一株生物脱硫菌株的分离、鉴定及其脱硫活性的研究

以二苯并噻吩（DBT）为模型化合物,从火力发电厂周围的土壤和污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离得到一株能高效脱除有机硫的菌株S4,并对其进行了分子鉴定及脱硫活性的研究。应用PCR技术克隆到16S rDNA片段,核苷酸序列分析结果表明,该菌的16S rDNA的全序列与醋酸钙不动杆菌存在99%的同源性。该菌的最适脱硫温度为30℃,pH值为6～8,在此条件,该菌株对DBT的去除率可达到82%。     

一株异养脱硫反硝化菌株的筛选及其生物脱硫脱氮特性研究

【目的】从生物脱硫脱氮EGSB-DSR反应器的污泥中分离筛选出具有生物脱硫脱氮特性的细菌,并对其生物脱硫脱氮的性能进行研究。【方法】采用Hungate厌氧滚管技术筛选功能微生物,从稳定运行的生物脱硫脱氮EGSB-DSR反应器的污泥中分离筛选出一株高效的生物脱硫脱氮细菌A2。【结果】经过16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,菌株A2为固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus sp.)。其典型特征为能够以有机碳作为电子供体,将亚硝酸盐或者硝酸盐转化为氮气的同时还能将硫化物氧化为硫单质。因此具备了高效同步代谢有机碳、NO3–和S2–的特征。这是首次关于固氮弧菌属能够进行反硝化脱硫的相关报道。对菌株A2的生物脱硫脱氮能力的分析表明,在硫化物S2–浓度200 mg/L,NO3?浓度87.5 mg/L,乙酸根离子浓度200 mg/L的条件下,菌株A2在20 h内完成对碳、氮、硫的脱除。菌株对于碳、氮去除率均达到99%,对于硫的去除率达到95%。【结论】结果表明固氮弧菌属A2具有高效的生物脱硫脱氮功能,将有望成为强化生物脱硫脱氮工艺的潜在微生物资源。     

一株高耐镉硫酸盐还原菌的分离及脱硫性能研究

本研究从镉污染稻田水稻根际土壤中分离、纯化出一株硫酸盐还原菌SRB1-1,并对该菌株的生理生态特征、镉和盐耐受性、16S rDNA、脱硫性能及影响因子进行了系列分析。结果表明,该菌为革兰氏阴性菌,菌体弧状,对镉离子的耐受浓度可达200 mg/L,在2%的氯化钠浓度下仍可生长。对其16S rDNA的序列分析表明该菌株属于脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)。单因子实验考察温度、pH及SO_4~(2-)浓度对该菌脱硫效率的影响,正交实验确定了该菌最佳脱硫工艺条件及影响因子顺序。结果表明最佳脱硫工艺条件为pH 7.5、温度40℃、SO_4~(2-)浓度为1 000 mg/L、培养时间56 h。     

硫氧化菌种脱除硫化物生成单质硫限制性因素优化

【目的】针对硫氧化菌种较为特殊的生化特性,优选其氧化硫化物生成单质硫过程的相关限制性因素,以提高该类菌种生成单质硫效率。【方法】采用一株典型脱硫菌Thermithiobacillus tepidarius JNU-2(T.tepidarius JNU-2)氧化硫化物生成单质硫。研究该菌株在以Na2S2O3为能源底物时的培养特性和脱硫性能,并结合单因素实验对菌株氧化硫化物生成单质硫的限制性因素进行优选。【结果】T.tepidarius JNU-2在以Na2S2O3为唯一能源底物培养时的μmax为0.207 h-1,最终生物量为4.0×106 cells/m L。98%的Na2S2O3在24 h时被消耗殆尽,此时单质硫产量达到最大值为0.8 g/L。随后单质硫逐渐被氧化利用,最终稳定在0.2 g/L。经过对该过程主要限制性因素进行单因素实验优化,确定最佳碳氮源、Mg SO4、Fe SO4和能源底物条件分别为:CO2、NH4Cl0.5 g/L、Mg SO4 0.5 g/L、Fe SO4 0.1 g/L和Na2S2O3 15.0 g/L。优化后的氧化Na2S2O3生成单质硫过程的最大生物量可达4.8×106 cells/m L,单质硫产量提升至1.14 g/L。相较于未优化之前,单质硫的产量提高了42.5%。【结论】优化该过程主要限制性因素可有效提高化能自养型T.tepidarius JNU-2氧化硫化物生成单质硫效率。     

