蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节研究进展

环境温度的变化直接影响蜜蜂的个体发育、群体活动、蜂群繁殖、群势强弱等方面,蜂群温湿度是对蜜蜂生命活动影响最大的环境因素,蜜蜂会积极地响应环境温度变化。在巢群内温度高于或低于子脾要求温度,蜜蜂就会采取各种解决办法。研究蜂群温度的分布、变化规律以及调控机制是当前蜂学领域的热点问题,而掌握了蜂群温度变化规律,也能更好的进行科学养蜂,提高蜂产品的产量和质量,同时对人类认知、环境保护也具有非常重要的借鉴价值。近年来随着基因组学、生物学、高新科学技术等的应用,蜜蜂温湿度调节的研究不断深入。整合当前国内外蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节的研究报道,对蜜蜂蜂群温湿度调节现象和行为进行综合阐述,并对蜂群温湿度内在调控机理方面的进一步研究提出新思路。     

烟曲霉素在防治蜜蜂孢子虫病中的应用研究进展

近年来,全球性蜂群损失严重,对蜜蜂授粉农业造成巨大冲击。东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae,N.ceranae在成功实现由东方蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabr.向西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.的宿主转移后,成为严重威胁西方蜜蜂健康的一种新的寄生虫病原,并被认为是蜂群损失的一个重要原因。烟曲霉素是一种能够有效防治蜜蜂孢子虫病的药物,但作为一种抗生素类药物,其在蜂产品中的残留问题以及对蜂群和人类健康的影响也颇受关注。本文将围绕蜜蜂孢子虫病概况、烟曲霉素在治疗蜜蜂孢子虫病以及人类疾病中的应用及其潜在的问题等进行综述,以期为我国养蜂生产中蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治以及烟曲霉素在相关领域中的应用提供参考。     

蜜蜂病毒学研究进展

蜜蜂是自然界最重要的授粉昆虫,对维护自然生态系统的生物多样性和保持农业生态系统的增产效应发挥着巨大的作用。作为世界第一养蜂大国,中国养蜂业健康发展的意义不仅在于获取大量高品质的蜂产品,更重要的是发挥蜜蜂授粉的农业增产效应,保证我国的粮食安全。和其他动物一样,蜜蜂健康也受到多种病害的威胁,近年来蜜蜂病毒病在世界范围内的广泛流行与传播,是导致世界蜂群持续下降的一个重要原因。蜜蜂病毒长期广泛的以无明显发病症状的低浓度隐性感染方式存在于蜜蜂蜂群中,但多数蜜蜂病毒在特定环境条件下可被激活,在寄主体细胞内快速复制,表现出强烈的致病性,引发致死性蜜蜂病毒病的流行与爆发。蜜蜂病毒病知识的缺乏,以及复杂的蜜蜂病毒鉴定技术使得蜜蜂病毒病难以及时确诊和防治,因此每年在养蜂生产上造成的巨大损失已严重阻碍了我国养蜂业的健康发展。本文将综述这一领域的研究成果和学科发展趋势,为在我国开展蜜蜂病毒学研究提供参考,并介绍国外的一些蜜蜂病毒病诊断方法与防治经验服务于我国养蜂生产实践。     

蜜蜂巢房的结构与仿生

蜜蜂素以勤劳与团结著称 ,成千上万只蜜蜂聚集在一起 ,采集花粉、酿制蜂蜜、生长、繁殖 ,过着组织严密的社会性生活。蜂巢是蜜蜂居住与繁衍的场所。野生蜂群多在树洞、山崖、峭壁等处筑巢。如果需要 ,这些能工巧匠能够在短时间内完全利用自己分泌的蜡筑造成一个精巧的巢。人工放养蜂群的蜂巢则是养蜂人为它们准备的各式蜂箱 ,虽然现代养蜂人为蜜蜂提供了巢础 ,但每个巢脾上数千个被称为巢房的蜡室却是蜜蜂自己建造的。1　蜂巢房的结构及研究简史蜜蜂的巢房有两种功用 :或作为产卵与幼蜂的哺育室 ,或作为存放花粉和蜂蜜的储藏室。尽管巢房的…     

