常见变质水性工业产品中的微生物种类和耐药性分析

为了科学治理常见变质水性工业产品中的腐败微生物,对其进行分离、鉴定和分类,同时以卡松、布罗波尔、甲基异噻唑啉酮和苯并异噻唑啉酮四种杀菌防腐剂对6种标准细菌菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)作为耐药性标准,对腐败细菌进行耐药性评估分析.结果显示,日化用品变质样中革兰氏阴性细菌约占80.00％(克雷伯氏菌属、假单胞菌属、伯克霍尔...     

化妆品防腐剂氯苯甘醚复配体的制备

对化妆品防腐剂氯苯甘醚、乙基己基甘油和苯氧乙醇进行复配试验,并得出微生物抑菌圈实验最佳配比,然后进行了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值的测定和微生物挑战试验及毒理性试验。结果表明,复配防腐剂的氯苯甘醚、乙基己基甘油和苯氧乙醇配比为1∶1∶3时抑菌效果最佳,并通过了毒理性测试。该复配防腐剂是优良的化妆品防腐剂。     

化妆品中腐败微生物的抗药性研究

对导致化妆品腐败变质的微生物进行分离鉴定,并分析腐败微生物对常用防腐剂的抗药性。根据API鉴定系统和分子生物学技术对腐败微生物进行鉴定,并采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)的方法评估腐败菌对常用防腐剂尼泊金甲酯、卡松、碘丙炔醇丁基氨甲酸酯(IPBC)、DMDM乙内酰脲(DMDMH)、布罗波尔的抗药性水平。经鉴定发现2个污染样品中的腐败微生物均为同一种革兰染色阴性杆菌即洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌,抗药性分析显示腐败菌HZP1537A对DMDMH、卡松和布罗波尔的MIC(2 000μg/m L、25μg/m L和62.5μg/m L)均高于标准菌株(500μg/m L、3.13μg/m L和31.25μg/m L);腐败菌HZP1537B对DMDMH、卡松的MIC(2 000μg/m L、25μg/m L)均高于标准菌株(500μg/m L、3.13μg/m L);第一代腐败菌的抗药性强于第二代。洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌容易引起化妆品腐败变质,且对多种防腐剂具有抗药性,在化妆品微生物控制时应给予高度关注。     

水性涂料腐败微生物的细菌群落及耐药性分析

为设计更合理的防腐方案,首先通过菌落总数检测方法检测统计某涂料生产企业三年来的产品及原材料送样的微生物情况,了解变质产品微生物污染状况;通过高通量测序技术分析典型变质样微生物的群落组成和丰度;使用高效液相色谱法分析产品的防腐剂残留情况;再采用最低抑菌浓度实验检测变质菌的耐药性,最后通过防腐功效测试检测环境风险菌对正常生产样的威胁。该企业三年送样总量682个,有菌样87个,其中三年的染菌率分别为11. 71%、12. 7%和13. 28%,腐败变质产品微生物菌落总数数量级已达到10~6CFU/g以上,以变形菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为优势菌群,其他细菌为非优势菌群。变质样防腐剂已被降解,分离的变质菌对卡松类防腐剂产生较明显耐药性,对BIT,布罗波尔类防腐剂没有产生耐药性,正常生产的样品能通过防腐功效测试。对于变质菌的耐药性应采用复防腐配体系如BIT、BP类等更有效的防腐剂。至于对卡松类防腐剂产生耐药性的部分变质菌,应筛选更有效的防腐体系。此外要加强原材料和生产环境和工艺流程的清洁控制,以抵御环境污染风险。     

被污染的工业产品中常见微生物种类及耐药性分析

为了工业产品中微生物污染治理及其防腐体系的构建提供科学依据,收集了被微生物污染的工业产品,并对其进行分离、鉴定和分类,再通过测定杀菌剂的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)来评估微生物的抗药水平。污染微生物中革兰氏阴性菌约占47.59%,革兰氏阳性菌约占32.62%,主要为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和伯克霍尔德氏菌;污染真菌约占19.8%,主要为链格孢霉属、曲霉属、青霉属。MIC结果表明,分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌对卡松、布罗波尔、DMDMH抗性均高于标准菌株,分离的铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌和黑曲霉对DMDMH的抗性均高于标准菌株。导致工业产品污染的微生物种类较多,应根据其种类、理化性状、防腐剂杀菌机理不同进行治理。     