一株嗜盐嗜碱硫氧化菌的筛选、鉴定及硫氧化特性

【背景】沼气和天然气等清洁能源中往往会含有一定量的硫化氢,硫化氢的存在不仅污染环境,而且对人类危害很大。【目的】以硫代硫酸钠为唯一硫源从巴丹吉林沙漠盐碱湖岸边沉积物中分离筛选得到一株硫氧化菌BDL05,并研究其硫氧化特性。【方法】通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析对硫氧化菌BDL05进行鉴定。【结果】菌株BDL05为革兰氏阴性菌,弧状,其16S rRNA基因序列与Thiomicrospira microaerophila ASL 8-2的相似性达99.8%,将其命名为Thiomicrospira microaerophila BDL05。该菌氧化硫代硫酸盐的最适pH为9.3,最适总钠盐浓度为0.8mol/L,在以硫化钠为硫源的气升式反应器中单质硫的生成率为94.7%,生成速率为3.0 mmol/(L·h)。【结论】菌株Thiomicrospira microaerophila BDL05为嗜盐嗜碱硫氧化菌,其耐盐耐碱性较强,比生长速率快,硫化钠氧化能力较强,是一株在气体生物脱硫方面具有应用价值的菌株。     

脱硫菌Fds-1的分离鉴定及其对柴油脱硫特性的研究

从含硫土壤中分离筛选出一株专一性脱硫菌Fds-1,经生理生化指标和16S rRNA序列分析鉴定其属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。用Gibb’s试剂显色和气相色谱-质谱联用分析表明,该菌株通过“4S”途径脱除有机硫。实验发现Fds-1的最佳脱硫活性在30℃,在此温度下72h内能脱除约0.5mmol/L DBT中的有机硫。Fds-1菌株对有机硫化合物的利用情况和柴油脱硫前后烃组分比较都进一步证明该菌株适合于柴油生物脱硫。利用休止细胞对不同组分柴油的脱硫研究表明,脱硫菌株Fds-1对精制柴油中的DBT类化合物的降解能力强。因此,该菌株对精制低硫柴油的深度脱硫具有应用意义。     

一株CX-DBT脱硫菌的筛选及发酵条件优化

【目的】从大型工业油田石油污染土样中分离鉴定一株能专一性脱除CX-DBT的脱硫菌株,分析其对CX-DBT的脱硫途径,并确定菌体最优发酵条件。【方法】以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为唯一硫源底物,多次富集并分离可代谢CX-DBT菌株,通过形态学、生理生化实验及16S rRNA基因序列分析对筛选菌株JDZX13进行鉴定。采用GC-MS鉴定菌株对CX-DBT的代谢产物,确定其相应的脱硫途径。通过单因素发酵实验确定最佳碳源、氮源、微量元素、MgCl_2、温度及p H的水平范围,并采用正交实验进一步优化。【结果】该菌株鉴定为戈登氏菌属,命名为戈登氏菌JDZX13(KP993297),其CX-DBT代谢途径为"4S途径"。最佳发酵条件为:蔗糖15.0 g/L、NH_4Cl_2.0 g/L、MgCl_2 0.1 g/L、微量元素1.0 m L/L、pH 7.0、温度35°C。【结论】获得一株通过"4S途径"代谢CX-DBT的脱硫菌株JDZX13,经过进一步优化实验,强化了菌株的生长和脱硫能力,该研究结果对石油生物脱硫技术的开发具有重要参考意义。     

