Isolation of glycosaminoglycans and variation with age in the feline brain

M any laboratories have reported the presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the brains of a variety of species, including monkey, man, cat, pig, rabbit, sheep, rat and chicken (C handrasekaran and B achhawat , 1969; C lausen and H ansen , 1963; C lausen and R osenkast , 1962; C ustod and Y oung , 1968; M argolis , 1967; O nodera , H irona , H oriuchi and K ashimura , 1966; S aigo and E gami , 1970; S ingh and B achhawat , 1965 , 1968; S ingh , C handrasekaran , C herian and B achhawat , 1969). Because of the interest of our laboratory in the GAG of the cat brain (C ustod and Y oung , 1968; Y oung , 1963), we initiated the present studies to quantify these various brain polysaccharides and to investigate their changes as a function of postnatal age.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Weygoldt , Peter (1970): Courtship behaviour and sperm transfer in the Giant Whip Scorpion, Mastigoproctus giganteus (Lucas) (Uropygi, Thelyphonidae) (Werben und Samenübertragung beim großen Geisseiskorpion). Warner , G. F. (1970): Behaviour of two species of Grapsid Crab during intraspecific encounters (Verhalten der grapsoiden Krabben Aratus pisoni und Goniopsis cruentata bei Kämpfen mit Artgenossen). Hazlett , Brian A. (1970): Tactile stimuli in the social behaviour of Pagurus bernhardus (Decapoda, Paguridae) (Sozial bedeutsame Berührungsreize beim Einsiedlerkrebs P. b.). Fox , M. W. (1970): A comparative study of the development of facial expressions in Canides; wolf, coyote and foxes (Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Entwicklung des Gesichtsausdrucks bei Caniden: Wolf, Kojote und Füchse). Holcomb , Larry C. (1970): Prolonged incubation behaviour of redwinged Blackbird incubating several egg sizes (Längeres Brüten von Rotschulterstärlingen auf Eiern verschiedener Größen). Barlow , George W., und Richard F. Green (1970): The problems of appeasement and of sexual role in the courtship behavior of the Blackchin Mouthbreeder, Tilapia melanotheron (Pisces: Cichlidae) (Beschwichtigendes und werbendes Verhalten beim Senegalbarsch, T. m.). Slewing , R. (1969): Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der Tiere. Morrell , Gillian M., und John R. G. Turner (1970): Experiments on mimicry: I. The response of wild birds to artificial prey (Modellversuche im Freiland zur Mimikry-Frage. I. Verhalten von Vögeln vor künstlichen Beuteattrappen). Beach , Frank A. (1970): Coital behaviour in dogs. VIII. Social affinity, dominance, and sexual preference in the Bitch (Paarungsverhalten bei Hunden. VIII. Bekanntschaft und Ranghöhe; wen bevorzugt die Hündin?) Darchen , R. (1969): Sur la biologie de Trigona (Apotrigona) nebulata komiensis Cock. Pflugfelder , O. (1970): Lehrbuch der Entwicklungsgeschichte und Entwicklungsphysiologie der Tiere. Portmann , A. (1969): Einführung in die vergleichende Morphologie der Wirbeltiere, 4. Auflage. Schultz , A. H. (1969): The life of primates (Das Leben der Herrentiere). Matthews , L. H. (1969): The life of mammals I. (Das Leben der Säuger). Grzimeks Tierleben, Band 11: Säugetiere 2 (1969). ed. Fox , M. W. (1968): Abnormal behavior in animals (Abnormes Verhalten von Tieren). Frisch , Otto v. (1969): Über Länder und Meere, Geheimnis der Tierwanderung. Walsh , J. (1969): Die Wasser steigen. Reuter , Wolfgang (1969): Von Lippizanern und der Spanischen Reitschule. Glover , P. E. (1968): A list of mammals from the Mau-Mara area of Massailand. Wolf , G. (1967): Der wissenschaftliche Dokumentationsfilm und die Encyclopaedia Cinematographica.     

Isolation of Bovine Adenovirus Type 1 from a Calf with Pneumo-Enteritis

During the last decade, an increasing number of bovine adenoviruses have been isolated from calves suffering from more, or less, well-defined syndromes. These have consisted of respiratory disorders of varying severity, enteritis, or a combination of both, which in typical cases has been termed “pneumo-enteritis”. These investigations have been reviewed by Darbyshire (1968). Wilcox (1969) isolated adenoviruses from kerato-conjunctivitis (KC) in cattle. Furthermore, strains have been isolated from apparently healthy animals (Darbyshire 1968), and from tissue cultures prepared from various organs from calves such as kidneys (Scho- pov et al. 1968), and testes (Rondhuis 1968, Bartha & Csontos 1969). At the present time 9 serotypes of bovine adenoviruses exist, as determined by neutralization tests, and these have recently been reviewed by Guenov et al. (1970). However, several strains, some from cases of pneumonia (Cole 1970, Lupini et al. 1970) and others from KC (Wilcox 1969) remain to be typed and compared with the known prototypes, thereby enabling possible new serotypes to be identified. So far, serotypes 1 and 2 (Darbyshire et al. 1969), serotype 3 (Darbyshire et al. 1966) and serotypes 4 and 5 (Aldasy et al. 1965) have been shown to cause pneumo-enteritis, and serotype 6 (Rondhuis 1970) a mild respiratory disease in experimentally infected calves. Similarly, KC has been produced experimentally by Wilcox (1970), while the pathogenicity for experimental animals of the other typed and untyped strains remains to be investigated.     

A population study ofStenocranus minutus (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The seasonal and annual fluctuations in a population of the delphacid, Stenocranus minutus (Fab. ) on Dactylis glomerata L. were studied from March 1968 to September 1970. The study involved the comparison of several sampling methods to estimate the egg, nymphal and adult numbers and an investigation into causes of mortality within each stage. A population budget was made for the years 1969 and 1970.     

Levels of brain lipids in white matter from undernourished Sinclair (S-1) miniature swine

