大麦醇溶蛋白/纳米TiO_2可食性膜的抑菌效果及对草莓的保鲜作用

以大麦醇溶蛋白为基材,以纳米TiO_2粒子为改性材料制备可食性膜液,通过对草莓进行涂膜处理,探讨大麦醇溶蛋白/纳米TiO_2可食性膜对贮藏过程中草莓质量损失率、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量、总酸含量及腐烂率的影响,研究大麦醇溶蛋白/纳米TiO_2可食性纳米膜液对草莓涂膜保鲜的效果。结果表明:经涂膜处理后的草莓,其质量损失率和腐烂率相较于空白组有明显的改善。空白组在3 d内质量损失率达到6.8%,而涂膜组在4 d后质量损失率仅为6.2%;贮藏10 d,空白组的腐烂率为3.1%,而涂膜组为2.4%;对于硬度、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量和总酸含量,涂膜组均高于空白组。上述结果表明,大麦醇溶蛋白/纳米TiO_2可食性膜液涂膜处理可有效延长草莓的贮藏期。抑菌试验结果表明大麦醇溶蛋白/纳米TiO_2可食性膜液对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠杆菌有较好的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别达到18.2和17.6 mm。     

保鲜剂及冷藏对鹤望兰切花瓶插品质的影响

本文探讨不同保鲜剂、预处理液及冷藏时间对鹤望兰切花瓶插寿命和观赏品质的影响。结果表明,供试的8组瓶插保鲜液中,以配方5% S+300 mg/L 8-HQC+100 mg/L CA+150 mg/L STS+100 mg/L CoCl₂+25 mg/L EDTA-Na保鲜效果最佳,切花瓶插寿命(23.5 d)比CK延长15.2 d,小花开放率(56.1%)比CK提高1.19倍。供试的5组冷藏预处理液中,以10% S+300 mg/L 8-HQC+75 mg/L KH₂PO₄·3H₂O效果最佳,切花经过2~3周8~10℃冷藏后,瓶插寿命(13.7 d)比CK延长7.9 d,小花开放率(43.6%)比CK提高98.2%;该处理组鹤望兰切花的适宜冷藏时间可延长为3周。     

18种植物源物质对枸杞鲜果的保鲜活性

为延长枸杞鲜果的贮存时间,开发专用植物源保鲜剂,采用浸泡法初步研究18种植物提取物对枸杞鲜果的保鲜作用。结果表明,荷叶乙醇提取物和柠檬油对枸杞鲜果具有较好的保鲜活性,在1 g/L和1 mL/L剂量时,处理5 d后好果率分别为78.64%和72.22%,质量损失率分别为7.68%和8.13%,显著优于标准药剂1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP 0.25 μL/L,P<0.05）;其次为肉桂油、丁香叶油、香紫苏油、卡楠加油、丹参提取物和知母提取物,好果率均在50%以上;最佳使用剂量筛选表明,荷叶乙醇提取物和柠檬油二者分别在2 g/L和400 μL/L时对枸杞鲜果的保鲜效果最好,处理5 d后枸杞鲜果好果率均在80%以上,显著优于1-MCP（0.25 μL/L）处理。可见荷叶提取物和柠檬油对枸杞鲜果具有较好的保鲜活性,值得进一步研究。     

卤代海因复合保鲜剂对蜜桔的保鲜实验

以二溴海因或溴氯海因为杀菌剂、硬脂酸单甘酯和吐温-80乳液为涂膜剂和分散剂制备的复合保鲜剂,用于蜜桔杀菌保鲜实验,研究了贮存保鲜条件、保鲜过程中营养成分变化,讨论了复合保鲜剂的稳定性。结果表明：含有0.03％（质量分数）的二溴海因和0.05％（质量分数）溴氯海因的复合保鲜剂即可达到较好的保鲜效果：贮藏50d后好果率为95％左右,三个月后好果率分别可达到85.2％和81.2％;贮藏水果营养物质损失少,果实饱满。     