学校教学蜂箱的構造与移巢

由于观察了教学蜂箱中的蜜蜂,并在蜂箱中进行了一些实验,学生了解了蜂群的生活,研究了蜂群的活动,也获得了养蜂的热练技巧,因而他们也能在学校、农庄和家里的养蜂场里独立地进行一些工作。我的多年经验证明:教学蜂箱的容量最好是5—6巢框,而且四壁都要镶上玻璃。起初只让蜂占据3—4巢框,等到夏末这么大的一个蜂群就会发展到5—6巢框。这一蜂群因为釀出了足够的蜜,也能很安全的逾多,而且来年还能扩大校内养蜂场。如用单框式巢箱养蜂,蜜蜂在一冬内一定要死光,毫无例外。     

中国70年来蜜蜂生物学研究进展

蜜蜂生物学是养蜂学领域中最基础的学科,人类饲养蜜蜂是从观察蜜蜂生物学特性过程中逐渐开始的,并且随着对蜜蜂生物学特性深入了解,蜜蜂饲养技术得到了不断提高;而且,蜜蜂也是一种理想的社会型模式昆虫,蜜蜂生物学研究结果对整个社会生物学有重要的参考价值,因此蜜蜂生物学研究长期以来一直是热门课题,每年有大量论文发表。本文对我国学者70年来在蜜蜂生物学方面研究取得的进展进行了总结,重点介绍了中华蜜蜂生物学、蜜蜂发育生物学、蜜蜂行为生物学和蜜蜂营养生物学领域的最新研究成果,提出了未来的发展趋势,旨在于推动我国养蜂学事业的发展。     

蜜蜂蜂王质量及其性状表现影响因素研究进展

作为重要的传粉昆虫,蜜蜂蜂群损失现象受到广泛关注。研究表明,蜂王问题是导致蜂群损失的主要因素之一。蜂王是蜂群中唯一雌性生殖器官发育完全的个体,是维持蜂群存续的关键。蜂王质量决定了蜂群的群势以及生产性能,对蜂群的发展和存活至关重要。本文详细介绍了表征蜂王质量的相关指标及其在蜂王选育过程中的应用,深入论述了幼虫日龄、营养、交尾、环境温度、病虫害以及农药等相关因素对蜂王质量及其性状表现的影响,以期为蜂王的培育和使用以及蜜蜂资源的保护和利用提供参考。     

输送卵虫推广蜜蜂良种

无产阶级文化大革命以来,在毛主席革命路线的指引下,我们在普及蜜蜂良种、提高养蜂生产方面,取得了一些经验,简报如下。 推广蜜蜂良种,一般采用供应蜂王或蜂群的办法,但培育良种的时间长,数量也有限,远远不能满足我国社会主义养蜂生产飞跃发展的需要,这是当前养蜂生产上急待解决的问题。近年来我们深入养蜂生产第一线,一边放蜂,一边与群众相结合,共同调查研究,摸索出输送卵虫、推广蜜蜂良种的新法,不但能迅速地大面积地推广蜂种,而且能普及杂种优势,大幅度提高养蜂生产,因而受到广大群众的欢迎。     

狄斯瓦螨和蜜蜂残翅病毒对蜜蜂健康的协同影响

世界各地大范围的西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂群损失现象已引起科学界和公众的持续关注。狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor和蜜蜂残翅病毒(Deformed wing virus,DWV)是西方蜜蜂群中最主要的两大生物威胁。尽管二者侵害蜜蜂均已有较长历史,但直至近十年来的研究才发现两者间的协同效应对蜂群健康的影响远超过其单独作用时所造成的危害:(1)蜜蜂残翅病毒可在狄斯瓦螨体内大量复制,继而进一步传播;(2)狄斯瓦螨的刺吸行为使病毒粒子跨越寄主的生理屏障而直接进入蜜蜂血淋巴;(3)狄斯瓦螨的寄生促使蜜蜂残翅病毒的高毒力毒株在蜂群中优势扩增和盛行;(4)狄斯瓦螨影响蜜蜂个体发育与免疫系统等生理机能,以致降低了蜂群对病毒的抵抗力;(5)蜜蜂残翅病毒对宿主造成的免疫抑制有利于狄斯瓦螨的寄生与繁殖。狄斯瓦螨、蜜蜂残翅病毒和西方蜜蜂间的关系已经成为昆虫外寄生物、病原体与寄主相互作用研究的一个典型模型。本文对近十年该领域的相关研究进行综述,以期为蜂群损失的原因调查以及昆虫寄生虫、病原微生物与寄主间关系的研究提供参考和借鉴。     

