雌雄异株葡萄的性别鉴定研究

通过扫描电镜观察花粉的形态;分析叶片超氧化物歧化酶同工酶（ＳＯＤ）;ＲＡＰＤ分析基因组ＤＮＡ多态性,来鉴别葡萄的性别。结果表明：葡萄雌雄株的花粉形态存在着较大的差异;在本实验条件下葡萄雌雄株叶片ＳＯＤ同工酶谱带一致;一些引物的ＲＡＰＤ产物间存在着多态性,在葡萄雌雄株的基因组ＤＮＡ序列中存在着碱基排列顺序的差异。实验指出,花粉形态和基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性分析是进行性别鉴定的有效方法。     

雌雄异株植物性别鉴定的研究进展

雌雄异株植物为研究植物的性别决定和进化提供了一个模式体系,由于不同性别的植物具有不同的经济价值,所以其性别鉴定的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且具有极为重要的实践价值。从外部形态、生理生化指标、染色体组型、同工酶、特异蛋白质分子、分子标记等方面,对近15年来国内外有关雌雄异株植物性别鉴定研究的进展作了总结,并对各种鉴定方法的优缺点进行了评价,同时对其研究发展趋势作了展望。     

DNA分子标记在雌雄异株植物性别鉴定中的应用

雌雄异株植物中不同性别的植株所产生的经济效应和生态效应存在一定的差异,在生产实践中,选取适宜性别的植株进行栽培有助于提高效率,避免不必要的浪费。然而,性别鉴定的常用方法大多是根据表型、代谢产物含量及活性等方面的差异,在成株阶段进行的,鉴定结果的可靠性和准确性都有一定的局限。近几年,DNA分子标记技术应用于雌雄异株植物的性别鉴定研究中,获得了快速准确的鉴定结果。在比较常用性别鉴定方法的基础上,主要就常用DNA分子标记在雌雄异株植物性别鉴定中的研究进展做一概述并对该领域的研究提出展望。     

被子植物雌雄异株性别决定与性别连锁标记

雌雄异株是雌雄性别分离的一种性系统,在被子植物中广泛分布。一般认为雌雄异株的性别决定受遗传、环境和激素三者的影响和调控。随着第二代测序技术和分子标记技术的发展,对于被子植物雌雄异株性别决定的研究已深入到基因水平。现从性别决定机制及性别连锁的分子标记对被子植物雌雄异株的研究进行总结,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为深入研究雌雄异株的遗传机制及系统发生奠定基础。     

雌雄异株芦笋性别连锁标记与性别决定研究进展

芦笋(Asparagus officinalis L.)作为典型的雌雄异株植物,受严格的遗传控制,其雌雄性别符合1∶1的分离比例。芦笋性别具有丰富的多样性,包括雌株、雄株、两性株、超雄株等,研究其性别决定及其分化对解析其机制具有重要意义。前期研究发现,芦笋性别由位于第5染色体上的单个基因(M-m)控制,并在其性别决定区域M位点开发了一系列分子标记,但发现其以非特异性标记为主、多态性少、通用性差。并且通过组学的研究已发掘了一些与性别决定和分化相关的基因,并克隆了芦笋性别决定的asTDF1 (Defective in tapetum development and function 1)和SOFF (Suppressor of female function)基因,其分别起雄性败育和抑雌作用,这两个基因共同调控着芦笋的性别决定,由此认为芦笋的性别由双基因系统控制。因此,随着高通量测序技术的发展,对芦笋性别决定与分化的研究需深入到分子调控网络水平。本文现从性别连锁分子标记以及性别决定与分化机制对雌雄异株芦笋的研究进行总结和展望,以期为深入解析芦笋遗传机制提供理论依据。     

植物雌雄异株性别决定研究进展

植物中雌雄性别分化是一种进化的性状。雌雄异株在多个开花植物谱系中独立演化, 但各个支系的性染色体状态、性别决定区域与性别决定基因不尽相同。多样的植物性染色体和性别决定系统为研究植物性别相关基因的形成机制、性别决定区域和性染色体进化提供了极好的机会。随着测序技术的进步和分析方法的提高, 近年来越来越多物种性别决定的相关分子机制得到解析, 并将理论成果应用于提升经济效益与城市环境等实际问题中。本文将从目前的研究现状和方法, 性别决定单、双基因模型的建立, 植物性染色体进化过程等方面进行总结, 对未来植物性别决定的研究提出四点建议: (1)研究方向逐步从基因研究扩展到调控途径研究; (2)从单一物种转向相关科属比较研究; (3)改进现有性别决定基因模型或探索新模型和性别模式物种; (4)加强性别鉴定技术在实际生产中的研发工作。同时探讨性别决定理论研究未来在农业生产、园艺绿化种植中幼苗性别鉴别筛选等方面的应用前景。     

