云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落结构及多样性,掌握昆虫群落多样性发展变化的时空动态,进一步明确紫花三叉白及害虫的种类和发生时间,为害虫防控提供理论参考依据,本研究采用棋盘式取样法,通过定时定点和大范围随机普查的方法,于2016年对云南省普洱市紫花三叉白及标记的样点进行了系统调查。调查期间共调查到节肢动物76种,分属于4纲12目56科。其中植食性节肢动物亚群落46种,分属于34科;捕食类节肢动物亚群落14种,分属于10科;寄生性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于8科;中性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于6科。其中科数及物种数最多为双翅目,个体数量最多的为膜翅目。对昆虫群落的多样性指数分析结果表明:双翅目昆虫群落丰富度最高,蜘蛛目优势度指数最高,多样性指数与均匀度均是膜翅目最高。时间上,6月物种数与多样性指数均最大,4月个体数量最多。不同类群分析结果为,植食性节肢动物群落物种数量最多,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定。通过黄板及扫网采集,物种数量的变化趋势与总群落变化趋势基本保持一致,总群落个体数与物种数的变化基本由黄板与扫网采集到的类群主导。通过调查及分析可知,紫花三叉白及节肢动物群落物种数量变化基本由植食类类群主导,节肢动物群落的稳定性较高,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定,非天敌亚群落的群落多样性与个体数量的变化趋势基本一致;物种丰富度与物种均匀度变化趋势基本一致;优势集中性与优势度随时间变化趋势基本一致。进入雨季之后,个体数量有较大幅度的降低,而持续性降雨与暴雨天气是导致个体数量迅速减少的重要因素。     

延安人工林区小型兽类群落的季节动态

利用生物量、物种数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等变量, 对延安人工林区小型兽类群落的季节性变化进行了调查。选择生物量作为小型兽类的优势度指标, 分析了小型兽类优势度的季节性变化及在不同生境的表现。共捕获小型兽类9 种, 分属2 目3 科, 优势种为达乌尔鼠兔和中华鼢鼠甘肃亚种; 小型兽类群落4 种变量的季节变化与小型兽类种群生物量的季节变化关系密切; 延安人工林区小型兽类群落优势种的季节性决定着群落生物量的季节性, 普通种和稀有种的季节性决定着物种数和多样性的季节性; 延安人工林区9 种小型兽类存在不同的时空组合; 中华鼢鼠是唯一在各季节和所有生境中分布的种类; 夏、秋季刺槐人工林区、杂草灌丛区达乌尔鼠兔优势度极高。     

贵州部分森林群落物种多样性初步研究

 本文根据贵州省178个森林群落样地的数据研究了群落物种的多样性。测定的指标有群 落物种丰富度,群落Simpson多样性指数和群落均匀度。测定结果表明;不同垂直带生物气 候条件下的森林群落有不同的多样性。相同垂直带生物气候条件下,基质生境相同时,不同森林植被亚型的群落的多样性近似,基质生境不同时,群落多样性则不同;同一群落类型的各个样地的多样性也有变化,结构不同的群落个体,其多样性指数不同,演替趋势也不同。乔木第二亚层的多样性普遍地高于乔木第一亚层。同一演替系列中,越接近顶极阶段多样性越高。多样性指数与群落物种丰富度,均匀度呈紧密的正相关,与群落个体总数没有相关。认为多样性测定在比较、说明群落的结构、类型、组织特征、生境、演替等方面有一定意义。     

祁连山国家公园青海片区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

本研究采用样地调查法研究了祁连山国家公园青海片区的蚂蚁物种多样性.在祁连山国家公园青海片区记录蚂蚁2亚科、6属、13种,发现1个中国新记录种:沃尔切胸蚁Temnthorax volgensis(Ruzsky),发现7个青海新记录种.光亮黑蚁 Formica candida Smith、满凹头蚁 Formica manc...     