玻璃负载TiO2膜光催化降解垃圾渗滤液的研究

研究了以SOL=GEL法制备的TiO₂膜光催化降解垃圾渗滤液的可行性,探讨了负载TiO₂膜的影响因素及TiO₂膜的催化活性,TiO₂膜的最佳煅烧温度为450℃.测定了反应时间、进水浓度、pH值、光源强度等因素对垃圾渗滤液的COD_Cr和色度去除率的影响.光强越大,催化效果越好,光照时间越长,催化效果越好;溶液的初始浓度越大,降解率越低;反应液的在偏酸、碱的条件下有利于光催化氧化反应的进行.在最佳的实验条件下,TiO₂膜的煅烧温度为450℃,溶液的pH值为3~4,垃圾渗滤液的初始COD_Cr为537mg·L^-1,光催化降解2h,COD_Cr和UV335的去除率分别为94.4%和96.9%.     

保鲜液膜对板栗贮藏的效应（简报）

三种保鲜液膜处理的板栗,在常温下贮藏150d,好果率增大,失水率下降,呼吸显著受抑。总糖含量每隔30d以0．96％～1．19％速率递少;还原糖含量在0．9％～7.5％水平上呈动态平衡;可溶性蛋白在0.31％～0．59％间波动。各处理间的过氧化物酶活性差异较大,后期均低于对照。Vc含量变化不明显。     

低温条件下拔节期小麦叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化

以扬麦16和徐麦30为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温逆境,研究拔节期-3 ℃和-5 ℃低温胁迫对小麦植株受冻率、叶片内源激素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： 随着处理温度的降低、胁迫时间的延长,小麦植株冻害等级与冻害指数增加,-5 ℃处理72 h两品种五级冻害率均为100%.低温处理结束当天,小麦叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫程度加重呈先升高后降低的趋势;处理结束后3 d,ABA、ZR含量及抗氧化酶活性较处理结束当天升高;至处理结束后6 d,与自然生长的对照处理接近.低温胁迫叶片中赤霉素（GA₃）含量下降,处理结束后3和6 d,扬麦16叶片中GA₃含量呈上升趋势,徐麦30则表现为先升高后下降.-5 ℃ 72 h重度胁迫处理叶片中ABA、ZR、GA₃含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性均较对照显著下降.相关分析表明,较高的ABA、ZR含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性以及较低的GA₃含量可减缓低温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害.     

柠檬形克勒克酵母对温州蜜柑“国庆一号”采后贮藏的防腐效果

本实验以温州蜜柑"国庆一号"为试材,研究了柠檬形克勒克酵母Kloeckera apiculata悬浮液处理对柑橘果实采后防腐保鲜效果及相关酶的影响.结果表明,贮藏100d后,2×106CFU/mL(CFC表示菌落形成单位)的酵母菌液能有效地抑制青霉、绿霉和蒂腐病等贮藏期病害的发生,柑橘果实的腐烂率控制在1%以下,效果显著高于清水对照,与多菌灵相当;柠檬形克勒克酵母在柑橘果皮上的数量在3.5×105CFU/mL-1.7×107CFU/mL之间,在贮藏40d后最大值达到1.7×107CFU/mL,随后保持在106CFU/mL左右,100d贮藏结束后,品质分析表明,柠檬形克勒克酵母处理对柑橘品质没有不良影响.在整个贮藏期细胞膜透性与丙二醛(MDA)含量变化相对应,均呈上升趋势,在贮藏25d左右时酵母菌液处理和多菌灵处理的细胞膜透性与MDA含量均显著低于清水对照,而前二者之间无差异.酵母菌液对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性没有诱导作用,而在贮藏后100d左右对过氧化物酶(POD)活性有诱导作用.     

