高温杀菌对预浸泡豆杆的杀菌效果及品质影响

本研究以预浸泡豆杆为研究对象,研究高温杀菌对预浸泡豆杆中微生物的杀灭效果及其品质的影响,以期获得具有良好感官品质和理化品质的产品。结果表明:当温度≥105℃和时间≥10 min时,样品的菌落总数由初始的8.72×108cfu/g减少到50 cfu/g以内,样品的大肠菌群从1.6×105MPN/g减少到3 MPN/g以内,致病菌均未检出。杀菌温度和杀菌时间对预浸泡豆杆中脂肪含量、pH、弹性影响差异不显著(p>0.05),对水分含量、蛋白质、色差、硬度和咀嚼性影响显著(p<0.05),综合微生物、理化指标、色泽、质构的变化结果,经105℃、15 min和110℃、10 min处理后的预浸泡豆杆既能满足产品卫生要求也可以较好的保留产品原有的品质。     

生物炭对香蕉苗根际土壤微生物群落与代谢活性的影响

采用盆栽培养香蕉小苗,以生物炭与土壤的不同比例混合作为培养基质。3个月后采集香蕉苗根际土壤,采用稀释平板菌落计数法测定微生物数量;采用BIOLOG-ECO技术分析香蕉苗根际土壤微生物群落。结果显示,生物炭的施加能够显著增加土壤中微生物数量,生物炭低量(C1)施加对真菌、放线菌的数量就有明显提高,最高分别达到12.1×103cfu/g、10.2×104cfu/g。较高生物炭的施加量(C2、C3)显著提高细菌、氨化细菌和固氮菌数量,最高分别达到8.8×106cfu/g、4.5×103cfu/g、17.0×105cfu/g。BIOLOG-ECO分析表明,生物炭的施加提高了微生物群落平均颜色变化率(Average well color development,AWCD),多样性指数和碳源利用丰度。生物炭的施加提高了香蕉苗根际微生物对碳源的利用能力。在同一时期,微生物对不同碳源的利用能力均表现为C3处理组最高,CK较低。结果表明,生物炭的添加对提高香蕉苗根际土壤微生物群落数量,改善微生物群落构成和代谢具有显著作用。     

吸光度法快速确定菌悬液浓度及其适用范围

采用麦氏比浊法,将大肠埃希菌的菌悬液浓度调整到约8×108cfu/g,再将其稀释成多个梯度,在600nm的波长下用紫外分光光度计测定吸光度值,同时将各个梯度的菌悬液分别做菌落总数试验,得到不同吸光度值对应的菌落总数,并制作标准曲线,通过测量菌悬液的吸光度值确定菌悬液浓度及其适用范围。试验证明,用此法确定菌悬液浓度时,其菌落总数宜在105~108cfu/g之间,不适用于在105cfu/g以下的菌悬液,所得结果比麦氏比浊法准确。     

浓香型白酒窖泥中兼性厌氧细菌的分离鉴定

为探讨浓香型白酒窖泥中微生物区系的构成,采用传统微生物分类鉴定法,对泸州老窖不同窖龄窖底和窖壁泥样的可培养兼性厌氧细菌进行了分类计数,并初步鉴定到属。平板涂布法计数得出,老窖底样的菌落总数最多,达3.98×103cfu/g泥,新窖壁样菌落数最少,只有0.24×103cfu/g泥;经生理生化鉴定,参照伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册等将划线单离后的菌株归为8个属,其大部分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和芽孢乳杆菌属(Sporolac-tobacillus),也存在假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、梭菌属(Clostridium)等。     

峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统的土壤微生物数量及生物量特征

采用样地调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了峡谷型喀斯特水田、旱地、草地、灌丛、人工林、次生林6种生态系统不同深度土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量特征及其分形关系。结果表明:峡谷型喀斯特不同生态系统的土壤微生物数量及组成不同,微生物数量均以次生林最高,旱地最低,其组成数量均为细菌放线菌真菌,细菌是土壤微生物的主要类群,数量多达26.66×105—71.64×105cfu/g,占全部微生物比例为87.00%—95.50%,其次为放线菌数量,为1.45×105—3.78×105cfu/g,所占比例为4.21%—12.39%,真菌数量最小,为0.07×105—0.23×105cfu/g,所占比例仅为0.24%—0.61%,不足1%。不同生态系统土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)的含量不同,次生林MBC与MBN最高,人工林MBP最高,旱地MBC最低,草地MBN与MBP最低;各生态系统均为MBCMBNMBP。不同生态系统的MBC/SOC、MBN/TN、MBP/TP分别为0.44%—0.97%、2.13%—3.13%、1.46%—2.13%,差异不显著;MBC/MBN在3.06—6.54之间,其中次生林极显著高于其他生态系统,其他生态系统差异不显著。不同生态系统土壤微生物数量及生物量均随土层加深而减少,且具有良好分形关系,均达到了极显著水平(P0.01)。探讨土壤微生物活性为提高石灰土土壤肥力、促进喀斯特植被迅速恢复提供依据。     