I t H as been suggested previously that animal models are the preferred method for biochemical study concerned with protein-calorie malnutrition (K irsch , S aunders and B rock , 1968; D obbing , 1970). That the brain is one of the least vulnerable organs to be affected by dietary deprivation has been reported for swine (P latt , H eard and S tewart , 1964; T umbleson , T insley , C orwin , F latt and F lynn , 1969; T umbleson , T insley , M ulder and F lait , 1970), rhesus monkeys (O rdy , S amorajski and H ershberger , 1970) and rats (B rown and G uthrie , 1968). However, alteration of brain composition as a result of protein-calorie malnutrition at a young age may have important effects on the mental and behavioural activities of the maturing subjects (W inick , 1970; C ravioto , 1970). In a previous study on the effect of undernutrition in young miniature swine, it was noted that there was an elevation in the levels of cholesterol and glucose in serum of pigs fed the low protein diet (T umbleson et al. , 1969). The duration of such elevations was usually 2–8 weeks after administration of the test diet. Since cholesterol, as well as other chemical constituents, in serum is important for the biosynthesis of brain membranes, the present study was designed to assess the effect of undernutrition on levels of major brain lipids.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Blackford Cook , Susan (1969): Experiments on homing in the Limpet Siphonaria normalis (Versuche zum Heimfinden der Napfschnecke S. n.). Varnall , John L. (1969): Aspects of the Behaviour of Octopus cyanea Gray (Zum Verhalten des Tintenfischs O. c.). Szebenyi , Andrew L., S. J. (1969): Cleaning behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster (Putzverhalten bei der Taufliege). Bennet-Clark , H. C., und A. W. Ewing (1969): Pulse interval as a critical parameter in the courtship song of Drosophila melanogaster (Pausenlänge als entscheidendes Merkmal des Balzgesangs der Taufliege). Goodyear , C. Phillip, und Denzel E. Ferguson (1969): Sun compass orientation in the Mosquito Fish, Gambusia affinis (Sonnenkompaßorientierung beim Moskitofisch). Littlejohn , M. J., und A. A. Martin (1969): Acoustic interaction between two species of Leptodactylid Frogs (Rufwettstreit zwischen zwei dünnfingrigen Froscharten). Alcock , John (1969): Observational learning by fork-tailed Flycatchers (Muscivora tyrannus) (Gabelschwänzige Weißbauchtyrannen lernen vom Zusehen). Thompson , William L. (1969): Song recognition by territorial male Buntings (Passerina) (Erkennen des Artgesanges bei Farbfinken im Revier). Sielmann , H. (1968): 1. Scenopoeëtes dentirostris (Ptilonorhynchidae), Verhalten am Blätterteppich (E 1075). - 2. Ptilonorhynchus violaceus (Ptilonorhynchidae); Bauen an der Laube und Anstreichen' (E 1076), Balz und Kopulation (E 1077). - 3. Prionodura newtoniana (Ptilonorhynchidae), Behängen der Reisigtürme (E 1082). - 4. Amblyornis macgregoriae (Ptilonorhynchidae), Behängen des, Mai-baumes' und Balz (E 1083). - 5. A. subalaris (Ptilonorhynchidae), Schmücken der Laube (E 1084). - 6. Chlamydera lauterbachi (Ptilonorhynchidae); Bauen an der Laube (E 1080), Balz (E 1081). - 7. C. nuchalis (Ptilonorhynchidae); Verteilen von Sammlungsstücken an der Laube (E 1078), Balz und Kopulation (E 1079). Rosengren , Anita (1969): Experiments in colour discrimination in dogs (Versuche über Farbensehen von Hunden). Pickenhain , L., und F. Klingberg (1969): Hirnmechanismen und Verhalten: Elektro-physiologische und Verhaltensuntersuchungen an der Ratte. Giersberg , H., und P. Rietschel (1968): Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Band 2: Ernährungs-, Atmungs-, Kreislauforgane, Leibeshöhlen, Ausscheidungsund Fortpflanzungsorgane. Lattin , Gustaf de (1967) ?: Grundriß der Zoogeographie. McKusick , Victor A. (1968): Humangenetik. Jaynes , Julian (1969): Historical Origins of “Ethology” and “Comparative Psychology” (Zur Geschichte der Begriffe Ethologie und Vergleichende Psychologie). Kalmus , H. (1969): Animal Behaviour and Theories of Games and of Language (Tierverhalten, Spiel- und Sprachtheorien). Eibl-Eibesfeldt , I. (1970): Liebe und Hass, zur Naturgeschichte elementarer Verhaltensweisen. Wickler , Wolfgang (1970): Stammesgeschichte und Ritualisierung. Kolar , Kurt (1965): (1) Kontinent voll Kuriositäten, Tiere, Menschen und Probleme in Australien. (2) Ders. (1967): Von Hund und Äff und Kind und Katz. (3) Ders. (1970): Australien neu entdeckt, ein Verhaltensforscher im fünften Kontinent. Wylie , Philip (1968): The Magic Animal (Das magische Tier). Laver , J. (1970): Die Mode.     