雌雄异株植物性别决定相关功能基因研究进展

雌雄异株植物是植物性别决定机制及演化的重要研究材料,通过分子生物学技术分离性别决定的相关基因是揭示雌雄异株植物性别决定的关键问题之一。近10年来已经分离到了多个性染色体连锁的基因DD44X/Y、SLX/Y3、SLX/Y4、MROS3、SLZPT2-1、SLZPT4-1。尽管这些基因都存在于性染色体上,但是对其功能分析发现这些基因并不是性别决定的关键基因,而是性别决定控制系统中的成员之一。另外MADS-box基因也和性别特征器官的建成有关。本文对这些基因的结构及在性别决定中的功能研究进行综述和分析,并对可能的新的研究方向进行评价。     

番木瓜性别决定及其鉴定研究新进展

番木瓜有3种基本性别类型,性别遗传较为复杂.就其植株的多型性表现、性别决定及其鉴定研究、连锁遗传图的构建、分子标记辅助选择技术和花器的发育等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对番木瓜性别鉴定的应用前景做了展望.     

银杏性别的早期鉴定

银杏的幼年期比较长,长达十几年,故在幼年期较难区分出性别。本文根据雌雄个体代谢的差异,采取     

雌雄异株树种黄连木种群性比及空间分布

研究了100m×140m固定样地内黄连木种群的性比格局和空间分布。结果表明,调查样地中dbh≥4cm的黄连木植株共有2116株,其中包括526株雌树,1200株雄树,性别未确定植株390株。黄连木性比(雄/雌=2.28)显著偏雄(P0.001)。雌树和雄树平均胸径分别为7.34和7.81cm,雄树胸径显著大于雌树胸径(P0.05)。黄连木幼树、雌树和雄树均呈显著聚集性分布。黄连木幼树与雌树、幼树与雄树均在较小尺度上表现为相互吸引;雌树与雄树则在空间上相互排斥,即雌树与雄树存在空间分离现象;黄连木不同大小以及不同性别植株之间主要表现为相互排斥。     

Stable MSAP Markers for the Distinction of Vitis vinifera cv Pinot Noir Clones

Grapevine is one of the most economically important fruit crops. Molecular markers have been used to study grapevine diversity. For instance, simple sequence repeats are a powerful tool for identification of grapevine cultivars, while amplified fragment length polymorphisms have shown their usefulness in intra-varietal diversity studies. Other techniques such as sequence-specific amplified polymorphism are based on the presence of mobile elements in the genome, but their detection lies upon their activity. Relevant attention has been drawn toward epigenetic sources of variation. In this study, a set of Vitis vinifera cv Pinot noir clones were analyzed using the methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism technique with isoschizomers MspI and HpaII. Nine out of fourteen selective primer combinations were informative and generated two types of polymorphic fragments which were categorized as “stable” and “unstable.” In total, 23 stable fragments were detected and they discriminated 92.5 % of the studied clones. Detected stable polymorphisms were either common to several clones, restricted to a few clones or unique to a single clone. The identification of these stable epigenetic markers will be useful in clonal diversity studies. We highlight the relevance of stable epigenetic variation in V. vinifera clones and analyze at which level these markers could be applicable for the development of forthright techniques for clonal distinction.     

Some Aspects of Dioecism in Pimento (Allspice)

Although apparently having an hermaphrodite floral structurePimento dioica functions as a dioecious plant. This paper presentsa study of the differences between male and female flowers.It is shown too that the two types of tree occur in equal proportions,as with many organisms whose dioecism is more clear cut. Theimplications for the study of floral evolution are discussed.     

Dioecism of the genusCallicarpa (Verbenaceae) in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands

The morphology and function of the flowers of three species of the genusCallicarpa, C. glabra, C. nisnimurae andC. subpubescens, endemic to the Bonin Islands, revealed that all three species were dioecious. Male plants had short-styled flowers with sterile ovaries, while female plants had long-styled flowers with non-germinating inaperturate pollen grains. Such dioecism has never been reported from the family Verbenaceae. This curious sexual system with non-germinating pollen grains may have been maintained as a reward to insect pollinators.     

