丘脑下部促黄体素释放激素类似物(LRH-A)的作用机制 Ⅲ.对罗非鱼脑垂体促性腺激素分泌细胞超微结构的影响

前文(方永强等,1981)探讨了罗非鱼脑垂体促性腺细胞的生理活动与雌鱼性腺发育不同时期的相互关系,对比注射LRH-A后2、4和10小时对促性腺细胞的影响。根据促性腺细胞核的形态和细胞质中分泌颗粒数量的变化,以及DNA、RNA、酸碱性蛋白和酸碱性磷酸酶等一系列反应,初步阐明了LRH-A的作用机制与细胞核和细胞质的代谢变化有关。在此基础上,本文较详细观察了LRH-A对垂体促性腺细胞超微结构的影响,目的在于从亚细胞的水平上,进一步了解其作用机制。     

20-羟蜕皮素对家蚕后部丝腺细胞超微结构的影响

应用超薄切片和电镜技术,详细观察了蜕皮激素(MH)对家蚕Bombyx mori后部丝腺细胞超微结构的影响.电镜观察表明,家蚕后部丝腺细胞对MH处理极为敏感.一经MH处理,其细胞核的形态结构和细胞质中各种细胞器的发生、发展都呈现出明显的变化,并且与MH处理时期及剂量有关:五龄前期适量MH(4μg/头)处理,能促进与丝蛋白合成有关细胞器的形成与发展,加速腺细胞的成熟生长;较高剂量(8—16μg/头)处理,则导致自噬体的过早发生.五龄中、后期MH处理,一方面促进了粗面内质网等细胞器的进一步发达,另一方面也提高了自噬体的发生数量;处理剂量越高,后一种倾向越突出.这些结果证明,后部丝腺细胞超微结构的变化受MH调节.     

龟足白垩腺的组织学和超微结构

应用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对龟足(Capitulum mitella)白垩腺的组织学和超微结构进行观察。龟足的白垩腺由腺细胞和管道系统组成,外周覆有一层结缔组织膜。腺细胞为单细胞,其发育与个体发育不同步。年幼腺细胞较小,形态为圆形或椭圆形,细胞核也为圆形或椭圆形。随着腺细胞的发育,细胞及细胞核逐渐变大,形状不规则具多态性。成熟腺细胞的细胞质电子密度高,充满大量粗面内质网和游离核糖体;线粒体很丰富,但未见高尔基体。细胞质中含有丰富的颗粒状物质以及大小不一的囊泡,小囊泡的聚集和融合形成了大囊泡即胞内管。管道系统根据位置和功能分为4个层次:胞内管、收集管、次级管和初级管。收集管、次级管和初级管的管壁均由单层上皮细胞组成,初级管较收集管和次级管大且内腔衬有几丁质层。收集管的管壁上皮细胞与腺细胞之间形成隔状连接,各级管壁上皮细胞之间也形成隔状连接,这种结构保证了管道的紧密性。总之,龟足白垩腺的形态结构类似于茗荷(Lepas anatifera)和Dosima fascicularis。     

家蚕后丝腺细胞的超微结构

本文描述了家蚕幼虫后丝腺细胞的超微结构,并讨论了保幼激素类似物(JH—3)的作用。观察到染色质块移向核内膜及核内物质通过核孔流进细胞质的现象。核仁内布满许多小颗粒体。内腔膨大的颗粒内质网充满着细胞质,它们是丝心蛋白合成和暂时贮留的主要细胞器。丝心蛋白经由高尔基复合体或直接形成丝心蛋白体,它们汇集于细胞顶端,以细胞外排作用,将丝心蛋白放入腺腔。自噬体与溶酶体出现于老熟幼虫后期。 经JH—3处理的幼虫,其后丝腺细胞的超微结构与正常的相近似。     

滞育和非滞育棉铃虫前胸腺的形态解剖学比较研究

该文用解剖镜和电子显微镜对滞育和非滞育棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera前胸腺的形态解剖结构进行了比较研究。结果发现滞育棉铃虫的前胸腺细胞及其细胞间隙相对较小,不易着色,细胞核规则,较小,细胞质中几乎见不到光滑内质网和粗面内质网,线粒体极少,这些观察到的现象充分说明滞育棉铃虫的前胸腺活性较低。     

(鱼矞)头槽绦虫原尾蚴皮层的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜观察了(鱼矞)头槽绦虫(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi)原尾蚴皮层的超微结构.(鱼矞)头槽绦虫原尾蚴的皮层为典型的合胞体结构.皮层表面有浓密的微毛与少量的突起.与成虫相比,原尾蚴的微毛长而且粗,呈现单态性,推测在进入终末宿主的过程中有脱落和再生现象.突起分布在头部与体侧,含有较少的电子致密颗粒.在原尾蚴皮层细胞质中观察到三种腺细胞的分泌过程,即顶分泌、外分泌和微分泌过程.原尾蚴身体后部观察到尾钩和穿刺腺管道的开口.在核周区和纤维层下可见发育较好的环肌与纵肌.本文还对原尾蚴皮层突起的功能进行了探讨.     

