银纹夜蛾的核型多角体病毒病

银纹夜蛾(Plusia agnata Staudinger)幼虫是大豆主要食叶害虫。在泰安地区,历年约占大豆害虫总发生量的70％以上;除大豆外,还为害甘蓝、白菜、棉麻等作物。 1979年6月,发现室内饲养的银纹夜蛾幼虫有倒挂死亡的虫体,经鉴定是一种核型多角体病毒病,现将其实验结果报道如下。     

疆夜蛾生物学与防治的研究

<正> 疆夜蛾Peridroma saucia Hubner又名绛色地老虎、土蚕、切根虫,属鳞翅目、夜蛾科,是凉山地区旱地作物的重要害虫之一。食性杂、分布广,以幼虫为害各种春播作物、蔬菜、牧草、果树等幼苗。我们于1977—1981年,在海拔2,150米左右的昭觉及其有关地区,通过饲养观察和调查,对该虫进行了初步研究,现将部分结果整理如下。     

甘蓝夜蛾和八字地老虎肌动蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

肌动蛋白是细胞骨架微丝的主要组成成分,在肌肉收缩、细胞骨架形成、细胞移动等方面起重要作用。以鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae L.和八字地老虎Agrotis c-nigrum 3龄幼虫整个虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),分别扩增得到2种昆虫的肌动蛋白的cDNA序列,甘蓝夜蛾肌动蛋白的cDNA序列含有1441个碱基,而八字地老虎肌动蛋白的cDNA序列含有1411个碱基。2种昆虫的该基因的cDNA序列均包括1个1131个碱基的开放阅读框,编码1个含376个氨基酸的蛋白。甘蓝夜蛾肌动蛋白分子量约为41.8kDa;八字地老虎肌动蛋白分子量约为41.9kDa。Prosite软件分析结果表明,甘蓝夜蛾和八字地老虎肌动蛋白氨基酸序列中存在3个肌动蛋白特征片段。GenBank数据库搜索及序列比对结果表明,甘蓝夜蛾肌动蛋白属于肌肉特异型肌动蛋白,八字地老虎肌动蛋白属于细胞质特异型肌动蛋白。2个基因的cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号,甘蓝夜蛾肌动蛋白cDNA序列登录号为EU035314,八字地老虎肌动蛋白cDNA序列登录号为EU035315。利用RT-PCR技术在八字地老虎4龄、5龄、6龄幼虫、蛹期4个不同发育阶段和6龄期的肠道、体壁、脂肪体3种不同组织中都检测到了肌动蛋白基因在mRNA水平的表达。     

寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响

甜菜夜蛾SpodopteraexiguaHubner属鳞翅目夜蛾科,是世界性害虫之一。国内主要分布于华北及长江流域,目前已上升为春末、夏、秋季节蔬菜上的主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食的寄主范围很广,据报道涉及３５科,１０５属,１３８种植物［１］,浙江南部温州等地蔬菜地的寄主植物主要有野苋菜、甘蓝、花椰菜、萝卜、白菜、辣椒茄子、豇豆、芋艿等近２０种,寄主植物对主要食（潜）叶害虫生长发育的影响有过报道［２］,但涉及甜菜夜蛾的还没有。为了解影响其田间消长的因素,我们对该虫在不同寄主植物上各虫态生长发育进行了系统研究,结果如下…     

甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒的初步研究

甘蓝夜蛾(Barathra brassicae Linnaeus)为分布较广的杂食性害虫。主要危害十字花科蔬菜和棉、麻、豆类等作物。1979年6月,从泰安市省庄公社油菜地自然病死的甘蓝夜蛾幼虫上分离到一株核型多角体病毒。通过室内感染和田间试验表明毒力较强,对家蚕安全。对该病毒的多角体观察国内已有报道,四年来,我们又对此株病毒的分离、形态特征和杀虫效果等方面作了初步研究,现将研究情况介绍如下。     