香鳞毛蕨的化学成分研究

本文对香鳞毛蕨水提液进行大孔树脂柱色谱,用水、30%、60%、95%乙醇依次洗脱,从香鳞毛蕨30%乙醇组分中分离得到10个化合物,通过波普数据和理化性质分别鉴定为:5,7二羟基-2-羟甲基色原酮(1)、咖啡酸甲酯(2)、2S-圣草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、二氢松柏醇(4)、1,3-二羟基-5-丙基苯(5)、3β-羟基-5α,6α-环氧-7-大柱香波龙烯-9-酮(6)、2-羟基苯甲酸(7)、咖啡酸(8)、对羟基苯乙酮(9)、圣草素(10),以上化合物中4~10为首次从鳞毛蕨属植物中分离得到。     

7种不同提取方式对香露兜挥发性成分的影响

为了解不同提取方式对香露兜挥发性成分的影响,以采自海南兴隆的香露兜成熟鲜叶为研究对象,采用100%甲醇蒸馏法、75%乙醇蒸馏法、100%乙醇蒸馏法、75%乙醇超声波辅助法、100%乙醇超声波辅助法、75%乙醇浸提法和100%乙醇浸提法7种不同方式进行提取,利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定各提取物的挥发性成分,并结合主成分分析(PCA)和相关分析(CA)对其组成和含量差异进行比较分析。结果表明,7种不同提取方式共鉴定出52种挥发性成分,主要由酯类、醇类、酮类、烯烃类、吡咯类物质组成,100%甲醇蒸馏法未检测出关键特征香气物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2-AP),其余6种方式提取物均有检出,含量变幅为1.21～37.48μg/g;7种香露兜提取物相关性系数平均值为34.80%±7.20%,PCA分析将7种提取方式分为3组:75%、100%乙醇超声波辅助提取法和75%、100%乙醇浸提法主要挥发性成分为叶绿醇、角鲨烯、3-羟基-2-丁酮、棕榈酸乙酯、羟基丙酮、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮和2-AP,75%和100%乙醇蒸馏提取法主要挥发性成分为硬脂酸甲酯、2-AP、(E)-7-四癸醇和棕榈酸甲酯,100%甲醇蒸馏提取法主要挥发性成分为(Z)-十六烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯、十四酸甲酯、十五碳酸甲酯。由此说明,香露兜7种不同方式提取物3个组间挥发性成分的组成和含量存在差异,这为香露兜产品精深加工提供了理论依据。     

红油金针菇产品的辐照加工技术研究

研究了红油金针菇的辐照加工技术,通过正交试验确定了红油金针菇的最佳调味配方,结果表明：红油添加量10%、蔗糖添加量0.1%、食盐添加量3%、柠檬酸添加量0.2%为最佳调味配方。研究红油金针菇的防腐杀菌技术的结果表明：添加0.015%的脱氢乙酸钠和0.015%的山梨酸钾复配防腐剂比单一防腐剂更有效提高了红油金针菇的防腐效果,辐照剂量为4kGy杀菌后的红油金针菇可达到完全灭菌的效果。将上述杀菌处理后的红油金针菇进行常温贮藏,180d后红油金针菇产品细菌总数仍然很少并且保持有令人满意的色泽、脆度和口感。辐照处理对红油金针菇的营养成分影响不大。     

核桃青皮的化学成分研究——酚类化合物

核桃青皮是一种传统的中药材,含有大量的酚类化合物,具有镇痛、消炎、抑菌、抗肿瘤等功效。为了从核桃青皮中分离得到更多的酚类成分,以利于更好地阐明其作用机理,该研究采用大孔树脂Diaion HP-20SS、凝胶Sephadex LH-20,HPLC等方法对核桃青皮80%的乙醇提取物进行分离纯化。结果表明:共分离了10个单体化合物,它们的结构经质谱(MS)、一维核磁共振谱(~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR)、二维核磁共振谱(HSQC,HMBC)数据的分析及文献数据的比较确定为没食子酸(1),没食子酸甲酯(2),对羟基苯甲酸(3),3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(4),6-O-咖啡酸-D-葡萄糖(5),6-O-没食子酸-葡萄糖苷(6),4,8-二羟基-1-四氢萘醌(7),5,8-二羟基-4-甲氧基-1-四氢萘酮(8),5,8-二羟基-1-四氢萘酮(9),4-羟基-1-四氢萘酮(10)。其中,化合物5,化合物6为属内首次分离到。该研究结果为进一步深入研究核桃青皮的化学成分和药理作用提供了一定参考。     