Clinical Problems: Hepatitis in Dialysis Units in the United Kingdom

A prospective study of hepatitis in 20 dialysis units in the United Kingdom showed that the number of units with outbreaks increased from one in 1968 to three in 1969 and the overall attack rate rose from 1·7 to 5·3% in patients and from 0·5 to 1·3% in staff.In July 1969 a pilot study of patients'' sera showed that all of the outbreaks were associated with Australia (Au) antigen. Au antigen was not detected in the unaffected units or in one unit in which there were several patients with abnormal liver function.In January 1970 systematic prospective testing for Au antigen was begun. Au antigen was detected in single patients in five more of the 20 units. The transfer of the affected patients to isolation for dialysis seemed to prevent the spread of infection in the units. The incidence of hepatitis in 1970 was 5·6% in patients and 0·4% in staff.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Manwell , Reginald D. (1968): Introduction to Protozoology Kugler , Hans (1970): Blütenökologie Hölldobler , Bert (1969): Orientierungsmechanismen dcs Ameisengastes Atemeles Grzimeks Tierleben Band 9, Vögel 3 Curry-Lindahl , Kai (1970): Breeding Biology of the Baltic Seal Le Boeuf , Burney J., und Richard S. Peterson Nachtsheim , Hans (1970): Vergleichende Betrachtungen zum Übervölkerungsproblem bei Säugetier und Mensch Hass , Hans (1970): Energon, das verborgene Gemeinsame Berggren , Sigvard (1969): Mein Tierparadies Grzimek , Hildegard (1970): In meinem Herzen haben viele Tiere Platz     

Annual foods of the Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the east of England

There have been few studies on the foods of Red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in British forests. Notable exceptions are the work of Prior (1968), Henry (1978) and Hosey (1981) on Roe deer. British work on the food of Red deer seems to have been confined to studies of animals on upland swards (Charles, McCowan & East, 1977; Staines ∓ Crisp, 1978). However, a more abundant supply of data on the food and feeding of both Red and Roe deer comes from the Continent (Dragoev, 1964; Gabuzov, 1960; Kolev, 1966; Novikov & Timofeeva, 1964; Siuda, Zorowski & Suida, 1969; Dzieciolowski, 1967 a , b , 1969). Even so the data available were obtained from studies made on individual species of deer. This paper reports the results of an investigation into seasonal changes in the diet of Red and Roe deer coexisting in a conifer forest in the east of England.     

Age differences in the feeding ability of Moorhens Gallinula chloropus

Numerous studies have shown that juvenile birds obtain food at a slower rate than do adults (Norton-Griffiths 1968, Recher & Recher 1969, Orians 1969, Dunn 1972, Davies& Green 1976, Groves 1978), We compared the foraging behaviour of adult and juvenile Moorhens Gallinula chloropus and tried to assess the relative importance of different components of feeding in determining the intake rate.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article: Koopowitz , Harold (1970): Feeding behaviour and the role of the brain in the Polyclad Flatworm Planocera gilchristi (Nahrungssuche und -aufnähme bei der Seeplanarie P. g. mit und ohne Hirn). Reichenbach-Klinke , H.-H. (1969): Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Diagnose von Fischkrankheiten. Reichenbach-Klinke , H. H. (1966): Krankheiten und Schädigungen der Fische. Grzimeks Tierleben Band 4, Fische 1. Poduschka , Walter und Christi (1970): Geliebtes Stacheltier, Verhalten und Aufzucht von Igeln. Fossey , Dian (1970): Making friends with Mountain Gorillas. Stahl , F. W. (1969): Mechanismen der Vererbung. Brewbaker , James L. (1967): Angewandte Genetik. Die genetischen Grundlagen der Pflanzen- und Tierzüchtung. Zimmermann , W. (1969): Vererbung “erworbener Eigenschaften” und Auslese. Renner , E. (1970): Mathematisch-statistische Methoden in der praktischen Anwendung. Fortschritte der Zoologie , begründet von Max Hartmann, Band 18, 3. Kükenthal , Matthes, Renner (1967): Leitfaden für das zoologische Praktikum, 15. Schlieper , Carl (1964): Praktikum der Zoophysiologie Klopfer , Peter H. (1968): Ökologie und Verhalten. Freedman , D. G. (1969): Behavioural differences between Chinese-American and European-American newborns (Verhaltensunterschiede zwischen Neugeborenen von aus China und aus Europa eingewanderten Amerikanern). ed. Heberer , G. (1965): Menschliche Abstammungslehre, Fortschritte der Anthropo-genie 1863–1964. Koenig , Otto (1970): Kultur und Verhaltensforschung, Einführung in die Kulturethologie.     