河南商丘森林公园蚂蚁多样性研究

2005年5月下旬和8月下旬,在河南商丘森林公园选择林区、灌丛、草地、果园、人居区5种生境,采用陷阱诱捕法和样方调查法采集蚂蚁,共获蚂蚁7680头,隶属6亚科17属21种。优势种为铺道蚁Tetramoriumcaespitum(L.)和中国厚结蚁Pachycondyla chinensis(Emery)。蚂蚁多样性指数均以林区最高,人居区最低。各生境蚂蚁群落相似性较高,相似性系数在0.4706～0.8000之间。结果显示,蚂蚁的多样性受多种环境因子影响,蚂蚁群落在人为干扰的各种生境中已发生较大的变化。     

紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响

2009年12月至2010年5月,采用陷阱法在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了紫胶林地表蚂蚁群落多样性,分析了紫胶虫蜜露对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响.结果表明:紫胶虫蜜露资源的有无及变动对地表蚂蚁群落物种组成、多度及多样性均产生影响.在紫胶林样地共采集蚂蚁标本4953头,隶属5亚科23属34种,在对照样地共采集蚂蚁标本2416头,隶属5亚科20属30种;紫胶林地表蚂蚁相对多度、物种丰富度(S)及ACE估计值均高于对照样地,地表蚂蚁常见种和指示种均与对照样地不同,表明放养紫胶虫改变了地表蚂蚁群落结构;紫胶虫成虫期蜜露分泌量高于幼虫期,其地表蚂蚁相对多度、S及ACE估计值也高于幼虫期,且两阶段的蚂蚁常见种和指示种显著不同.     

Imported fire ants near the edge of their range: disturbance and moisture determine prevalence and impact of an invasive social insect

1.?Habitat disturbance and species invasions interact in natural systems, making it difficult to isolate the primary cause of ecosystem degradation. A general understanding requires case studies of how disturbance and invasion interact across a variety of ecosystem - invasive species combinations. 2.?Dramatic losses in ant diversity followed the invasion of central Texas by red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). However, recent manipulative studies in Florida revealed no effect on ant diversity following the removal of S.?invicta from a disturbed pasture habitat, but moderate loss of diversity associated with their introduction into undisturbed habitat and no invasion occurred without disturbance. Thus, the importance of S.?invicta in driving diversity loss and its ability to invade undisturbed systems is unresolved. 3.?We examine the distribution and abundance of a large monogyne S.?invicta population and its association with the co-occurring ant assemblage at a site in south Texas close to the aridity tolerance limit of S.?invicta. 4.?We document that moisture modulates S.?invicta densities. Further, soil disturbing habitat manipulations greatly increase S.?invicta population densities. However, S.?invicta penetrates all habitats regardless of soil disturbance history. In contrast, controlled burns depress S.?invicta densities. 5.?In habitats where S.?invicta is prevalent, it completely replaces native fire ants. However, S.?invicta impacts native ants as a whole less strongly. Intriguingly, native ants responded distinctly to S.?invicta in different environments. In wet, undisturbed environments, high S.?invicta abundance disrupts the spatial structure of the ant assemblage by increasing clumping and is associated with reduced species density, while in dry-disturbed habitats, sites with high S.?invicta abundance possess high numbers of native species. Analyses of co-occurrence indicate that reduced species density in wet-undisturbed sites arises from negative species interactions between native ants and S.?invicta. However, these same data suggest that the high native species density of abundant S.?invicta sites in dry-disturbed environments does not result from facilitation. 6.?Monogyne S.?invicta populations play different roles in different environments, driving ant diversity loss in some, but being largely symptomatic of habitat disturbance in others.     

Ant diversity and distribution in Acadia National Park, Maine

Exotic ant species are a primary threat to ant biological diversity, posing a negative impact to native ant communities. In this study, we examine species richness of ants (family Formicidae) in Acadia National Park, ME, as a fundamental step toward understanding the present impact of the exotic species Myrmica rubra on native ant species. Twelve habitat types were sampled, along six transects, with pitfall traps, visual searching, bait traps, and leaf litter extraction, and the aid of 34 volunteers. We report 42 species of ants in Acadia National Park, comprising five subfamilies (Amblyoponinae, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae) and 15 genera; the cataloged species represents 75% of the species originally recorded in the area by Procter (1946). Our findings suggest M. rubra is currently not a dominant species throughout the entire island. However, where this species has invaded locally, few competing native species coexist. The species Lasius alienus, Formica subsericea, Myrmica detritinodis, Camponotus herculeanus, Formica argentea, Formica aserva, and Tapinoma sessile occurred most often in our survey. We report the ant species Amblyopone pallipes and Dolichoderus mariae as two new records for the state of Maine.     

