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Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe der Freiburger Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ausgeführt.  相似文献   

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Ohne ZusammenfassungErmöglicht durch die Basler Stiftung für experimentelle Zoologie.  相似文献   

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The persistent thallus of the phaeophyceanLaminaria hyperborea produces annually a new phylloid, formed by a meristematic zone between stipe and old phylloid. The growing frond is nourished with assimilates from the old one. Young and old phylloid are linked by a collar. Frond and stipe are of very similar anatomical structure. The frond is coated by a one-layer-meristoderm, which forms the external cortex. Using the position of slime ducts as border, the parenchymatous cortex can be subdivided into outer and inner cortex. Between inner cortex and medulla numerous transitions exist. The medulla itself is mainly composed of longitudinally arranged trumpet cells and hyphae. Frond enlargement is caused by the activity of both meristoderm and cortex. Not only cell divisions but also elongation in medulla and inner cortex contribute to growth of the frond. The frond diameter is decreased by this elongation process. Corresponding stretching occurs in the network of slime ducts. Swelling of longitudinal primary walls, accompanied by incorporation of alginate, facilitates the separation of cell strands, and across the medulla hyphae and crosslinks of both inner-cortex-layer cells form. Cells of the inner cortex continously differentiate to elements of the medulla. Trumpet cells within the outer part of the medulla are often branched and connected by hyphae to parenchymatous cells of the inner cortex. Toward the central part of the medulla, trumpet cells elongate and finally attain a length of 1000 µm; they form thick secondary longitudinal walls with ringshaped thickenings, reducing the lumen diameter. Crosswalls and whole cells are often plugged with callose and have, apparently, ceased to translocate.  相似文献   

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The Socotra Giant Gecko, Haemodracon riebeckii, is the largest species of lizard on Socotra Island. The nocturnal, arboreal and rupiculous living geckos are omnivorous. Two pairs were kept in terrariums and were fed with various insects (crickets, locusts, cockroaches), sweet fruits and other feeding stuff (such as meat, fish). Temporarily H. riebeckii was kept together with other lizards (Eublepharis macularius, Trachylepis socotrana), without any signs of aggressive behaviour. Juveniles and adults of both sexes are able to produce a sound. These acoustic signals seem to be related to predators, because never any intraspecific function could be observed. Within seven years of captive breeding two females produced 253 eggs. Usually two white and sticky soft-shelled eggs were laid within one clutch, more rarely a single egg was laid. The two eggs of a clutch were always laid on the same day. H. riebeckii belongs to the geckos that bury their eggs and practice some brood care, but no special parental care. The female is able to proof with her hind legs the deep and shape of a hollow in the substrate to bury the eggs, which were buried in a sticky and soft-shelled condition. They are oval in shape (egg length 16.4-19.8 mm, egg width 12.4-17.8 mm, quotient EL:EW 1.22±0.05) and have in the beginning a weight ranging from 1.7100 to 2.5201 g. As typical for geckos with hard-shelled eggs the egg weight decreases during the incubation period. The loss can be between 5.59 to 30.29%. The development of eggs up to hatching of young depends upon temperature and the germinal stage in the laid egg. The time difference between the hatching of the young within one clutch of two eggs was usually 1 to 5 days. In some cases there were, however, longer differences (up to 61 days), which are probably caused by different developmental stages of the embryos during the time of egg laying. The shortest incubation period recorded during our investigations was 83 days for eggs incubated at constant temperature of 28 to 29.5 °C and the longest 359 days at 26 to 26.5 °C. Constant high incubation temperatures caused a premature hatching of young. In normal hatched young were the yolk sac retracted and the navel closed. In premature hatched young were the yolk not resorbed and the mortality within the first three month comparatively high. The snout-vent length (SVL) of newly hatched young is from 27 to 39 mm and the tail length (TL) from 25 to 38 mm (SVL:TL index 0.90-1.27), the weight is from 0.7688 to 1.5366 g. Young specimens are distinguished from adults by the brown/white striped lower jaw and the white-banded tail. Young which hatched in the terrarium were eaten by the adults. A loss of young can be avoided if they are raised individually.  相似文献   

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Dozent Dr. R. Pohl 《Planta》1948,36(3-4):230-261
Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 11 Textabbildungen  相似文献   

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Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 11 Textabbildungen  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung An fünf Cyperaceen-Arten (Cyperus alternifolius, Heleocharis mamillata, Carex hirta, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani undKyllingia triceps) zeigte es sich, daß die Ausbildung des Tapetums bei allen fünf Arten auf die gleiche Weise erfolgt, und zwar nach dem Muster des zellulär einkernigen Tapetums.Das Tapetum entsteht aus den parietalen Zellen des Archespors im Verlauf einer zentripetalen Zellteilungsfolge: die parietalen Zellen teilen sich zunächst in perikliner Richtung in äußere Zellen, die weiterhin keine tangentialen Wände mehr bilden und innere, die später nochmals eine Teilung in perikliner Richtung erfahren, so daß schließlich die Antherenwand aus drei Schichten besteht (die Epidermis nicht mitgerechnet), wobei die innerste Schicht das Tapetum bildet.Die Tapetumzellen haben in den frühesten Stadien eine±isodiametrische Form, dagegen sind sie in späteren Stadien plattenförmig.Infolge dieser Formveränderung werden auch die ursprünglich kugelförmigen Zellkerne abgeplattet.Nach der Sistierung der Vermehrungsteilung knapp vor Beginn der Meiose laufen im Tapetum keine Mitosen — auch keine gehemmten — mehr ab, sondern nur echte Endomitosen. Diese lassen sich durch das Auftreten des endomitotischen Strukturwechsels im Zusammenhang mit einem rhythmischen Kernwachstum eindeutig nachweisen. Die endomitotische Polyploidisierung beginnt während des Leptotäns, erreicht während des Pachytäns ihren Höhepunkt und ist regelmäßig bis zum Tetradenstadium immer erloschen. Da in einzelnen Tapetumzellen überhaupt keine Endomitosen ablaufen, in anderen dagegen bis zu zwei Endomitoseschritte erfolgen, gibt es im voll entwickelten Tapetum Zellen mit einem diploiden, tetraploiden oder oktoploiden Kern. Es wird damit nachgewiesen, daß die Endomitose an Chromosomen mit diffusem Centromer in der gleichen Weise abläuft wie an Chromosomen mit lokalisiertem Centromer.Auf Grund des einheitlichen Verhaltens der untersuchten Cyperaceen und verschiedener anderer Indizien ist anzunehmen, daß alle Cyperaceen ein zellulär einkerniges Tapetum besitzen.  相似文献   

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