中国养蜂学研究进展

近年来,随着国家对蜂业的重视和支持,中国养蜂学研究工作取得长足发展。文章从蜜蜂资源与遗传育种、蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治、授粉昆虫与授粉技术、蜂产品加工和蜂产品质量安全与检测等5个方面较详细地介绍了近年来中国养蜂学科学研究的最新进展,并对今后的学科发展方向进行了预测。     

Imidacloprid-induced facilitation of the proboscis extension reflex habituation in the honeybee.

Imidacloprid is a new insecticide from the family of the neonicotinoids, which interact with the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The effects of imidacloprid at a dose that does not affect sensory or motor functions are studied on non-associative learning abilities in the honeybee. The behavioral procedure is the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER). Imidacloprid topically applied on the thorax (1 microl) at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 ng/bee induces an increase of the gustatory threshold defined as the lowest concentration of a sucrose solution applied to the antennae able to elicit the PER. The ability of the honeybee to move in an open-field-like apparatus is impaired at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ng/bee. These effects are amplified with time and reach a maximum 60 min after application. The lowest dose of 1.25 ng/bee has no effect on the gustatory function but increases the motor activity and facilitates the PER habituation independently of time. This result fits our hypothesis that a slight activation of the cholinergic system with a low dose of imidacloprid can facilitate a simple form of learning in the honeybee.     

East learns from West: Asiatic honeybees can understand dance language of European honeybees

The honeybee waggle dance, through which foragers advertise the existence and location of a food source to their hive mates, is acknowledged as the only known form of symbolic communication in an invertebrate. However, the suggestion, that different species of honeybee might possess distinct 'dialects' of the waggle dance, remains controversial. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether different species of honeybee can learn from and communicate with each other. This study reports experiments using a mixed-species colony that is composed of the Asiatic bee Apis cerana cerana (Acc), and the European bee Apis mellifera ligustica (Aml). Using video recordings made at an observation hive, we first confirm that Acc and Aml have significantly different dance dialects, even when made to forage in identical environments. When reared in the same colony, these two species are able to communicate with each other: Acc foragers could decode the dances of Aml to successfully locate an indicated food source. We believe that this is the first report of successful symbolic communication between two honeybee species; our study hints at the possibility of social learning between the two honeybee species, and at the existence of a learning component in the honeybee dance language.     

Gut microbiome dysbiosis and honeybee health

Since a few decades, apiculture is facing important economic losses worldwide with general major consequences in many areas of agriculture. A strong attention has been paid towards the phenomenon named Colony Collapse Disorder in which colonies suddenly disappear with no clear explanations. Honeybee colonies can be affected by abiotic factors, such as environmental pollution or insecticide applications for agricultural purposes. Also biotic stresses cause colony losses, including bacterial (e.g. Paenibacillus larvae) and fungal (e.g. Ascosphaera apis) pathogens, microsporidia (e.g. Nosema apis), parasites (i.e. Varroa destructor) and several viruses. In the light of recent research, intestinal dysbiosis, considered as the relative disproportion of the species within the native microbiota, has shown to affect human and animal health. In arthropods, alteration of the gut microbial climax community has been shown to be linked to health and fitness disequilibrium, like in the medfly Ceratitis capitata for which low mate competitiveness is determined by a gut microbial community imbalance. According to these observations, it is possible to hypothesize that dysbiosis may have a role in disease occurrence also in honeybees. Here we aim to discuss the current knowledge on dysbiosis in the honeybee and its relation with honeybee health by reviewing the investigations of the microbial diversity associated to honeybees and the recent experiments performed to control bee diseases by microbial symbionts. We conclude that, despite the importance of a good functionality of the associated microbiota in preserving insect health has been proved, the mechanisms involved in honeybee gut dysbiosis are still unknown. Accurate in vitro, in vivo and in field investigations are required under healthy, diseased and stressed conditions for the host.     