昆明市盘龙区学生营养餐卫生安全研究

对云南省昆明市某学生营养餐公司学生营养餐制作过程中的分餐人员手套、分餐桌面、营养餐及生产车间空气等进行微生物检测分析,结果表明：车间分餐人员一次性手套使用15 min 后,检出菌落总数含量均值达到29.67 cfu/mL,大肠菌群达到4.89 cfu/mL; 手套使用20min后,菌落总数均值达到584.83 cfu/mL,大肠菌群达到9.32 cfu/mL,手套严重污染;分餐桌面未使用前,大肠菌群均值达到9.26 cfu/mL,使用15min及20min后,大肠菌群则未检出;分装好的营养餐成品保温3h和4h后取样对比,发现菌落总数增长迅速,后者是前者的1.8倍,污染严重,说明分装是造成营养餐污染的主要环节,建议营养餐从制作完成到食用需于4h以内完成;车间生产3h后,空气中菌落总数达到89.33 cfu/m3,空气环境较差;车间生产4h后,空气中菌落总数达到307 cfu/m3,污染严重,需进行灭菌。     

60Co γ辐照对普洱茶杀菌效果及其品质的影响

以普洱茶为研究对象,利用60Co γ射线辐照,初步研究了不同辐照剂量对普洱茶的杀菌效果及其品质的影响。结果表明:60Co γ射线能有效地杀灭普洱茶中的微生物,产品初始细菌和霉菌的数量均低于105cfu/g,经3.6kGy~5kGy剂量辐照能确保普洱茶中污染微生物的量低于1×103cfu/g,而且对普洱茶主要品质成份无明显影响。     

肉牛屠宰过程中胴体在冲淋前后极端微生物组成的变化

目的对通过高压热水冲淋前后肉牛胴体表面的极端微生物数量及种类的变化规律进行研究。方法细菌菌落计数,并从分离的极端微生物中随机挑出8株厌氧菌和7株嗜冷菌,利用16S r DNA扩增、测序及生化试剂盒鉴定这些微生物的种属特征。结果冲淋前后的肉牛胴体表面细菌菌落总数从106CFU/cm2降低至500 CFU/cm2,同时冲淋前后的肉牛胴体厌氧细菌总数从2×102CFU/g下降至400 CFU/g,嗜冷细菌总数从3×104CFU/g下降至3×102CFU/g。极端微生物主要属于厌氧芽胞杆菌属Bacillus sp.、埃希菌属、肠杆菌属Enterobacter sp.、库特菌属Kurthia sp.、沙雷菌属Serratia sp.、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp.等6个属。结论高压热水冲淋可以很好的控制肉牛胴体表面细菌菌落总数,但对于厌氧、嗜冷等极端微生物的减菌效果不是很理想。     

奶粉伴侣中微生物污染特点分析

目的：了解婴幼儿经常食用的奶粉伴侣中微生物的污染状况。方法：2016年在我国8个省（直辖市）采集奶粉伴侣864份,按照食品安全国家标准方法检测菌落总数、大肠菌群、阪崎肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌。结果：104%（9/864）的奶粉伴侣菌落总数＞104 cfu/g,012%（1/864）大肠菌群＞102 cfu/g,未检出单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,但1份样品检出阪崎肠杆菌。结论：奶粉伴侣微生物污染水平较低。     

鲑精蛋白对致病性弧菌的抑制活性

为了解鲑精蛋白对致病性弧菌--副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus BE-98-2029)、霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae CDC 2164)和创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 27562)的抑菌活性,本文分别测定了2000～4000 μg/mL浓度的鲑精蛋白对三种弧菌在TSB(大豆肉汤)+1.5%NaCl培养基中的生长抑制情况和对菌体的致死时间.试验结果表明,2000 μg/mL鲑精蛋白可有效抑制三种弧菌的生长,使霍乱弧菌48 h内完全死亡,使副溶血性弧菌数量从3.3×106 cfu/mL降至3.3×103 cfu/mL;3000 μg/mL的鲑精蛋白则可以在48h内完全杀死三种弧菌;4000 μg/mL的鲑精蛋白在12 h内使创伤弧菌总数从4.9×106 cfu/mL降至9.4×102 cfu/mL.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.