延长鲜切香菇货架期的保鲜工艺

通过优化最佳的鲜切香菇加工技术,延长鲜切香菇产品的货架期,为扩大工厂化生产提供依据。本研究设计了3种香菇清洗工艺以及3种气调保鲜方法,利用感官、气味和理化指标的变化来评价清洗保鲜效果。经过无菌水、次氯酸钠溶液以及未经清洗3种处理方式加工的鲜切香菇产品在低温储藏120h时,其表面微生物数量发生较大的变化,无菌水清洗处理组微生物总量达到4.68×10³CFU/g,而次氯酸钠溶液处理组和未经清洗的处理组的微生物含量分别为4.15×10³CFU/g和3.05×10³CFU/g。对3种气调比例保鲜效果研究结果表明,未清洗+T1（15% CO₂、5% O₂、80% N₂）处理组的香菇切片品质保存最好,在第12天时其多糖、蛋白质含量、抗坏血酸含量、类黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性达到最高,分别为70.32mg/g、131.19mg/g、16.46mg/100g、1 272.57μg/g和73.02mmol/g;其总酚含量最低,为2 133.88μg/g。通过电子鼻检测以及主成分分析（PCA）发现多种工艺组合中,未清洗+T1处理组的香菇切片在储藏期12d内气味变化最小,显著优于其他处理组合。综上所述,未清洗+T1气体比例处理组是适宜鲜切香菇加工以及保鲜的优势工艺,通过此方法可使鲜切香菇的货架期从6d延长至12d,对工厂化生产具有指导意义。     

根际低氧胁迫对网纹甜瓜生长、根呼吸代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用气雾法栽培系统,研究了根际低氧（10% O₂和5% O₂）胁迫对网纹甜瓜果实发育期间植株生长、根呼吸代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,低氧胁迫下,网纹甜瓜株高、根长降低,植株鲜、干物质量显著下降;根呼吸速率极显著低于对照（21% O₂）,且5% O₂处理下降幅度大于10% O₂处理;乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和丙酮酸脱羧酶（PDC）活性较对照显著升高,而苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）活性显著降低;根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著高于对照,其中10% O₂处理抗氧化酶活性升高幅度显著大于5% O₂处理,而MDA含量5% O₂处理高于10% O₂处理.说明网纹甜瓜果实发育期间根际氧浓度降到10%及其以下时,根系有氧呼吸明显受阻,无氧呼吸代谢被促进,同时根系抗氧化酶发生应激反应,但随低氧胁迫时间的延长,根细胞质膜过氧化程度加剧,根系受到伤害,植株生长受到抑制,最终导致果实产量和品质下降.     

亚适宜温光盐环境下油菜素内酯对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统及光合作用的影响

研究了24 表油菜素内酯(EBR)对亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统及光合作用的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗叶片H₂O₂含量增加,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜透性增强,净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别显著下降39.3%、40.0%、21.2%和47.2%,幼苗干物质积累减少35.9%.外源喷施EBR可提高亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,降低H₂O₂含量及膜透性,缓解亚适宜温光盐环境下P_n、g_s、T_r的下降幅度,幼苗干物质积累增加25.9%,生长加快．EBR可通过调节亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化性,减少其膜脂过氧化程度,进而维持其较高的光合性能,有效促进了亚适宜温光盐环境下黄瓜幼苗的生长．     

Growth and maintenance respiratory costs of cucumber fruits as affected by temperature, and ontogeny and size of the fruits

The rates of dry weight increase and respiration of fruits were measured throughout fruit ontogeny at 20, 25 and 30°C in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Corona). By maintaining one or five fruits per plant, which strongly affected fruit dry weight but not ontogeny, the effects of fruit size and ontogeny on respiration could be studied separately. The respiration rate per fruit followed a sigmoid curve during fruit ontogeny, while the specific respiration rate (respiration rate per unit dry weight) declined with time after anthesis. The specific respiration rate was almost linearly related to the relative growth rate. The specific respiratory costs for both growth and maintenance were highest in young fruits, but were not affected by fruit size. The average specific respiratory costs for growth and maintenance at 25°C were 3.3–3.9 mmol CO₂ g⁻¹ and 4.0 nmol CO₂ g⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively. An increase in temperature had no effect on the specific respiratory costs for growth, while the costs for maintenance increased with a Q₁₀ of about 2. The costs for growth agreed reasonably well with theoretical estimates based on the chemical composition of the fruits but not with estimates based on only the carbon and ash content. The respiratory losses as a fraction of the total carbon requirement of a fruit changed during fruit ontogeny, but were independent of temperature and were similar for slow- and fast-growing fruits. The cumulative respiratory losses accounted for 13–15% of the total carbon requirement.     