秦巴山区养蜂现状及其发展策略

野外调查结果表明 :(1)中华蜜蜂养殖业已在秦巴山区初具规模 ;(2 )饲养中蜂的方法新旧皆有 ,导致其经济效益相差悬殊 ;(3)中蜂活框饲养比旧法饲养增效 6倍以上。发展当地养蜂业的策略是 :(1)大力开展中蜂活框饲养 ;(2 )实行中蜂科学管理。介绍了切合实际的中蜂活框饲养技术。     

信息素介导的西方蜜蜂与狄斯瓦螨互作研究进展

狄斯瓦螨是一种严重危害西方蜜蜂的体外寄生螨,是世界养蜂业的最大威胁.人们广泛采用化学方法防治狄斯瓦螨,但易引起狄斯瓦螨的抗药性、蜜蜂中毒和蜂产品药物残留等问题.为此,人们尝试了多种蜂螨绿色防控技术.其中利用蜜蜂信息素防治狄斯瓦螨是一个重要的研究方向.研究表明,狄斯瓦螨能利用蜜蜂信息素识别处于不同发育阶段的寄主,并对特定时期的寄主表现出高度的选择性.近年来,多种能作用于狄斯瓦螨的蜜蜂信息素相继被报道.这些信息素包括成蜂、蛹和幼虫信息素.有的信息素对狄斯瓦螨表现出驱避作用,有的则表现出引诱作用.本文对这些信息素的种类、主要组成成分、对狄斯瓦螨的作用等进行了综述,旨在为今后的研究与应用提供参考.     

High Concentrations of the Alarm Pheromone Component,Isopentyl Acetate,Reduces Foraging and Dancing in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> Ligustica and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis cerana</Emphasis> Cerana

A honeybee colony is a superorganism that has evolved precise communication systems, which allow the colony to gather information from numerous individuals and coordinate its behavior. Alarm pheromones, such as isopentyl acetate (IPA), the main component of sting alarm pheromone, play a critical role in the coordination of individual behaviors as well as colony communication in honeybee colonies. In this study, honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana) were exposed to relatively high levels of IPA at a foraging site (6–8 bee equivalents) and inside their colony (28–58 bee equivalents) to investigate the influence of alarm pheromones on foraging activity and hive flight activity. IPA reduced the number of bees that flew out the hive, foraged, and waggle danced. Under both contexts in the hive and at the food source, IPA can therefore inhibit honey bee foraging and foraging communication.     

Detection of viral sequences in semen of honeybees (Apis mellifera): evidence for vertical transmission of viruses through drones

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) can be attacked by many eukaryotic parasites, and bacterial as well as viral pathogens. Especially in combination with the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, viral honeybee diseases are becoming a major problem in apiculture, causing economic losses worldwide. Several horizontal transmission routes are described for some honeybee viruses. Here, we report for the first time the detection of viral sequences in semen of honeybee drones suggesting mating as another horizontal and/or vertical route of virus transmission. Since artificial insemination and controlled mating is widely used in honeybee breeding, the impact of our findings for disease transmission is discussed.     

蜜蜂抗菌肽研究及其应用进展

抗菌肽是一类由特定基因编码的小分子多肽,广泛分布于各种生物中,是生物天然免疫的重要效应分子,其对缺乏获得性免疫系统的昆虫尤为重要。蜜蜂是一种对环境极其重要的社会性模式昆虫,又有着极高的经济价值,因此蜜蜂抗菌肽有着较大的研究意义。本文对蜜蜂4种天然免疫抗菌肽(Apidaecin、Abaecin、Hymenoptaecin和Defensin)和蜂产品中的抗菌肽(Jelleines、Melittin和Apamin)研究进展进行了综述,介绍了它们的功能、作用机制及其应用,提出了蜜蜂抗菌肽未来可行的研究方向,旨在推动蜜蜂抗菌肽的研究。