Fungi Isolated from Flue-Cured Tobacco Sold in Southeast United States, 1968-1970

Flue-cured tobacco leaves, from low- and middle-stalk positions, offered for sale in each of two markets, within each of five tobacco types, were evaluated for moisture content (MC) and filamentous fungi during August through October in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Alternaria alternata, Penicillium cyclopium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus repens, and Aspergillus flavus were most frequently isolated from cultured tissue. Other filamentous fungi that grew from the tissue included species from four genera of field fungi and seven species of storage fungi. Although the MC ranged from 11.0 to 22.5%, it averaged 16.4, 16.8, and 15.9% for samples taken in 1968, 1969, and 1970, respectively. Average populations of fungi per sample over the three years ranged from 0 to 1,528,500 colonies/g of tobacco.     

A Staining Method for Light Microscopic Study of Nucleolar Structure in Plant Cells

Ever since the nucleolus was noted by Fontana (1781), a vast array of literature has accumulated on staining procedures for its study. However, most are for animal cells and there are few for plant cells. These techniques are reviewed by Busch and Smetana (1970). A method suggested by Das (1962) and later modified by Das and Alfert (1963) uses silver nitrate followed by photographic developers. Silver nitrate staining after hydroquinone-formalin fixation has been suggested for routine use (Gomez et al. 1969, Stockert et al. 1969). However, by these light microscopic techniques the entire nucleolus is darkly stained and intranucleolar structure is observed.     

ABNORMAL MIGRATION AND HYBRIDIZATION OF LARUS ARGENTATUS AND L. FUSCUS AFTER INTERSPECIES FOSTERING EXPERIMENTS

Between 1962 and 1966 eggs of Larus argentatus and L. fuscus were interchanged andalmost 900 young were reared by the wrong species. Many of these cross-fostered young were later recovered or retrapped on and away from the colonies.
The British population of argentatus is sedentary and ringed birds are not recovered outside Britain, whereas fuscus normally migrates. Many cross-fostered argentatus migrated to France, Spain and Portugal, areas where fuscus is common, but they did not migrate as far as the control fuscus . It is possible that these cross-fostered argentatus had followed their foster parents when these migrated, but this is unlikely as the cross-fostered fuscus also migrated although their foster parents would have remained in Britain.
Despite wide ecological and behavioural overlaps, interbreeding between L. argentatus and L.fuscus is exceedingly rare. However, as a result of cross-fostering experiments, 31 and 40 mixed pairs were found on Skokholm in 1968 and 1969 respectively. Although some of the birds involved were unringed it is probable that all the adults in mixed pairs had been cross-fostered. Other cross-fostered birds were found mated with their own species and it appears that the sex of the imprinted birds was important. Female gulls will usually only mate with males of their own species, or in the case of the cross-fostered birds, with males of their foster species. Males will mate with either species.
Evidence is given that suggests that the colour of the mantle and wings is important in species recognition at long range, and the colour of eye-ring and join of the mandibles for recognition at short range. The role of voice is uncertain but general behaviour is probably unimportant.     

Recent fertility trends in Suriname

A rapid decline in fertility took place in Suriname between 1962 and 1974, and then stopped. While this sudden stabilization is surprising, it is not unusual. Similar trends have occurred in some Caribbean and Latin American countries. This article analyzes the post-1960 trend in fertility in Suriname and seeks to determine whether the 1962-74 fertility decline resulted from changes in socioeconomic conditions or was caused by the activities of the Suriname Family Planning Association. The measures used are the general fertility rate, the total fertility rate by ethnic group as well as by 5-year age groups, and gross and net reproduction rates by ethnic group. All the measures point to a rapid continuing decline of fertility between 1962 and 1974, followed by a rise. The data suggest that major socioeconomic changes had already been under way for some years, when fertility started to fall in 1962. The Suriname Family Planning Association was not founded until 1968, which implies that the organization did not start the decrease. However, once the organization was founded, it continually expanded its activities and made an obvious contribution to the use of contraceptives that increased significantly in the 1970s. It is concluded that the drop in fertility resulted from the process of modernization along with the rapid increase in the use of contraceptives.     