花生茎叶酚性成分研究

运用大孔树脂对花生茎叶提取液进行富集,不同浓度乙醇洗脱,硅胶、RP-18、Sephadex LH-20等多种材料进一步分离纯化,研究花生茎叶化学成分,并通过理化方法和光谱分析对化合物进行结构鉴定。结果表明:从花生茎叶大孔树脂10%乙醇洗脱部位中分离并鉴定了10个化合物,分别为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(1)、水杨酸(2)、儿茶酚(3)、对羟基苯甲酸(4)、(反)-3,4-二羟基苯丙烯酸(5)、对羟基苯酚(6)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(7)、3,4-二羟基苯乙醇(8)、对羟基苯乙醇(9)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(10)。除化合物1、2和4外,其余均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Correlation of in vitro challenge testing with consumer use testing for cosmetic products

An in vitro microbial challenge test has been developed to predict the likelihood of consumer contamination of cosmetic products. The challenge test involved inoculating product at four concentrations (30, 50, 70, and 100%) with microorganisms known to contaminate cosmetics. Elimination of these microorganisms at each concentration was followed over a 28-day period. The test was used to classify products as poorly preserved, marginally preserved, or well preserved. Consumer use testing was then used to determine whether the test predicted the risk of actual consumer contamination. Products classified by the challenge test as poorly preserved returned 46 to 90% contaminated after use. Products classified by the challenge test as well preserved returned with no contamination. Marginally preserved products returned with 0 to 21% of the used units contaminated. As a result, the challenge test described can be accurately used to predict the risk of consumer contamination of cosmetic products.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus rosaefolius</Emphasis> Extract as a Natural Preservative Candidate in Topical Formulations

Even though the synthetic preservatives may offer a high antimicrobial efficacy, they are commonly related to adverse reactions and regarded as having potentially harmful effects caused by chronic consumption. The development of natural preservatives provides a way of reducing the amount of synthetic preservatives normally used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. In addition, these agents have less toxic effects and represent a possible natural and safer alternative of the preservatives. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Rubus rosaefolius Smith extract efficiency as a natural preservative in base formulations. Of the extract, 0.2% (w/w) was assayed for its effectiveness of antimicrobial protection in two different base formulations (emulsion and gel). The microbial challenge test was performed following the standard procedures proposed by The United States Pharmacopoeia 33nd, European Pharmacopoeia 6th, Japanese Pharmacopoeia 15th, and the Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Fragrance Association using standardized microorganisms. The results demonstrated that R. rosaefolius extract at the studied concentration reduced the bacterial inocula, satisfying the criterion in all formulations, even though it was not able to present an effective preservative behavior against fungi. Thus, the investigation of new natural substances with preservative properties that could be applied in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products is relevant due to the possibility of substituting or decreasing the concentration of synthetic preservatives, providing a way for the development of safer formulas for the use of consumers.     

Microbiological study of cosmetic products during their use by consumers: health risk and efficacy of preservative systems

AIM: To evaluate the microbial contamination of 91 cosmetics (23 o/w emulsions, 47 tensiolytes, 21 aqueous pastes) in three different states of use (intact, in-use, ending product) and the protection efficacy of the preservative systems most frequently used in the analysed cosmetic formulations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total bacterial count, isolation and identification of pathogenic isolates were performed on the collected cosmetics. About 10.6% of tensiolytes (13.5% bath foam, 6.7% shampoo, 10% liquid soaps) were contaminated by Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas putida. The efficacy of the preservative systems of two cosmetic products, tested against standard micro-organisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 4338 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027) and two isolates from cosmetics in this study (S. epidermidis and P. putida), satisfied the Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Fragrance Association and Official Italian Pharmacopeia criteria, while only one tested cosmetic respected the Rapid Challenge Test criterion. CONCLUSIONS: Contaminated cosmetic products are relatively uncommon, but some products, unable to suppress the growth of several micro-organisms, represent a potential health hazard. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The challenge test may be performed not only during the preparation of the preservative system in the intact cosmetics, but also be used to evaluate the protection efficacy during their use.     

Microbial Stability of Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Products

This review gives a brief overview about microbial contamination in pharmaceutical products. We discuss the distribution and potential sources of microorganisms in different areas, ranging from manufacturing sites, pharmacy stores, hospitals, to the post-market phase. We also discuss the factors that affect microbial contamination in popular dosage forms (e.g., tablets, sterile products, cosmetics). When these products are contaminated, the microorganisms can cause changes. The effects range from mild changes (e.g., discoloration, texture alteration) to severe effects (e.g., changes in activities, toxicity). The most common method for countering microbial contamination is the use of preservatives. We review some frequently used preservatives, and we describe the mechanisms by which microorganisms develop resistance to these preservatives. Finally, because preservatives are inherently toxic, we review the efforts of researchers to utilize water activity and other non-preservative approaches to combat microbial contamination.     