扩张莫尼茨绦虫(圆叶目:裸头科)节间腺的超微结构及组织化学

用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了扩张莫尼茨绦虫节间腺形成过程的精细结构及一些组化变化。结果表明：节间腺是扩张莫尼茨绦虫皮层的特化部分,由节片后缘的皮层及其邻近细胞体向绦虫实质组织中陷入开始其形成过程,随着虫体发育的进行,新的陷入不断形成,原陷入的部分不断脱离皮层形成簇状腺体结构。节间腺的数目随着体节的发育不断增加,幼节中仅有少数几个(6～9个),而远端的孕节中多于100个。电镜下可见腺细胞体由细胞质管与腺皮层相联,簇状腺体结构为一合胞体形态,腺细胞体围绕并开口于椭球体或不规则形状的皮层腔中。离腺皮层远的腺细胞体电子密度高并含有与腺皮层相应的典型分泌颗粒,而靠近腺皮层的腺细胞体电子密度低,所含分泌颗粒较少。扩张莫尼茨绦虫节间腺的组化性质尚不完全清楚。糖与蛋白质等组化结果不稳定,随染液pH值及染色时间的变化等多种因素而改变。基于我们的研究及其他研究者的观察表明,节间腺可能参与外源基质形成虫卵的转运,同时他们可能在虫体节片脱落及虫卵溢出时起作用。     

蜂蜡中植物生长活性物质的研究——Ⅰ.蜂蜡中的类赤霉素类物质

从蜂蜡中分离植物生长活性物质,已经引起人们的重视。由于蜂蜡成份复杂以及产地各异,其中生长活性物质的种类及其生理效应也不尽相同。本文取江西蜂蜡(以有机溶剂抽提和分离得到的粗提物)在硅胶层析薄板上的一侧点上蜂蜡粗提物,另一侧点滴GA_3标准物。以三氯甲烷,乙酸乙酯,冰醋酸(5:4:1)溶剂系统展开,自样点到溶     

蓖麻蚕前胸腺细胞超微结构的变化与蜕皮激素分泌活动的关系

本研究叙述蓖麻蚕Philosamia cythia ricini四龄及五龄幼虫前胸腺蜕皮激素分泌活动各不同时期所显示的腺细胞超微结构变化.从幼虫蜕皮后至进入眠期之间的腺细胞结构可分为三个时期,(1)不活动期:细胞核呈圆形,核内密布染色质及核仁,细胞质内有结构完整的线粒体、粗面及滑面内质网、核糖体和高尔基氏体;细胞外围的细胞间区内有许多小囊泡及多泡囊.(2)活动期:细胞结构变化为细胞核膜出现内陷、外突,形成波浪形的核周膜;线粒体变形,出现内嵴稀疏的空心线粒体.(3)激素释放期:细胞核变形,形成若干长短不一向外伸出的指状突,有些伸达细胞边缘;其余细胞器退化,其后仅余残缺的高尔基氏体,稀疏的核糖体,线粒体的内崤逐渐消失,成为空腔扩大的及空腔内藏“膜轮”的线粒体,和一些溶解体及大形“膜轮”.     

啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂蜂王培育质量的影响

【目的】本实验旨在研究王台中残留啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂王培育质量的影响。【方法】通过融化蜂蜡并添加啶虫脒药液制作王台,使各王台中分别含4个不同剂量的啶虫脒(0, 10, 100和1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡)。同时,控制蜂王产卵6 h, 3 d后,将孵化为1日龄的幼虫分别移入各组王台中,并放入蜂群哺育。移虫后第3和6天分别统计各组王台中幼虫的接受率和封盖率,待蜂王出房时,计算其出房率,测定蜂王个体初生重、胸重和胸宽指标;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术测定蜂王卵巢中卵黄原蛋白基因(Vg)、储存蛋白基因(hex110和hex70b)的相对表达量。【结果】100 μg/kg蜂蜡和1 000μg/kg蜂蜡这两个啶虫脒剂量组西方蜜蜂蜂王的出房率都显著低于0 μg/kg蜂蜡和10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,而0 μg/kg蜂蜡与10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间及100 μg/kg蜂蜡与1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间出房率 均差异不显著;这4个剂量组的王台幼虫接受率和封盖率以及蜂王的初生重、胸重和胸宽均无显著差异。qPCR结果显示,Vg基因的相对表达量随啶虫脒浓度的增加而下降,其中,1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组Vg基因的相对表达量显著低于10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组和0 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,其余各剂量组之间差异不显著;这4个剂量组之间hex110和hex70b基因的表达量差异不显著。【结论】西方蜜蜂王台中啶虫脒残留超过100 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量时,会对蜂王培育产生不利影响。     

白蜡虫雄性幼虫蜡腺的超微结构

在光镜结构研究的基础上,用电子显微镜观察了白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes二龄雄幼虫蜡腺的超微结构和虫体表面的蜡孔及蜡丝形态。重点研究了蜡腺各组成部分的形态特点。     

北京鸭产卵期输卵管管状腺细胞超微结构研究

用电子显徽镜对北京鸭输卵管管状腺细胞进行观察。鸭输卵管由五部分组成:漏斗、蛋白分泌部、峡部、壳腺和阴道。蛋白分泌部的管状腺细胞有四种类型。A型细胞有电子密度深色颗粒;B型细胞充满了无定型低电子密度物质;C型细胞具有非常明显的粗面内质网和高尔基复合体;D型细胞是由致密的颗粒和低电子密度的颗粒所组成,腔内充满分泌颗粒。我们在这篇文章中分析了蛋白分泌周期的四个不同阶段。     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE GLAND CELLS OF THE MINK ENDOMETRIUM

Portions of mink endometrium in delayed implantation, early postimplantation, and pseudo pregnancy were fixed in buffered osmium tetroxide with sucrose, or potassium permanganate. After rapid dehydration the portions of endometrium were embedded in either methacrylate or epoxy resin. Examination of the cells from the body of the glands of the endometrium of delayed implantation revealed the presence of prominent terminal bars, numerous secretion granules, and membrane discs in the apical region of the cell. In the supranuclear and infranuclear regions, mildly dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum were present, and in many cells unusually large mitochondria were seen. Numerous changes were noted in the gland cells of the post implantation stage. The endoplasmic reticulum in the basal region was extensively dilated, and the nuclei were situated more centrally. Giant mitochondria were no longer present. The large secretion granules were not present, but smaller granules were seen, especially in the Golgi region. Some of the Golgi cisternae were dilated and the pattern of parallel membranes was consequently less distinct. It is suggested that gland cells in the postimplantation and pseudopregnancy stages exhibit evidence of greater secretory activity than those in the delayed implantation stage.     

麝鼠泌香期香囊腺形态及组织结构的研究

麝鼠香囊腺由腺细胞、支持细胞和排香管组成。其分泌腺属复管泡状腺。发育初期的腺泡胞质内含有大量的粗面内质同、光滑内质网、高尔基复合体、中心粒和线粒体、香腺细胞间连接发达,桥粒、半桥粒广为分布。胞质内含有电子致密度高和电子致密度低的两种分泌颗粒。其分泌方式为顶浆分泌。     

锯缘青蟹窦腺显微和超微结构研究

借助光学和电子显微镜观察据缘青蟹（Ｓｃｙｌｌａ ｓｅｒｒａｔａ）窦腺的形态结构。窦腺位于眼柄视神经节内髓背侧近外髓处。窦腺呈羹状;腺体壁山神经分泌细胞的末梢和神经胶质细胞组成。神经末梢内充满了电子致密的神经分泌颗粒。根据颗粒的大小、形态及电子致密度等特征,可以区分出４种类型的神经末梢。一些末梢中的多形性颗粒可能是由Ⅱ型末梢中的颗粒转变而成的。一些现象表明,神经分泌物质可以通过胞吐作用或一种类似“顶浆分泌”的方式释放,从而说明神经激素的释放可能是多途径的．     

Fine structure and metamorphosis of the wax gland cells in a psyllid insect,Anomoneura mori schwartz (Homoptera)

