西洋参化学成分——皂甙的含量测定

本文采用Shibata提取方法,以人参皂甙Re为标准品,通过对样品提取液的薄层分离,用香草醛—高氯酸比色法对不同产地、不同年生、不同规格的西洋参及其不同部位中的总皂甙和分组皂甙作了含量测定。结果表明:各种西洋参样品总皂甙含量差异较大;三醇型与二醇型皂甙含量比为1:2.93～1:3;花蕾皂甙含量最高。     

三七地下部分皂甙成分的HPLC比较研究

应用HPLC定量分析方法,对三七(Panax notoginseng)地下部位的皂甙成分进行分析,通过比较人参皂甙Rg1,Rb1,Re,Rd和三七皂甙R1等5种主要皂甙成分和总皂甙的含量变化,探讨不同部位和组织中皂甙成分的分布规律。结果表明在三七药材的不同商品等级中,人参皂甙Rg1和Rb1的含量以主根60头为最高,5个主要皂甙的总含量也明显高于其他的等级;根茎的生物产量只为全根的18%,皂甙含量占25%以上;主根和根茎中韧皮部的生物产量和总皂甙的含量均高于木质部;二年生三七的生物产量及皂甙含量均较三年生三七低得多。不同表型三七的皂甙组成也有区别。     

不同前处理方式绞股蓝总皂甙含量的差异

用超声法提取绞股蓝鲜叶样、杀青样、烘干样、风干样以及绞股蓝袋泡茶干茶样的总皂甙,并测定其含量。结果表明,总皂甙含量为杀青样> 烘干样> 鲜叶样> 风干样> 干茶样,可能由于各处理的糖苷酶失活程度不同导致皂甙不同程度的分解,在生产和实验研究中应引起注意。     

绞股蓝营养器官各发育阶段结构与总皂甙含量相关性的研究

应用组织化学定位技术及植物化学方法,研究了不同发育阶段绞股蓝茎叶的结构与其中人参皂甙分布积累和总皂甙含量的关系。绞股蓝内的人参皂甙通过特定的显色剂能显示从紫红到浅红的颜色反应,颜色深浅与人参皂甙含量呈正相关。结果表明,叶内的皂甙主要分布在叶肉组织内,未分化的叶肉组织比成熟组织含量高,衰老的叶片不含皂甙。茎内的皂甙主要分布于维管束的外生韧皮部薄壁细胞中,表皮、同化组织、厚角组织及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织无皂甙积累;幼茎所含总皂甙高于发育成熟的茎和老茎,含量最高的则是具有贮藏功能的根状茎。在绞股蓝全草中,叶的总皂甙含量高于相应发育阶段的茎,而以当年生根状茎的含量最高。提出了皂甙在叶内积累、茎内运输和地下茎内贮藏的观点及科学采收绞股蓝的建议。     

用HPLC法研究不同提取方法对人参单体皂甙的提取效果

本文采用MPG-ODS色谱柱,以醋酸铵作HPLC流动相的改性荆在15 min以内较好地分离出单体皂甙Rg_2、Rb_1、Rc、Rd、Rg_1、Re等,首次比较了化学上醇提取方法和食用时水提取方法对单体皂甙及总皂甙提取效果的不同,结果表明,食用水对Rg组类皂甙的提取量高于Rb组,这将为人参的药理学研究及临床食用提供科学依据。     

罗汉果甜苷V的合成生物学研究进展

罗汉果甜苷V是罗汉果甜苷中含量和甜度均较高的成分,具有止咳祛痰、抗癌、抗氧化、调节血糖等诸多药理活性,成为兼具治疗功能的天然非糖甜味剂,具有广阔的市场前景。然而目前有限的生物资源和较高的提取成本,限制了它的广泛应用。合成生物学的快速发展为植物天然产物的生产提供了一种新思路,通过构建罗汉果甜苷V的微生物细胞工厂,将实现其低成本、规模化生产。文中介绍了罗汉果甜苷V的结构及药理活性,重点综述了罗汉果甜苷V的合成生物学研究进展,并探讨了当前研究所面临的挑战,以期为罗汉果甜苷V生物合成的进一步研究提供参考。     

绞股蓝人参皂甙的组织化学定位及其含量的变化

应用光镜技术、组织化学定位及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在绞股蓝营养器官中的积累分布状态以及不同生长期、不同器官、不同性别之间的绞股蓝总皂甙含量的动态变化。结果表明,绞股蓝人参皂甙主要分布在营养器官的同化组织及韧皮部薄壁细胞中,厚角组织、表皮及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布;叶中皂甙积累最多,茎次之,根最少。绞股蓝在营养生长期→花果期→枯萎期的生长发育过程中,其地上部分的皂甙含量呈现出低→高→低的变化趋势;叶的含量高于茎,雄株的含量高于雌株。从而认为在9-10月的花果期采收绞股蓝的地上部分而保留地下茎和根,有利于药材品质和产量的提高,又有利于药用资源的可持续开发利用。     