Estimation of Variance Components Based on a Diallel Model Involving Maternal and Maternal Interaction Effects

For a diallel model (TOPHAM, 1966) estimators of variance components are obtained by adopting the general approach outlined by SEELY (1969, 1970, 1971), SEELY and ZYSKIND (1971) and YUAN (1977) in the case of unbalanced data.     

Visitors' effects on the welfare of animals in the zoo: a review

Since the 1970s, research about zoo visitors' effects on the welfare of nonhuman animals in captivity has intensified. Numerous studies have shown that characteristics such as visitor presence, density, activity, size, and position are associated with animal behavioral and—to alesser extent physiological—changes. Studies usually interpret these changes as negative (undesirable) or positive (enriching), but it remains unclear whether they significantly impinge on animal welfare. To make confident conclusions about visitors' effects necessitates more studies using (a) a wider range of animal groupings, (b) measures of stress, (c) visitor-animal variables, and (d) other methodological improvements In the meantime, in addition to further research, individual zoos need to emphasize (a) monitoring the stress indicators of their captive animals, (b) observing visitor behavior, and (c) ensuring that staffs are aware of the “visitor effect” concept.     

Epidemiological studies on Japanese encephalitis in Kyoto City area, Japan. II. Annual patterns of virus dissemination on virus recoveries from unfed Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus.

Annual patterns of dissemination of Japanese encephalitis virus in vector mosquitoes have been investigated at the main collection station from 1965 through 1973 at some other stations from 1969 through 1971. The virus was recovered usually from Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus during a period of about a month from July to August every year till 1969, and from August to September after 1970, although at some of the stations the virus was recovered intermittently for longer or shorter terms. Higher infection rates were recorded with the mosquitoes caught at the stations near to pig sheds than at the stations far from pig sheds. The infection rates at the peak of virus recovery in high epidemic year (1965 to 1967) were higher, being over 2%, than those in lower or latent epidemic years (1968 to 1973). Human patients of Japanese encephalitis were found in 17 to 20 days after the appearance of the highest peak of the infection rate in mosquitoes.     

Visitors' Effects on the Welfare of Animals in the Zoo: A Review

Since the 1970s, research about zoo visitors' effects on the welfare of nonhuman animals in captivity has intensified. Numerous studies have shown that characteristics such as visitor presence, density, activity, size, and position are associated with animal behavioral and—to alesser extent physiological—changes. Studies usually interpret these changes as negative (undesirable) or positive (enriching), but it remains unclear whether they significantly impinge on animal welfare. To make confident conclusions about visitors' effects necessitates more studies using (a) a wider range of animal groupings, (b) measures of stress, (c) visitor-animal variables, and (d) other methodological improvements In the meantime, in addition to further research, individual zoos need to emphasize (a) monitoring the stress indicators of their captive animals, (b) observing visitor behavior, and (c) ensuring that staffs are aware of the “visitor effect” concept.     

The American Society for Neurochemistry (ASN): Antecedents, Founding, and Early Years

Events leading to and the influences on the founding of the American Society for Neurochemistry are recounted, with emphasis on early activities of neurochemists in the United States, as well as the international activities, that led to the founding of both the International and American societies (in 1965 and 1969, respectively). The founding of the American Society for Neurochemistry in the period 1968-1969 and its first annual meeting in 1970 are described, together with significant developments during the early years of the Society.