硫化氢对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房线粒体功能的影响

为探索低温胁迫下外源硫化氢(H₂S)对甜樱桃花的柱头和子房线粒体功能的影响,本研究以甜樱桃品种‘早大果’花枝为试材,在-2 ℃低温下喷施0.05 mmol·L^-1硫氢化钠(NaHS,H₂S供体)和15 μmmol·L^-1 次牛磺酸(HT、H₂S清除剂),测定柱头和子房线粒体中活性氧、抗氧化酶和线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度、膜流动性、膜电位和细胞色素(Cyt c/a)比值变化。结果表明: 低温胁迫导致线粒体内过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,线粒体MPTP明显增大,膜流动性降低,膜电位和线粒体Cyt c/a吸光度比值、膜H⁺-ATPase活性显著下降,线粒体结构受到损伤。低温胁迫下,外施0.05 mmol·L^-1 NaHS可显著降低低温胁迫下柱头和子房线粒体H₂O₂和MDA含量,在较长时间内维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,减小线粒体MPTP开放程度,增强线粒体膜流动性,提高线粒体膜电位、Cyt c/a值和膜H⁺-ATPase活性;NaHS清除剂HT则抵消NaHS对上述参数的影响。综上所述,外源H₂S可以提高低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房线粒体抗氧化酶活性,减少H₂O₂和MDA积累,提高膜H⁺-ATPase活性,稳定线粒体膜结构和功能,进而缓解低温胁迫对花器官的伤害。     

Physiological response of cut rose flowers to cold storage

The effects of low temperature storage on the physiology of cut rose flowers ( Rosa hybridaL. cv. Mercedes) were studied. Extension of cold storage or increase in temperature (from 3 to 8°C) was accompanied by shortening of vase life and advancement of petal senescence, as reflected in an advance in the timing of the rise in ethylene production and an increase in membrane permeability (ion leakage). Although storage at a relative humidity (RH) of 65% reduced petal water content by 20% in comparison with flowers stored at 95% RH, it did not shorten vase life. The progression of petal senescence was measured during storage at 3°C and during aging at 22°C. Both ethylene production rates and membrane microviscosity measured by fluorescence depolarization increased with time at 3°C and at 22°C, but more slowly at 3°C. At 3°C membrane permeability measured by ion leakage did not increase. Following cold storage the rate of ethylene production in the petals was increased by up to eight times the rate in unstored flowers. Silver thiosulphate extended the vase life of both stored and fresh flowers equally by 2 days, but did not increase the life of stored flowers to that of treated fresh flowers. It is concluded that the primary effect of cold storage on roses is to slow down senescence and that the continued slow senescence leads to shorter vase life. The possible occurrence of sequential processes during senescence and the effects of temperature on these processes is discussed.     

药食两用保健水果冷饭团果实的保鲜研究

该研究以冷饭团果实为材料,用甘油、淀粉、明胶、琼脂、焦亚硫酸钠按不同比例配制成3种保鲜剂处理冷饭团果实,放在平均温度11℃、平均湿度85%的冰箱保鲜层保鲜;用壳聚糖配制成4种不同质量分数浓度的保鲜剂处理冷饭团果实,放在平均温度11℃、平均湿度85%的冰箱保鲜层保鲜;用真空和臭氧装置保鲜处理,放在平均温度15℃、平均湿度40%的屋中,共4种保鲜方法对冷饭团果实进行保鲜处理.通过测定冷饭团果实的失重率、可溶性固形物的含量以及抗坏血酸(Vc)含量的变化来判断各种保鲜的效果,探索出最好的保鲜方法.结果表明:4种保鲜方法均能明显降低冷饭团果实的失重率,延缓可溶性固形物和Vc含量的降低速率;两类保鲜剂中,以甘油3 g、淀粉4 g、明胶1.5 g、琼脂1 g、焦亚硫酸钠1.5 g混合,用蒸馏水配制成500 mL保鲜剂的保鲜效果最好;真空和臭氧对冷饭团果实的保鲜中,真空的保鲜效果比臭氧好.     