还原亚硒酸盐产生红色单质硒光合细菌菌株的筛选与鉴定

从实验室保藏的光合细菌中筛选出一株对亚硒酸钠还原效率较高的菌株S3,其亚硒酸钠还原产物通过透射电子显微镜及EDX(Electron-Dispersive X-ray)分析确定为红色单质硒。菌株S3的形态学特征、生理生化特征及光合色素扫描结果与固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans)的特征基本一致;16S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号为DQ402051)在系统发育树中与固氮红细菌同属一个类群,序列同源性为99%。根据上述结果将菌株S3鉴定为固氮红细菌。初步研究了该菌株还原亚硒酸钠的特性,首次报道固氮红细菌具有还原亚硒酸盐产生红色单质硒的能力,为今后利用微生物方法治理环境中硒污染、利用微生物方法获得活性红色单质硒以及对微生物还原亚硒酸盐产生红色单质硒的机理研究奠定了良好的基础。     

高效脱硫诱变菌株降硫性能的研究

目的:筛选具有脱硫功能的细菌,为采用生物法脱硫奠定理论基础.方法:从大庆石化废水曝气池中采集5个活性污泥样本,经过富集培养、分离、纯化获得具有典型特征的菌株,采用碘量法对这些菌株进行降硫能力测定,从中选择降硫效率较高的菌株进行诱变.结果:在30℃、转速160r/min的条件下,Z39ay1菌株的最佳生长pH值为7.0,对数生长期为12～32h,当硫离子为102.24mg/L时,该菌株对硫化物的降解率达42.60％,将其置于2000Gry的60Co射线下照射,从存活菌细胞中进行筛选获得1株诱变菌株Z39a,当硫离子浓度为60mg/L时,对硫化物的降解率达98.58％.结论:从大庆石化废水中分离纯化出1株代号为Z39ay1菌株,经鉴定为赖氨酸芽孢杆菌,诱变后获得菌株Z39a,其降硫效果比出发菌株有大幅度的提高.     

酸性工业气体的细菌脱硫

以软性纤维和玻璃钢蜂窝填料作为氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)P3—20菌株载体,制备了细菌生物膜反应器。该反应器在启动后连续运转30天左右,Fe2+氧化达到平衡状态,软性填料反应器的Fe2+氧化速率是蜂窝填料反应器的三倍。在通气量为250l／h,稀释率为0.165h-1。条件下,以溢流液中Fe2+氧化率≥95％为标准,软性填料反应器中lye2+平均氧化速率的最大值为1170.87mg L-1.h-1。利用细菌9K氧化液,通过穿流栅孔板塔对石油催化干气和沼气进行脱硫,在塔板数仅为三块的条件下,H2S的去除率分别为71.45％和46.91％。在化学吸收过程中所形成的硫磺,易于沉淀分离,纯度达95％以上。将分离液的pH值调至2.0后,即可进入牛物膜反应器中重新氧化,循环使用。该法不需高温、高压和催化剂,H2S的选择吸收性高,无废料排放,整个工艺呈闭路循环。     

Poly(L-lactide)-degrading enzyme production by Actinomadura keratinilytica T16-1 in 3 L airlift bioreactor and its degradation ability for biological recycle

The optimal physical factors affecting enzyme production in an airlift fermenter have not been studied so far. Therefore, the physical parameters such as aeration rate, pH, and temperature affecting PLA-degrading enzyme production by Actinomadura keratinilytica strain T16-1 in a 3 l airlift fermenter were investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize PLA-degrading enzyme production by implementing the central composite design. The optimal conditions for higher production of PLA-degrading enzyme were aeration rate of 0.43 vvm, pH of 6.85, and temperature at 46° C. Under these conditions, the model predicted a PLA-degrading activity of 254 U/ml. Verification of the optimization showed that PLA-degrading enzyme production of 257 U/ml was observed after 3 days cultivation under the optimal conditions in a 3 l airlift fermenter. The production under the optimized condition in the airlift fermenter was higher than un-optimized condition by 1.7 folds and 12 folds with un-optimized medium or condition in shake flasks. This is the first report on the optimization of environmental conditions for improvement of PLA-degrading enzyme production in a 3 l airlift fermenter by using a statistical analysis method. Moreover, the crude PLA-degrading enzyme could be adsorbed to the substrate and degraded PLA powder to produce lactic acid as degradation products. Therefore, this incident indicates that PLA-degrading enzyme produced by Actinomadura keratinilytica NBRC 104111 strain T16-1 has a potential to degrade PLA to lactic acid as a monomer and can be used for the recycle of PLA polymer.     

Improvement of Panax notoginseng cell culture for production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high density cultivation in pneumatically agitated bioreactors

A Panax notoginseng cell culture was successfully scaled up from shake flask to 1.0-L bubble column reactor and concentric-tube airlift reactor. High-density bioreactor batch cultivation was carried out using a modified MS medium. The maximum cell density in batch cultures reached 20.1, 21.0 and 24.1 g/L in the shake flask, bubble column and airlift reactors, respectively, and their corresponding biomass productivity was 950, 1140 and 1350 mg/(L x d) for each. The productivity of ginseng saponin was 70, 96 and 99 mg/(L x d) in the flask, bubble column and airlift reactors, respectively; and the polysaccharide productivity reached 104, 119 and 151 mg/(L x d) for each. Furthermore, a fed-batch cultivation strategy was developed on the basis of specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), i.e., sucrose feeding before a sharp decrease of SOUR, and the highest cell density of 29.7 g/L was successfully achieved in the airlift bioreactor on day 17 with a very high biomass productivity of 1520 mg/(L x d). The concentrations of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide reached about 2.1 and 3.0 g/L, respectively, and their productivity was 106 (saponin) and 158 mg/(L x d) (polysaccharide). This work successfully demonstrated the high-density bioreactor cultivation of P. notoginseng cells in pneumatically agitated bioreactors and the reproduction of the shake flask culture results in bioreactors. The cell density, biomass productivity, production titer and productivity of both ginseng saponin and polysaccharide obtained here were the highest that have been reported on a reactor scale for all the ginseng species.     

Alkaline inulinase production by a newly isolated bacterium Marinimicrobium sp. LS–A18 and inulin hydrolysis by the enzyme

To date, all of microbial inulinases reported showed optimal activity at pH values ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. A bacterial strain, Marinimicrobium sp. LS-A18, showing high extracellular inulinolytic activity was isolated from a marine solar saltern of the Yellow Sea in China. Maximum enzyme activity was obtained at 55°C and pH 9.0, respectively. The inulinase activity was induced by inulin, but not by the other carbon sources employed. Under the optimal medium and culture condition, the highest inulinase activity, 14.6 U/ml, was obtained after 96 h of incubation at shake flask level. The optimal medium for inulinase production was MHI medium containing 4% inulin, 1% peptone and 5% NaCl, while the optimal culture condition for inulinase production were pH 7.5, temperature 37°C, agitation speed 210 rpm, medium volume 40 ml in 250 ml shake flask, and incubation time 96 h. A large amount of monosaccharides was released after inulin hydrolysis by the inulinase from strain LS-A18. This is the first report on alkaline inulinase production from microorganism.     

海洋中海藻糖产生菌的筛选及发酵条件优化

从180余份海水、海泥样品中筛选得到60株产海藻糖较高的菌株,编号为2-14的菌株海藻糖产量最高,为127.9mg/g cell。对2-14菌株进行形态特征、培养特征及生理生化试验,鉴定该菌株为红酵母属(Rhodotorula sp.)。研究摇瓶发酵条件对红酵母海藻糖产量的影响,结果为:初始pH5.5,发酵温度28℃,装液量75mL(250mL三角瓶中)。采用优化后发酵条件红酵母海藻糖产量为193.3mg/g cell,优化前对照值为132.1mg/g cell,优化后的结果是优化前的1.46倍。在5L发酵罐中培养得到最佳发酵时间为54h,发酵罐培养发酵液中海藻糖含量最高达2.5g/L,为摇瓶培养的1.6倍。     