高中一年级学生性意识与性道德冲突关系的研究

目的:探索高中一年级学生性意识与性道德冲突的关系.方法:采用问卷法调查了200名高一学生.结果:①高一学生性意识的发展和性道德冲突显著正相关;其中性体验与性道德冲突正相关显著;②高一学生性意识存在性别差异,其中男、女生在性认知维度上存在显著差异;性道德冲突的性别差异不显著.结论:高一学生的性意识与其性道德冲突显著正相关,他们在性认知方面存在显著的性别差异.     

Photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthesis in leaves of Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was studied in Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris leaves under controlled conditions (irradiation of detached leaves to about 1900 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). The degree of photoinhibition was determined by means of the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and electron transport measurements. The potential efficiency of PS2, Fv/Fm declined, Fo increased significantly in leaves of V. berlandieri, while Fo decreased in V. rupestris. In isolated thylakoids, the rate of whole chain and PS2 activity markedly decreased in high light irradiated more in leaves of V. berlandieri than in leaves of V. rupestris. A smaller inhibition of PS1 activity was also observed in both leaves. In the subsequent dark incubation, fast recovery was observed in both leaves and reached maximum PS2 efficiencies similar to those observed in non-photoinhibited leaves. The artificial exogenous electron donors DPC, NH2OH and Mn2+ failed to restore the high light induced loss of PS2 activity in V. berlandieri leaves, while DPC and NH2OH significantly restored in V. rupestris leaves. It is concluded that high light inactivates on the donor side of PS2 and acceptor side of PS2 in V. rupestris and V. berlandieri leaves, respectively. Quantification of the PS2 reaction center protein D1 and 33 kDa protein of water splitting complex following high light exposure of leaves showed pronounced differences between V. berlandieri and V. rupestris leaves. The marked loss of PS2 activity in high light irradiated leaves was due to the marked loss of D1 protein and 33 kDa protein in V. berlandieri and V. rupestris leaves, respectively.     

On the Utility of the Proximate-Ultimate Distinction in the Study of Animal Behavior

The importance of Tinbergen's “four problems” approach lies in assuring that the answers provided are truly appropriate to the questions that are asked. No problem is any more important than any other. I suggest that the spirit of this formulation can be best realized if we revise the ways in which recent authors have grouped the various problems in the study of behavior. One consequence of this regrouping is an elimination of the proximate-ultimate dichotomy.     

Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis in Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris Leaves under Field Conditions

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was investigated in Vitis berlandieri and Vitis rupestris leaves under field conditions at different sampling time in a day. The degree of photoinhibition was determined by means of the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F_v/F_m) and photosynthetic electron transport measurements. When the photochemical efficiency of PS2, F_v/F_m, markedly declined, F₀ increased significantly in leaves of V. berlandieri, while F₀ did not increase in V. rupestris leaves. Isolated thylakoids of leaves of V. berlandieri showed significant inhibition of whole chain and PS2 activities at midday. A smaller inhibition was observed for V. rupestris. Later, the leaves reached maximum PS2 efficiencies similar to those observed early in the morning during sampling at evening. The artificial exogenous electron donor Mn²⁺ failed to restore PS2 activity in both species, while DPC and NH₂OH significantly restored PS2 activity in V. rupestris midday leaf samples. Quantification of the PS2 reaction centre protein D1 and 33 kDa protein of water splitting complex following midday exposure of leaves showed pronounced differences between V. berlandieri and V. rupestris leaves. The marked loss of PS2 activity noticed in midday samples was mainly due to the marked loss of D1 protein in V. berlandieri while in V. rupestris it was the 33 kDa protein.     

贵州葡萄属野生种光合特性的研究

为掌握野生葡萄种间和种内不同单株间的光合特性差异,利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统测定了7种野生葡萄25个单株的光合参数.结果表明:野生葡萄种间光合特性差异明显,美丽葡萄净光合速率最高,其次是刺葡萄,腺枝葡萄的净光合速率最低.野生葡萄种内不同单株间的光合指标多样性丰富,单株间光合特性差异最大的是葛藟葡萄;种内不同单株间原产地气候条件相似,其光合特性差异较小,而原产地气候差异大的单株光合特性差异也大;野生葡萄的光合速率调控机制多样,非气孔因素调控在野生葡萄种群内非常普遍.