Effects of paclobutrazol and chilling temperatures on lipids, antioxidants and ATPase activity of plasma membrane isolated from green bell pepper fruits

The effects of paclobutrazol treatment on plasma membrane lipid composition and ATPase activity of bell pepper fruit ( Capsicum annuum ) subjected to chilling temperatures were assessed. Application of the growth regulator paclobutrazol affected plant growth and fruit morphology. The plants were more compact and the fruits were less elongated than control fruits. There was about 60% more plasma membrane on a fresh weight basis from treated fruits. At harvest there was no difference in sterol to phospholipid ratio, or in phospholipid fatty acid composition of control compared with paclobutrazol treated fruit. However, plasma membrane ATPase acitivity of treated fruit was two times higher than that of control fruit. After storage at chilling temperature (2°C), the control fruit developed more chilling iniury, and had greater weight loss and a higher rate of K⁺ leakage than paclobulrazol treated fruit. Plasma membrane phospholipid content decreased and saturation of phospholipid fatty acids was higher than in control fruit. These two changes were largely absent in plasma membrane from treated fruit. At harvest antioxidant levels in the plasma membrane of paclobutrazol treated peppers were higher than in those of controls and changed little during storage, whereas levels in control fruit plasma membrane decreased 66%. ATPase activity increased and then decreased in control fruit held at low temperature, whereas in treated fruit activity was constant. The protective effect of paclobutrazol against chilling injury of pepper fruit may result from a combination of its effect on fruit morphology, and protection of the lipids against oxidative stress.     

油菜素内酯对氯化钠胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的缓解效应

研究了2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对氯化钠胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用及抗氧化系统的影响．结果表明： 与对照相比,氯化钠胁迫导致黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧阴离子产生速率、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性显著升高,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度显著下降,幼苗生长显著受抑．EBR可提高黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶活性,降低超氧阴离子产生速率、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量及细胞膜透性,维持良好的光合性能,从而促进幼苗生长,有效缓解氯化钠胁迫造成的伤害.
     

The effect of nitrogen source on photosynthesis of carob at high CO2 concentrations

Carob seedlings ( Ceratonia siliqua L. cv. Mulata), fed with nitrate or ammonium, were grown in growth chambers containing two levels of CO₂ (360 or 800 μl l⁻¹), three root temperatures (15, 20 or 25°C), and the same shoot temperature (20/24°C, night/day temperature). The response of the plants to CO₂ enrichment was affected by environmental factors such as the type of inorganic nitrogen in the medium and root temperature. Increasing root temperature enhanced photosynthesis rate more in the presence of nitrate than in the presence of ammonium. Differences in photosynthetic products were also observed between nitrate- and ammonium-fed carob seedlings. Nitrate-grown plants showed an enhanced content of sucrose, while ammonium led to enhanced storage of starch. Increase in root temperature caused an increase in dry mass of the plants of similar proportions in both nitrogen sources. The enhancement of the rates of photosynthesis by CO₂ enrichment was proportionally much larger than the resulting increases in dry mass production when nitrate was the nitrogen source. Ammonium was the preferred nitrogen source for carob at both ambient and high CO₂ concentrations. The level of photosynthesis of a plant is limited not only by atmospheric CO₂ concentration but also by the nutritional and environmental conditions of the root.     

Application of combined biocides and gamma radiation for keeping good quality stored grapefruits

Grapefruits were irradiated with gamma rays at doses of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 KGy. Irradiated and non-irradiated fruits were soaked in biocides formulated from essential oils of fennel, peppermint and caraway oil. All treated and non-treated fruits were stored at room temperature (20 ± 1°C) for a period of 70 days. Samples were taken every 14 days for different quality determinations. Non-treated fruits were decayed continuously alongside the different storage periods. However, exposing the studied fruits to gamma radiation induced a promising effect for retarding this decay. Moreover, soaking citrus fruits in the formulated biocides induced further interruption of fruit decay. In addition, the applied treatment exhibited other positive effects for keeping the good quality of the studied fruits during storage.     

高温对温室草莓光合生理特性的影响及胁迫等级构建

以草莓品种"红颜"为材料,采用人工控制试验对草莓苗进行动态高温(32℃/22℃,35 ℃/25℃,38 ℃/28 ℃和41℃/31℃;日最高温/日最低温)胁迫(2、5、8和11 d)处理,以28℃/18℃为对照(CK),测定各处理下草莓叶片的光合生理参数.通过主成分分析提取关键参数,并以此计算高温胁迫指数(Z),划分高...