成都地区居室庭院蚂蚁区系及群落相似性分析

对成都地区居室庭院环境中的蚂蚁种类进行了调查,发现成都地区居室庭院蚂蚁种类有26种,隶属于3个亚科,12属。按地理和气候环境将成都地区蚂蚁区系划分为4个动物地理区域,对其种类组成、分布和区系特点进行了分析和讨论,根据群落相似性系数的比较,讨论了成都地区居室庭院蚂蚁群落的稳定性。     

Highly similar microbial communities are shared among related and trophically similar ant species

Ants dominate many terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about their nutritional physiology and ecology. While traditionally viewed as predators and scavengers, recent isotopic studies revealed that many dominant ant species are functional herbivores. As with other insects with nitrogen-poor diets, it is hypothesized that these ants rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutritional supplementation. In this study, we used cloning and 16S sequencing to further characterize the bacterial flora of several herbivorous ants, while also examining the beta diversity of bacterial communities within and between ant species from different trophic levels. Through estimating phylogenetic overlap between these communities, we tested the hypothesis that ecologically or phylogenetically similar groups of ants harbor similar microbial flora. Our findings reveal: (i) clear differences in bacterial communities harbored by predatory and herbivorous ants; (ii) notable similarities among communities from distantly related herbivorous ants and (iii) similar communities shared by different predatory army ant species. Focusing on one herbivorous ant tribe, the Cephalotini, we detected five major bacterial taxa that likely represent the core microbiota. Metabolic functions of bacterial relatives suggest that these microbes may play roles in fixing, recycling, or upgrading nitrogen. Overall, our findings reveal that similar microbial communities are harbored by ants from similar trophic niches and, to a greater extent, by related ants from the same colonies, species, genera, and tribes. These trends hint at coevolved histories between ants and microbes, suggesting new possibilities for roles of bacteria in the evolution of both herbivores and carnivores from the ant family Formicidae.     

Experimental evidence that the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, does not competitively suppress co-occurring ants in a disturbed habitat

1. The fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a globally distributed invasive ant that is largely restricted to disturbed habitats in its introduced range. For more than half a century, biologists have believed its success results from superior competitive abilities relative to native ant species, as well as an escape from their natural enemies. 2. We used large volumes of hot water to kill fire ant colonies, and only fire ant colonies, on experimental plots in pastures, and found that populations and diversity of co-occurring ants did not subsequently increase. 3. These results are contrary to classical predictions and indicate that S. invicta is not a superior competitor that suppresses native ants, and that the low diversity and abundance of native ants in degraded ecosystems does not result from interaction with fire ants. Instead, other factors such as prior disturbance and recruitment limitation may be the primary limiting factors for native species in these habitats.     

Patterns of Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Richness and Relative Abundance along an Aridity Gradient in Western Venezuela

In xeric ecosystems, ant diversity response to aridity varies with rainfall magnitude and gradient extension. At a local scale and with low precipitation regimes, increased aridity leads to a reduction of species richness and an increased relative abundance for some ant species. In order to test this pattern in tropical environments, ant richness and relative abundance variation were evaluated along 35 km of an aridity gradient in the Araya Peninsula, state of Sucre, Venezuela. Three sampling stations comprising five transects each were set up. Pitfall traps and direct collecting from vegetation were assessed per transect. Overall, 52 species, 23 genera, and 7 subfamilies of ants were recorded in the peninsula. The total number of species and genera recorded by both sampling stations and transects decreased linearly with increasing aridity. Total relative abundance was highest in the most arid portion of the peninsula, with Crematogaster rochai (Forel) and Camponotus conspicuus zonatus (Emery) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) being the numerically dominant species. Spatial and multivariate analyses revealed significant changes in ant composition every 11 km of distance, and showed a decrease of ant diversity with the increase of harsh conditions in the gradient. Here, we discuss how local geographic and topographic features of Araya originate the aridity gradient and so affect the microhabitat conditions for the ant fauna.