The fine structure of the wax gland of Anomoneura nymph and its metamorphic change were investigated. In the nymph, this organ encircles the anus, and consists of two kinds of cells, derived from epidermal cells: (1) very tall, slim wax cells, which produce and secrete the wax, and (2) flat interstitial cells found among the wax cells. The whole gland is covered by a wax-secreting cuticle with a delicate surface sculpture. Each wax cell has a long, wide duct which opens at the cuticle and penetrates the entire cell. Its cytoplasm is rich in mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum while that of interstitial cells contains rough endoplasmic reticulum. During each nymphal molt, the cluster of primordial wax gland cells — derived from the epidermis — proliferates rapidly and forms the gland of the next instar. The gland of the preceding instar meanwhile degenerates. Interstitial cells play an important role in cuticle formation and shedding at each molt. These cells alone produce and deposit the new cuticle of the next instar; the wax cells, specialized for wax production, cannot produce cuticle. The apical portion of the wax cell is cut off from the main cell body by growth of the surrounding interstitial cells. Thereafter, the wax cells degenerate, resulting in the rapid disappearance of the previous instar's wax gland. Adults lack this gland entirely.     

CYTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS RELATED TO STIMULATION OF THE ZONA GLOMERULOSA OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

The structure of the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland stimulated by sodium restriction has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The major changes observed during the course of the experiment in stimulated glands involve cytoplasmic droplets, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. There is a progressive decrease in the number of cytoplasmic droplets of low electron opacity. Numerous, greatly elongated mitochondria containing parallel arrays of tubules are noted. These tubules extend from within the mitochondria through gaps in the mitochondrial-limiting membranes into the cytoplasm. In addition, amorphous intramitochondrial deposits, possibly aldosterone precursors, are seen. Increased amounts of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, often showing complex arrangements, are another feature of the stimulated zona glomerulosa. Other alterations include the presence of large numbers of dense bodies as well as cytoplasmic droplets of high electron opacity. These observations are discussed in relation to the biosynthesis of aldosterone.     

蒙古黄鼠(Citellus dauricus)松果腺的超微结构观察

蒙古黄鼠松果腺主要由低电子密度的松果腺细胞和少量的胶质细胞、含色素细胞、神经突起及血管等组成。松果腺细胞内含有大量的线粒体、溶酶体、微丝、高尔基器、游离核糖体及中等量的光面和粗面内质网。纤毛、中心粒、突触带和致密芯小泡很少。松果腺细胞之间及胶质细胞之间存在电突触。最新被观察到的是大约有5%松果腺细胞内的线粒体产生“融合”现象,形成类似电突触的结构。神经突起可形成轴—轴突触,轴—树突触,并与松果腺细胞形成突触。     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GLANDULAR TRICHOMES OF LEAVES OF NICOTIANA TABACUM L., cv XANTHI

Electron microscopy confirms previous light microscope observations that tobacco leaf trichomes are glandular and that there are two different types. Both the tall trichome (multicellular stalk, unicellular or multicellular head) and the short trichome (unicellular stalk; multicellular head) exhibit characteristics common to gland cells—a dense cytoplasm, numerous mitochondria, and little vacuolation. The tall trichome contains structurally well developed chloroplasts and an elaborate network of endoplasmic reticulum. The short trichome contains undifferentiated plastids and endoplasmic reticulum which parallels the nucleus and plasmalemma. Few dictyosomes are seen either in the short trichome or in the tall trichome. The short trichome appears to undergo structural changes concurrently with the appearance of secretory product within the cells. The most noticeable change is the formation of the extraplasmic space between the cell wall and the plasmalemma. Electron dense secretory product is observed between the plasmalemma and the cell wall and within the intercellular spaces.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SECONDARY PHLOEM OF TILIA AMERICANA

Summer and winter (July and January) samples of secondary phloem of Tilia americana were studied with the electron microscope. Parenchyma cells contain: nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, plastids, mitochondria and occasional dictyosomes. Well-defined tonoplasts separate vacuoles from cytoplasmic ground substance. Vacuoles often contain tannins. Lipid droplets are common in cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum–connected plasmodesmata are aggregated in primary pit fields. Companion cells differ from parenchyma cells in having numerous sieve-element connections, possibly slime, and in lacking plastids. Mature, enucleate sieve elements possess 1–4 extruded nucleoli. Numerous vesicles occupy a mostly parietal position in association with plasmalemma. The mature sieve element lacks endoplasmic reticulum, organelles (except for few mitochondria) and tonoplast. In OsO_4– and glutaraldehyde-fixed elements, slime has a fine, fibrillar appearance. Normally, these fine fibrils are organized into coarser ones which form strands that traverse the cell and the plasmalemma-lined pores of sieve plates and lateral sieve areas.