简讯

一株侵染黑点银纹夜蛾的多角体病毒初步观察黑点银纹夜蛾幼虫主要危害大豆、甘蓝和白菜,常和银纹夜蛾混合在一起危害农作物。1979年8月,从黑点银纹夜蛾幼虫死尸中分离     

变温对甘蓝夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确自然变温环境对甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae生长发育和繁殖的影响,深入研究其对环境温度的适应性。【方法】在13~25℃(日平均19℃), 16~28℃(日平均22℃), 19~31℃(日平均25℃), 22~34℃(日平均28℃)和25~37℃(日平均31℃) 5个梯度变温条件下,以大豆Glycine max植株叶片为寄主材料饲养甘蓝夜蛾卵,测定其各虫态发育历期、发育速率、成虫繁殖力及发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】变温范围为13~25℃时甘蓝夜蛾发育历期最长,世代发育历期为65.93 d,显著长于其他变温处理。且随温度升高,其发育历期缩短,变温范围为22~34℃时,该虫发育历期最短,世代发育历期为38.46 d,显著短于其他变温处理。在变温范围为25~37℃时,该虫不能正常完成个体发育。在日平均温度(T)19~28℃范围内(最大温差12℃),甘蓝夜蛾卵、幼虫及蛹期的发育速率随温度升高而加快,且各个虫态发育速率(V)拟合方程均符合线性方程模型：V_卵期=0.125+0.048T, V_幼虫期=0.023+0.012T, V_蛹期0.027+0.013T, V_成虫=0.073+0.47T。甘蓝夜蛾雌雄成虫的寿命随着日平均温度的升高而逐渐缩短,雌雄成虫寿命在日变温范围13~25℃时最长,分别为7.91 d和8.00 d;在变温范围22~34℃时最短,分别为3.00 d和3.57 d。甘蓝夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫发育起点温度分别为7.98, 6.54, 9.36和10.78℃,有效积温依次为87.00, 607.36, 351.51和108.52 d·℃。16~28℃的变温范围更适合甘蓝夜蛾种群的生存与繁殖,其种群趋势指数I为117.81。【结论】甘蓝夜蛾属于偏低温适应性害虫,对高温环境适应能力较低。研究结果为进一步研究甘蓝夜蛾自然种群发生规律及其发生期、发生量预测预报提供了科学依据。     

黑三条地老虎的初步观察

<正> 在黑龙江省各甜菜产区,为害甜菜的切根虫除了白边地老虎、小地老虎及黄地老虎之外,还有黑三条地老虎Euxoa trifurca(Evers-mann)(属鳞翅目、夜蛾科、切根虫亚科)。 该虫分布于黑龙江省的哈尔滨、呼兰、双城、海伦、密山、宝清、林甸、富裕、友谊农场及九三农场等。寄主作物有甜菜、大豆、小豆、玉米、高粱、马铃薯及多种茄科作物。该虫在甜菜幼苗期与白边地老虎混同发生,虽然数量不多,但由于为害期长,为害性较大,因此,也是造成甜菜及其它作物缺苗断垄的地下害虫之一。     

建阳地区三种豆青虫发生与防治的初步观察

一、引言 建阳地区为害秋大豆的鳞翅目害虫,多为夜蛾科(Noctuidae)和尺蠖蛾科(Geometridae)的幼虫。据初步观察,计有7种。最常见者有银纹夜蛾(Phytome-tra agnata Staud.),双星小夜蛾(Lithacodia stygia Butl.)     

中棉所41、鲁棉研15对斜纹夜蛾抗性的初步研究

斜纹夜蛾[Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)]是一种多食性、暴食性害虫。已知寄主植物有99科290多种,主要为害十字花科蔬菜、水生蔬菜及甘薯、棉花、大豆等作物。斜纹夜蛾以幼虫取食棉花的叶片,严重时吃光叶片,钻蛀蕾、花、铃。有关研究甚多,但该虫与转基因棉关系方面的研究则未见报道,为此作就此做了一些探索。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor