纳米颗粒对细胞膜的作用

纳米颗粒在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用前景。在纳米颗粒与细胞相互作用的研究中,颗粒对细胞膜作用的相关研究,对揭示纳米颗粒的生物效应是至关重要的。纳米颗粒对细胞膜的影响有很多种,主要体现在对细胞膜结构和性质,以及对膜上生物大分子(蛋白质等)功能的影响等方面。这里综述了近年来纳米颗粒对细胞膜作用的相关研究成果,分别从颗粒的自身物理化学性质(尺寸、形状、表面形貌、亲疏水性质、表面电荷、特异性修饰等)、颗粒与细胞作用的环境因素,以及外界能量对颗粒与细胞膜作用的调控三个方面出发,就纳米颗粒作用对细胞膜影响的问题分别进行了分析和总结。     

纳米颗粒抗菌机理的研究进展

随着具有抗菌效应的纳米颗粒被大量报道,纳米颗粒的抑菌杀菌机理也成为重要的研究领域并取得一定进展,本文综述了常见纳米颗粒作用机理的研究进展。当前大多数实验表明,纳米颗粒引起细胞膜的破坏是其抗菌抑菌效应的主要原因,结合已有研究,作者提出,纳米颗粒抑菌杀菌分为四个阶段:同细胞的接触、与细胞膜的相互作用及对膜的破坏、胞内杀菌和细菌死亡。文中重点分析探讨了纳米颗粒同细菌细胞膜作用过程中一些待解答的基础性问题。最后通过比较发现,纳米颗粒同抗生素作用方式相异,而与抗菌肽的作用模式相近,细菌对纳米颗粒较难产生耐药性,这对当前治疗耐药菌株的感染有良好的前景。     

微生物介导的金纳米颗粒合成

金纳米颗粒凭借其独特的光学和电化学特性,广泛应用于信息存储、化学传感、医学成像、药物传输以及生物标记等领域。近年来,生物法合成金纳米颗粒因其环境友好、绿色低毒等特点引起研究者的广泛关注。研究表明,多种微生物包括细菌、放线菌、真菌和病毒等均具有合成金纳米颗粒的能力。本文综述了微生物介导合成金纳米颗粒的特性、机制及应用,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

纳米颗粒与生物大分子的相互作用及其生物毒性机制

纳米颗粒已得到广泛的应用,同时其潜在的毒性及生物学效应也引起了广泛的关注。许多文献证实纳米颗粒对生物体具有毒性作用,但在分子水平上对其毒性机制的研究较少。本文对近年来纳米颗粒与生物大分子相互作用的最新研究进行了综述,包括纳米颗粒与蛋白质、脂类、核酸等生物分子间的相互作用。     

纳米颗粒增强酶生物传感器性能的研究进展

简要介绍生物传感器的原理及分类,并且对纳米颗粒增强酶生物传感器的研究现状进行了评述,尤其是纳米颗粒对葡萄糖生物传感器和尿酸酶生物传感器的增强作用,并对我国生物传感器的发展方向做了展望。     

蛋白纳米颗粒与细胞力电平衡

人体细胞的生命活动依赖于膜电位极化和胞内外离子不对称动态平衡(也称生物渗透压平衡)。膜电位改变及离子含量组成变化均参与了细胞对环境理化刺激的应激反应,调控其对环境改变的适应。最近的研究发现：人体血浆及细胞内的蛋白纳米颗粒变化参与了细胞膜电位的调控,与细胞内外离子的重新分布及跨膜渗透压的改变密切相关。电压依赖离子通道的激活及开放程度,是诱导细胞离子重新分布的重要调控机制,其活性与蛋白纳米颗粒调控的膜电位改变密切相关,且离子组成也参与了蛋白纳米颗粒吸附离子诱导膜电位变化的调节。因而,蛋白纳米颗粒是调控细胞膜电位平衡及生物渗透压平衡的重要物理机制,这一协同调控的力电活动与多种与蛋白纳米颗粒相关疾病的发生及治疗密切相关,该机制的阐明能为解析当前多种临床疑难疾病的发病机制提出新的研究方向。     

纳米酶在疾病治疗中的研究与应用

纳米酶是一种新型的具有类酶活性的纳米颗粒人工酶,在生物检测、抗炎、抗氧化损伤和癌症治疗等疾病诊断和治疗领域展现出良好的应用前景。本文总结了具有不同类酶活性的纳米酶在疾病诊治中的应用,并对影响纳米酶活性的主要影响因素进行了阐述,将使相关研究人员更好地了解纳米酶的发展现状,并提供后续研究的相关线索。     

纳米诊疗研究进展

为了实现肿瘤的个体化精准医疗,"纳米诊疗"领域应运而生.本文介绍了纳米诊疗领域发展过程中重要进展的时间线,详细分析了该领域研究论文发表情况,包括论文发表数量、主要研究机构、主要支持基金以及重要杂志等,并进一步详细综述了纳米诊疗平台的构建策略和重要研究进展.纳米诊疗平台的构建策略是将靶向递送、诊断和治疗功能结合在同一个纳米载体上,这种纳米载体可以是聚合物纳米颗粒、脂质体纳米颗粒或是无机纳米颗粒,以实现多种成像模式联合诊断,多种治疗方法协同治疗,以及诊疗一体化等独特功能.纳米诊疗剂通向临床之路困难重重,但精准医疗是未来医学发展的大趋势,诊疗纳米颗粒的临床使用和研究必然具有巨大的发展潜力.     

生物脱氮中工程纳米颗粒的毒害作用及减毒措施的研究进展

氮化合物在生命代谢过程中扮演着重要的角色,但过多的无机氮会导致水体恶化进而影响人类健康,生物脱氮技术可高效去除环境中的无机氮且不引起二次污染.随着工程纳米颗粒在生活中的广泛应用,导致其大量释放到土壤及水体中,极大地阻碍了废水处理中的生物脱氮过程,因此,微生物脱氮过程中工程纳米颗粒的毒害作用及减毒措施成了近年来的研究热点...     

聚合物纳米颗粒对动脉粥样硬化病变的影响及相关机理研究进展

聚合物纳米颗粒通常指基于疏水性聚合物的纳米粒子,由于其良好的生物相容性、高效的长循环特性以及优于其他纳米颗粒物的代谢排出方式等,在纳米医学领域中得到了广泛关注。现有研究证明聚合物纳米颗粒在心血管疾病,尤其是在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的诊断、治疗中具有独特的优点,已经成功地由基础研究向临床应用转化。但是聚合物纳米颗粒引起的炎症反应诱导泡沫细胞形成、巨噬细胞自噬,以及心血管系统疾病力学微环境改变引起的聚合物纳米颗粒富集等,都可能最终诱导AS的发生发展。在此,本文综述了近年来聚合物纳米颗粒在诊断、治疗AS疾病中的应用及其与AS病变的关系和机理,为后续研究利用聚合物纳米颗粒开发新型纳米药物治疗AS提供理论依据。     

Solution NMR studies of peptide-lipid interactions in model membranes

Abstract

Many important processes in life take place in or around the cell membranes. Lipids have different properties regarding their membrane-forming capacities, their mobility, shape, size and surface charge, and all of these factors influence the way that proteins and peptides interact with the membrane. In order for us to correctly understand these interactions, we need to be able to study all aspects of the interplay between lipids and peptides and proteins. Solution-state NMR offers a somewhat unique possibility to investigate structure, dynamics and location of proteins and peptides in bilayers. This review focuses on solution NMR as a tool for investigating peptide-lipid interaction, and special attention is given to the various membrane mimetics that are used to model the membrane. Examples from the field of cell-penetrating peptides and their lipid interactions will be given. The importance of studying lipid and peptide dynamics, which reflect on the effect that peptides have on bilayers, is highlighted, and in this respect, also the need for realistic membrane models.     

Solution NMR studies of peptide-lipid interactions in model membranes

Many important processes in life take place in or around the cell membranes. Lipids have different properties regarding their membrane-forming capacities, their mobility, shape, size and surface charge, and all of these factors influence the way that proteins and peptides interact with the membrane. In order for us to correctly understand these interactions, we need to be able to study all aspects of the interplay between lipids and peptides and proteins. Solution-state NMR offers a somewhat unique possibility to investigate structure, dynamics and location of proteins and peptides in bilayers. This review focuses on solution NMR as a tool for investigating peptide-lipid interaction, and special attention is given to the various membrane mimetics that are used to model the membrane. Examples from the field of cell-penetrating peptides and their lipid interactions will be given. The importance of studying lipid and peptide dynamics, which reflect on the effect that peptides have on bilayers, is highlighted, and in this respect, also the need for realistic membrane models.     

Toward synthetic life: Biomimetic synthetic cell communication

Engineering synthetic minimal cells provide a controllable chassis for studying the biochemical principles of natural life, increasing our understanding of complex biological processes. Recently, synthetic cell engineering has enabled communication between both natural live cells and other synthetic cells.A system such as these enable studying interactions between populations of cells, both natural and artificial, and engineering small molecule cell communication protocols for a variety of basic research and practical applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress in engineering communication between synthetic and natural cells, and we speculate about the possible future directions of this work.     

细胞膜仿生修饰纳米粒肿瘤治疗的研究进展

大量研究证明,细胞膜仿生修饰通过将不同细胞膜包被于纳米粒表面,赋予纳米粒新的生物学功能.纳米粒被细胞膜仿生修饰后,获得了细胞膜表面丰富的蛋白质并保留了纳米粒的高载药能力,延长体内循环时间,使纳米粒具有逃避免疫系统,跨越各种生理屏障的能力.本文总结了近年来细胞膜仿生修饰纳米粒用于肿瘤治疗的最新进展,讨论了细胞膜仿生修饰纳...     

Immobilized artificial membrane chromatography: supports composed of membrane lipids

Cell membranes provide an environment for several types of molecular processes and we are attempting to mimic the cell membranes' environment on a chromatography solid support. Chromatography solid supports utilizing lecithin as the bonded phase were synthesized and the HPLC behavior of hydrophilic peptides evaluated. A diC14 lecithin containing a terminal carboxy group on the C2 fatty acid chain was amidated with the surface amines of Nucleosil-300 (7NH2) silica particles. Based on elemental analysis, lecithin was coupled to Nucleosil-300 (7NH2) at a surface density near that of lecithin found in biological membranes and this novel chromatographic support material is denoted as Nucleosil-lecithin, the prototype immobilized artificial membrane. Infrared difference spectra of Nucleosil-lecithin minus Nucleosil-300 (7NH2) clearly showed amide I (1653.1 cm-1) and amide II (1550.9 cm-1) bands, giving direct spectroscopic evidence for the amide linkage. Spectral deconvolution resolved two peaks for the amide I band, and three peaks for the amide II band. This demonstrates lecithin interchain amide hydrogen bonding and/or hydrogen bonds between the lecithin amide link and unreacted silica surface amines. Nucleosil-lecithin as a solid phase mimics membranes and can be used to study the interactions of biomolecules with membranes. Our primary objective is to develop HPLC methods for studying the interaction between cell membranes and peptide sequences found near the interfaces of cell membranes. A frequency distribution of amino acids bracketing approximately 400 transmembrane peptide sequences showed Cys to be the least frequently occurring amino acid at this putative interfacial membrane region. Hydrophilic peptide analogs bearing Cys were used as model compounds to test Nucleosil-lecithin solid supports. Small peptides, six to eight amino acids in length, containing Cys bind approximately 2X tighter to Nucleosil-lecithin compared to identical peptides without the Cys residue. Thus, Cys at the interface of cells may stabilize protein-lipid interactions.     

Cell biology meets biophysics to unveil the different mechanisms of penetratin internalization in cells

Although cell-penetrating peptides are widely used as molecular devices to cross membranes and transport molecules or nanoparticles inside cells, the underlying internalization mechanism for such behavior is still studied and discussed. One of the reasons for such a debate is the wide panel of chemically different cell-penetrating peptides or cargo that is used. Indeed the intrinsic physico-chemical properties of CPP and conjugates strongly affect the cell membrane recognition and therefore the internalization pathways. Altogether, the mechanisms described so far should be shared between two general pathways: endocytosis and direct translocation. As it is established now that one cell-penetrating peptide can internalize at the same time by these two different pathways, the balance between the two pathways relies on the binding of the cell-penetrating peptide or conjugate to specific cell membrane components (carbohydrates, lipids). Like endocytosis which includes clathrin- and caveolae-dependent processes and macropinocytosis, different translocation mechanisms could co-exist, an idea that emerges from recent studies. In this review, we will focus solely on penetratin membrane interactions and internalization mechanisms.     

Model membrane platforms to study protein-membrane interactions

Abstract Constituting functional interactions between proteins and lipid membranes is one of the essential features of cellular membranes. The major challenge of quantitatively studying these interactions in living cells is the multitude of involved components that are difficult, if not impossible, to simultaneously control. Therefore, there is great need for simplified but still sufficiently detailed model systems to investigate the key constituents of biological processes. To specifically focus on interactions between membrane proteins and lipids, several membrane models have been introduced which recapitulate to varying degrees the complexity and physicochemical nature of biological membranes. Here, we summarize the presently most widely used minimal model membrane systems, namely Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLBs), Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) and Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles (GPMVs) and their applications for protein-membrane interactions.     

Macromolecular crowding at membrane interfaces: adsorption and alignment of membrane peptides

Association of proteins to cellular membranes is involved in various biological processes. Various theoretical models have been developed to describe this adsorption mechanism, commonly implying the concept of an ideal solution. However, due to the two-dimensional character of membrane surfaces intermolecular interactions between the adsorbed molecules become important. Therefore previously adsorbed molecules can influence the adsorption behavior of additional protein molecules and their membrane-associated structure. Using the model peptide LAH₄, which upon membrane-adsorption can adopt a transmembrane as well as an in-planar configuration, we carried out a systematic study of the correlation between the peptide concentration in the membrane and the topology of this membrane-associated polypeptide. We could describe the observed binding behavior by establishing a concept, which includes intermolecular interactions in terms of a scaled particle theory.High surface concentration of the peptide shifts the molecules from an in-planar into a transmembrane conformation, a process driven by the reduction of occupied surface area per molecule. In a cellular context, the crowding-dependent alignment might provide a molecular switch for a cell to sense and control its membrane occupancy. Furthermore, crowding might have pronounced effects on biological events, such as the cooperative behavior of antimicrobial peptides and the membrane triggered aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides.     

Model membrane platforms to study protein-membrane interactions

Abstract

Constituting functional interactions between proteins and lipid membranes is one of the essential features of cellular membranes. The major challenge of quantitatively studying these interactions in living cells is the multitude of involved components that are difficult, if not impossible, to simultaneously control. Therefore, there is great need for simplified but still sufficiently detailed model systems to investigate the key constituents of biological processes. To specifically focus on interactions between membrane proteins and lipids, several membrane models have been introduced which recapitulate to varying degrees the complexity and physicochemical nature of biological membranes. Here, we summarize the presently most widely used minimal model membrane systems, namely Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLBs), Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) and Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles (GPMVs) and their applications for protein-membrane interactions.     

Cytoplasm dynamics and cell motion: two-phase flow models

The motion of amoeboid cells is characterized by cytoplasmic streaming and by membrane protrusions and retractions which occur even in the absence of interactions with a substratum. Cell translocation requires, in addition, a transmission mechanism wherein the power produced by the cytoplasmic engine is applied to the substratum in a highly controlled fashion through specific adhesion proteins. Here we present a simple mechano-chemical model that tries to capture the physical essence of these complex biomolecular processes. Our model is based on the continuum equations for a viscous and reactive two-phase fluid model with moving boundaries, and on force balance equations that average the stochastic interactions between actin polymers and membrane proteins. In this paper we present a new derivation and analysis of these equations based on minimization of a power functional. This derivation also leads to a clear formulation and classification of the kinds of boundary conditions that should be specified at free surfaces and at the sites of interaction of the cell and the substratum. Numerical simulations of a one-dimensional lamella reveal that even this extremely simplified model is capable of producing several typical features of cell motility. These include periodic 'ruffle' formation, protrusion-retraction cycles, centripetal flow and cell-substratum traction forces.