Investigation, identification and dosage of local anesthetics and antihistaminics in cosmetic products

A rapid and accurate reversed-phase HPLC method for separation and simultaneous quantitation of some local anesthetics, antihistamines and preservatives in skin cosmetics is described. The investigated compounds (procaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, benzocaine, brompheniramine, benzoic acid, methyl, ethyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, o-phenylphenol) are extracted by ultrasonic treatment in methanol from cosmetic form. Methanol-aqueous orthophosphoric acid (pH 2.8) containing 0.9% dibutylamine has been used as eluent. The influence of different percentages of methanol on chromatographic behaviour has been studied using both isocratic conditions and gradient elution program. The gradient program allows a rapid resolution and quantitation also for acidic preservatives.     

A modified titration technique for the evaluation of preservative effectiveness in liquid pharmaceutical preparations

The original titration technique proposed for testing preservatives in cosmetics was modified and used for the evaluation of preservative efficiency in liquid pharmaceutical preparations. The modified technique has demonstrated that while a product is bactericidal to a small microbial challenge, it can be bacteriostatic or even nutritional to a larger challenge level.     

Genetic and metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the development of new flavor compounds from terpenic substrates

Throughout human history, natural products have been the basis for the discovery and development of therapeutics, cosmetic and food compounds used in industry. Many compounds found in natural organisms are rather difficult to chemically synthesize and to extract in large amounts, and in this respect, genetic and metabolic engineering are playing an increasingly important role in the production of these compounds, such as new terpenes and terpenoids, which may potentially be used to create aromas in industry. Terpenes belong to the largest class of natural compounds, are produced by all living organisms and play a fundamental role in human nutrition, cosmetics and medicine. Recent advances in systems biology and synthetic biology are allowing us to perform metabolic engineering at the whole-cell level, thus enabling the optimal design of microorganisms for the efficient production of drugs, cosmetic and food additives. This review describes the recent advances made in the genetic and metabolic engineering of the terpenes pathway with a particular focus on systems biotechnology.     

Ability of laboratory methods to predict in-use efficacy of antimicrobial preservatives in an experimental cosmetic.

The abilities of nine antimicrobial systems to preserve an experimental water-based cosmetic formulation were evaluated by six microbiological challenge tests: the U.S. Pharmacopeia test; the British Pharmacopeia test; the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association test; the rapid screen test; the sequential challenge test; and the post-use test. The antimicrobial systems contained various combinations and amounts of two parabens and a quaternary compound in order to provide a broad range of preservation. The results obtained were compared with the abilities of the formulations to support maintenance and growth of microorganisms in microfloras obtained from human axilla areas and finger skin during an 8-week simulated in-use test. Without statistical analysis all of the tests predicted the results obtained with well-preserved or poorly preserved formulations. The rapid screen test was the best test for predicting differences at intermediate levels of preservation. Statistically, all of the tests were equivalent predictors of preservation efficacy in the in-use test (P = 0.05). At the P = 0.10 level, only the U.S. Pharmacopeia, British Pharmacopeia, rapid screen, Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association tests were significantly predictive. The results of prediction by a test, based on the preservative levels used, agreed well with the in-use test results (P = 0.01). A total of 20% of the formulations that contained excessive microbial levels contained human axilla microorganisms. The levels of preservation in failed products were similar to the levels of preservation in unused controls.     

Essential Oils and Herbal Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents in Cosmetic Emulsion

The cosmetic industry adapts to the needs of consumers seeking to limit the use of preservatives and develop of preservative-free or self-preserving cosmetics, where preservatives are replaced by raw materials of plant origin. The aim of study was a comparison of the antimicrobial activity of extracts (Matricaria chamomilla, Aloe vera, Calendula officinalis) and essential oils (Lavandulla officinallis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum) with methylparaben. Extracts (2.5 %), essential oils (2.5 %) and methylparaben (0.4 %) were tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Candida albicans ATCC 14053. Essentials oils showed higher inhibitory activity against tested microorganism strain than extracts and methylparaben. Depending on tested microorganism strain, all tested extracts and essential oils show antimicrobial activity 0.8–1.7 and 1–3.5 times stronger than methylparaben, respectively. This shows that tested extracts and essential oils could replace use of methylparaben, at the same time giving a guarantee of microbiological purity of the cosmetic under its use and storage.