Effect of agitation and aeration on the production of nitrile hydratase by Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 1526 in a stirred tank reactor

Aims: To evaluate the effect of different physicochemical parameters such as agitation, aeration and pH on the growth and nitrile hydratase production by Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 1526 in a stirred tank reactor. Methods and Results: Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 1526 was grown in 7‐l reactor at different agitation, aeration and controlled pH. The optimum conditions for batch cultivation in the reactor were an agitation rate of 200 rev min^?1, aeration 0·5 v/v/m at controlled pH 8. In this condition, the increase in nitrile hydratase activity was almost threefold compared to that in the shake flask. Conclusion: Agitation and aeration rate affected the dissolved‐oxygen concentration in the reactor which in turn affected the growth and enzyme production. Significance and Impact of the Study: Cultivation of R. erythropolis MTCC 1526 in the reactor was found to have significant effect on the growth and nitrile hydratase production when compared to the shake flask.     

聚磷茵JPA1菌株的生长特性和聚磷条件的优化

以YG培养基为基础,考察不同条件对聚磷菌JPA1菌株生长及聚磷效率的影响。结果表明：JPA1菌株生长的对数期为3-9h,9h后进入稳定期,12h到达衰亡期。在单因素试验中,麦芽糖为JPA1菌株最适生长和聚磷的C源,最适生长温度为30-35℃,pH为8,Na＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Mn2＋和K＋等离子有利于JPA1菌株的生长;最适聚磷温度为30-35℃,pH为7,Fe2＋、Na2＋、Mg2＋、Mn“和K＋等离子有利于JPA1菌株的聚磷。正交试验结果表明：JPA1菌株去磷培养基的最优组合为麦芽糖1．5g／L,温度37℃,pH6．5,装液量50mL（300mL摇瓶）;菌株最适扩增培养基为麦芽糖1．5g/L,温度37℃,pH6．5或7．5,装液量150mL（300mL摇瓶）。     

Optimization of medium and process parameters for the production of inulinase from a newly isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-1

A newly isolated strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus YS-1 was used for the production of extra cellular inulinase in a medium containing inulin, meat extract, CaCl2 and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Fermentation medium pH 6.5, cultivation temperature 30 degrees C and 5% (v/v) inoculum of 12 h-old culture were optimal for enzyme production (30.8 IU/ml) with a fermentation time of 72 h at shake flask level. Raw inulin (2%, w/v) extracted from dahlia tubers by processing at 15 kg/cm2 for 10 min was optimum for bioreactor studies. Maximum enzyme production (55.4 IU/ml) was obtained at an agitation rate of 200 rpm and aeration of 0.75 vvm in a stirred tank reactor with a fermentation time of 60 h.     

Biofilm-specific cross-species induction of antimicrobial compounds in bacilli

An air-membrane surface (AMS) bioreactor was designed to allow bacteria to grow attached to a surface as a biofilm in contact with air. When Bacillus licheniformis strain EI-34-6, isolated from the surface of a marine alga, was grown in this reactor, cells produced antimicrobial compounds which they did not produce when they were grown in shake flask cultures. An unidentified red pigment was also produced by surface-grown cells but not by planktonically grown cells. Glycerol and ferric iron were important for the production of antimicrobial compounds and the red pigment. Release of these secondary metabolites was not due to the onset of sporulation. Cell-free spent medium recovered from beneath the reactor membrane could induce production of antimicrobial compounds and red pigment in shake flask cultures. Neither glycerol nor ferric iron was required for production of these inducer compounds. Spent medium from beneath the membrane of an AMS bioreactor culture of Bacillus subtilis strain DSM10(T) and Bacillus pumilus strain EI-25-8 could also induce production of antimicrobial compounds and a red pigment in B. licheniformis isolate EI-34-6 grown in shake flask cultures; however, the corresponding spent medium from shake flask cultures of DSM10(T) and EI-25-8 could not. These results suggest that there is a biofilm-specific cross-species signaling system which can induce planktonically grown cells to behave as if they were in a biofilm by regulating the expression of pigments and antimicrobial compounds.