广西特产植物罗汉果的研究与应用

综述了广西特产药用植物罗汉果的生药学、化学成分、药理学、提取分离方法和应用研究 ,为深入研究开发利用罗汉果资源提供参考。     

绞股蓝人参皂甙的组织化学定位及其含量的变化

应用光镜技术、组织化学定位及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在绞股蓝营养器官中的积累分布状态以及不同生长期、不同器官、不同性别之间的绞股蓝总皂甙含量的动态变化。结果表明,绞股蓝人参皂甙主要分布在营养器官的同化组织及韧皮部薄壁细胞中,厚角组织、表皮及周皮的栓内层也有少量分布,木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布;叶中皂甙积累最多,茎次之,根最少。绞股蓝在营养生长期→花果期→枯萎期的生长发育过程中,其地上部分的皂甙含量呈现出低→高→低的变化趋势;叶的含量高于茎,雄株的含量高于雌株。从而认为在9—10月的花果期采收绞股蓝的地上部分而保留地下茎和根,有利于药材品质和产量的提高,又有利于药用资源的可持续开发利用。     

绞股蓝龙须茶的人参皂甙组织定位及皂甙含量的季节变化

应用组织化学定位技术及植物化学方法,研究了人参皂甙在商品绞股蓝龙须茶中的组织分布状态及绞股蓝总皂甙在不同季节中的含量变化。结果表明,绞股蓝内的人参皂甙遇特定的显色剂出现深浅不同的红色,色度与人参皂甙含量呈正相关。绞股蓝叶内的人参皂甙主要分布在叶肉组织,茎内的人参皂甙主要分布于维管束的韧皮部薄壁细胞中,同化组织、厚角组织和表皮也有少量分布．木质部和髓薄壁组织中无皂甙分布。在4月至11月的龙须茶采收期中,总皂甙含量呈逐渐上升的势态,4月最低．9月最高,含量变化与月总降雨量呈显著的正相关。研究认为在8月后湿润凉爽气候条件下采摘绞股蓝芽尖加工而成的龙须茶品质最好。     

不同罗汉果品种组培苗产量与质量性状的比较研究

以罗汉果组培苗的单株产量、果实大小、罗汉果总皂苷以及皂苷V的含量作为罗汉果药材产量和质量的评价指标,通过田间随机区组试验对不同罗汉果品种组培苗产量进行统计分析,并采用分光光度法和HPLC法分别对罗汉果总皂苷和罗汉果皂苷V的含量进行测定。结果显示,不同罗汉果品种组培苗在产量和质量性状上有显著差异。青皮果组培苗的产量较高,果实较大,罗汉果总皂苷和皂苷V含量也较高,适于大面积推广。     

Inhibition of increases in blood glucose and serum neutral fat by Momordica charantia saponin fraction

Focusing on a functional component of Momordica charantia, saponin, we investigated its effects on serum glucose and neutral fat levels. Saponin was extracted as a butanol-soluble fraction (saponin fraction) from hot blast-dried Momordica charantia powder. The disaccharidase-inhibitory activity and the pancreatic lipase-inhibitory activity of the saponin fraction were measured, and in vivo sugar- and lipid-loading tests were performed. The saponin fraction inhibited disaccharidase activity and elevation of the blood glucose level after sucrose loading. The fraction also markedly inhibited pancreatic lipase activity and elevation of the serum neutral fat level after corn oil loading. Based on these findings, the main active component related to the anti-diabetic effect of Momordica charantia is present in the butanol fraction, and it may be saponin. The blood glucose and serum neutral fat-lowering effects of Momordica charantia were closely associated with its inhibitory activity against disaccharidase and pancreatic lipase.     

Organogenesis of Lear Explants of Momordica grosvenori Swingle In Vitro

Leaves of Momordica grosvenori Swingle were used as experimatal material. Plantlets were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 6-BA 1 ppm and IBA 0.5 ppm. Histocytological observations on adventitious bud formation were carried out. After 1 week in culture, mesophyll cells obviously enlarged, cell divisions began in the mesophyll cells near the cut ends of explants, and meristemoids which consisted of small dark stained cells without chloroplasts were produced. Then meristemoids continued to proliferate and redifferentiated into many leaf-shaped bodies. Three weeks after cultivation, adiventitious buds were produced from meristemoids at surface layer of leaf-shaped body. The stem of plantlet was cut off when it reached 2 cm in height, and then was transferred onto MS basic medium supplemented with NAA 0.25–0.5 ppm for rooting. About 10 days after cultivation, vigorous root system was produced from the cut end of plantlets. It is possible that this technique of obtaining whole plants by leaf explant culture provides a method for the multiplication of the good individual plants of M. grosvenori.     

罗汉果叶中黄酮甙元的研究

以罗汉果叶为原料提取出黄酮,黄酮经水解、溶剂萃取、柱层析等手段,得到高纯度甙元;经TLC、液相色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振法等分析手段进行结构鉴定,证实甙元分别为山奈酚、槲皮素。     

A steryl glycoside fraction from Momordica charantia seeds with an inhibitory action on lipid metabolism in vitro

A saponin fraction was isolated from Momordica charantia seeds by delipidation, saline extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and extraction of the resulting supernatant with n-butanol. Thin-layer chromatography, in the upper phase of the n-butanol--ethyl acetate--water (4:1:5, by volume) system on plastic sheets coated with silica gel 60 F254, revealed the presence of a single spot after spraying with 10% sulfuric acid. The lack of contamination of the saponin preparation with proteins was judged by the absence of protein bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agarose electrophoresis and agarose diffusion, and by the absence of an absorption maximum around 278 nm. The saponin acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor of corticotropin, glucagon, and epinephrine in lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes, and it also antagonized dibutyryl cAMP induced lipolysis. The antilipolytic activity was resistant to heat, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase, and glutathione, in keeping with the chemical nature of saponin. Incorporation of [3-3H]glucose into lipid was inhibited. Adipocyte viability and ATP content were not affected by the saponin, suggesting that its inhibitory effects on lipolysis and lipogenesis were not due to an adverse effect on cell viability.     

罗汉果根多糖的分离纯化、结构鉴定及抗肿瘤活性研究

采用水提醇沉法提取、DEAE-52纤维素柱粗分离罗汉果根粗多糖(CPS),纸层析结合高效液相色谱分析CPS的单糖组成;同时研究CPS对小鼠H22皮下种植性肿瘤的影响。结果表明:采用DEAE-52纤维素柱粗分离得到5个多糖组分;CPS的单糖组成为:葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖,其中以葡萄糖为主;与模型对照组比较,CPS各剂量组无明显的抑制肿瘤生长作用(抑瘤率均低于50%);与模型对照组比较,CPS各剂量组小鼠的胸腺指数显著提高,差异极显著(P<0.01);而脾脏指数显著降低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

Influence of physico-chemical traits of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. on larval density and resistance to melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)

Abstract:  Melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) is one of the most important pests of bitter gourd, Momordica charantia L. Because of the difficulties associated with chemical control of this pest, it is important to identify the traits associated with resistance and their influence on pest multiplication. There were significant differences in test genotypes for fruit infestation and larval density/fruit. The wild accessions, IC 256185, IC 248256, IC 213311, IC 248282, IC 256110 and IC 248281 were identified as resistance sources to melon fruit fly. There was a significant and positive correlation ( r  = 0.96) between percentage fruit infestation and larval density/fruit. Percentage fruit infestation and larval density/fruit were positively correlated with depth of ribs, flesh thickness, fruit diameter and fruit length, and negatively associated with fruit toughness. Flesh thickness and fruit diameter explained 93.0% of the total variation for fruit fly infestation, and flesh thickness and fruit length explained 76.3% of the variation for larval density/fruit. Ascorbic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, protein, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and total sugars were negatively correlated, while the moisture content showed a positive association with fruit fly infestation and larval density/fruit. Moisture, potassium and reducing sugar content explained 97.4% of the total variation in fruit infestation, while moisture, phosphorus, protein, reducing and total sugars explained 85.7% variation for larval density/fruit.     

Hormonal regulation of flowering and fruit development: Effect of gibberellic acid and ethrel on fruit setting and development ofMomordica charantia L.

Fruit setting and development in a monoecious cucurbit,Momordica charantia L. could be regulated by the external application of gibberellin (GA₃) and ethrel. Both GA₃ and ethrel in lower concentrations promoted female flower production as well as fruit setting and development. Both growth regulators improved the quality of theMomordica fruit by increasing length, breath and biomass of the fruits as well as by increasing the content of total sugar of the fruit.     

Saponin Stimulates Fruiting of the Edible Basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus

The addition of saponin from Quillaja to malt extract agar dramatically stimulated fruit body development of Pleurotus ostreatus. Higher concentration of Quillaja saponin added to the medium suppressed the growth of pilei of fruit bodies. The results indicate that the triterpenoid-saponin is a bioactive substance for fruiting of P. ostreatus.     

Carotenoid pigments in GAC fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG)

The carotenoids in Gac fruit (Momordica Cochinchinensis spreng) were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the concentrations of beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were measured. Lycopene was found to be predominantly present in the Gac seed membrane at a concentration of up to 380 microg/g of seed membrane. The concentration of lycopene in the Gac seed membrane was about ten-fold higher than that in known lycopene-rich fruit and vegetables, indicating that Gac fruit could be a new and potentially valuable source of lycopene.