7例影像学表现为弥漫肺间质性病变的肺结核报道及文献复习

目的:通过对7例高分辨CT(High Resolution Computed Tomography,HRCT)表现为弥漫肺间质性病变的肺结核患者的相关资料进行分析,结合相关文献,提高对该类肺结核的认识。方法:分析本院2012.2~2015.3确诊的7例HRCT表现为弥漫肺间质性病变的肺结核的临床症状、体征、影像学资料及痰抗酸杆菌、结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(Purified Protein Derivative,PPD)试验、T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)、抗结核抗体、血常规、血沉(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate,ESR)等实验室检查、病理检查等资料。结果:6例经2次以上痰涂片阳性确诊为肺结核,1例抗结核治疗有效诊断为肺结核;弥漫肺间质性病变的肺结核患者HRCT上间质性病变的范围与抗酸杆菌的检出及发热症状的出现有关联;与盗汗、乏力、咯血等结核中毒症状及PPD、结核抗体、ESR等指标无明显相关关系。结论:弥漫肺间质性病变也可为肺结核的一种特殊表现,极易误诊为其他间质病变。当患者临床表现及实验室检查无特殊发现时,需考虑肺结核的可能并进行结核病相关检查,尤其是抗酸杆菌及肺组织病理检查,以尽早明确诊断。     

肺结核合并肺癌患者的临床分析

目的：探讨肺结核合并肺癌的临床特点,提高临床医师诊断肺结核合并肺癌的警惕性。方法：对2000年1月至2009年12月在我院诊断为肺结核、肺结核合并肺癌、肺癌患者各40例进行回顾性分析。结果：三组之间的临床表现与实验室检查进行相互比较,发现其临床表现并无统计学差异,影像学与支气管镜检查有明显统计学差异外,其他实验室检查无差异。结论：结核合并肺癌与肺结核、肺癌等临床表现、实验室检查近似,易造成漏诊、误诊,临床医师应提高警惕,及时行影像学及支气管镜等检查。     

高海拔地区肺结核影像表现65例回顾分析

目的：探讨总结高海拔地区肺结核的影像特点,更好的指导临床早期诊断。方法：回顾分析65例西藏高原肺结核的影像特点,总结分析其征象及价值。结果：原发型肺结核3例（5％）,影像表现边缘清楚、密度均匀的致密影,伴有淋巴结增大;侵润型结核31例（48％）,影像表现成分混杂的致密影,可见钙化及卫星灶;血行播散型结核27例（42％）,影像表现两肺弥漫分布的结节影;纤维空洞肺结核4例（5％）,影像表现空洞、纤维化、支气管播散三大特征。结论：高原地区肺结核以侵润型和血行播散型为主,有特定的影像特点,可以用来进行诊断。     

Radiation diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases

The authors analyzed the results of complex radiation study of 1192 patients with various interstitial lung diseases (ILD). An algorithm of differential diagnosis of diffuse and disseminated lesions of the lung was derived by using the findings. The X-ray morphological principle underlies the algorithm. The level of structural lesions of the lung and tissue reactions and the presence of granuloma shadows are the governing criteria for evaluating the gross structure in the differential diagnostic complex. Great emphasis is laid on the significance of computed tomography (CT), high performance CT in particular, which is becoming the priority radiation diagnostic technique in pulmonology. Morphofunctional studies, 99mTc AMA and 67Ga citrate pulmonary scintigraphy in particular, specify the magnitude of changes in the microcirculatory bed and the activity of intrathoracic lymph nodes.     

Role of echocardiography in surgery of pulmonary tuberculosis

Doppler echocardiography was used to examine 26 patients aged 18 to 65 years who had undergone different surgical interventions for disseminated and acutely progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. Nineteen patients were diagnosed as having fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis; 6 and 1 patients had caseous pneumonia and disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. Echocardiography was performed with a LSC-700 echotomograph (Piker International, USA) by the routine procedure. Analyzing central hemodynamic parameters in the patients identified 3 types of hemodynamics: hypokinetic, eukinetic, and hyperkinetic, which made it possible to perform a course of cardial therapy adequately in the preoperative period. Preoperatively, 21 (80.8%) patients were found to have elevated mean pulmonary pressures and 5 patients had pulmonary pressures in the normal ranges. In the uncomplicated postoperative period, pulmonary pressures gradually decreased and reached normal values in some patients.     

Characteristics of the x-ray picture of pulmonary tuberculosis in alcoholics

Tuberculosis prevalence among alcoholics is high, and pathomorphological and clinical manifestations of the disease are marked. Altogether 84 chronic alcoholics with pulmonary tuberculosis (the 1st group) and 100 tuberculosis non-alcoholic patients (100 controls--the 2nd group) were investigated. X-ray signs of the disease progression, more prevalent changes and more frequent multiple disintegration cavity of larger size are noted in the 1st group. During x-ray investigation of such patients emphasis must be laid on a search for disintegration cavities and bronchogenic dissemination.     

高分辨率CT与常规CT检查对肺小结节及早期肺癌诊断价值的对比研究

目的:对比高分辨率电子计算机断层扫描(CT)与常规CT检查对肺小结节及早期肺癌的诊断价值。方法:将2018年6月2020年1月我院收治的肺小结节及早期肺癌患者94例纳入研究。以随机数字表法将其分为观察组及对照组,每组各47例,对照组实施常规CT检查,观察组则实施高分辨率CT检查。比较两组CT肿瘤征象情况(主要包括毛刺征、分叶征、棘突征、钙化征、空泡征、支气管征、胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征),CT扫描图像质量,诊断肺小结节及早期肺癌的效能。结果:观察组各项CT肿瘤征象人数占比均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组CT扫描图像质量优良率为97.87%(46/47),高于对照组的72.34%(34/47)(P<0.05)。高分辨率CT诊断早期肺癌的灵敏度及准确度、特异度分别为96.67%(29/30)、95.74%(45/47)、94.12%(16/17),高于常规CT检查的74.19%(23/31)、74.47%(35/47)、75.00%(12/16)。结论:高分辨率CT检查对肺小结节及早期肺癌诊断价值显著高于常规CT检查,可作为临床肺小结节及早期肺癌诊断的有效影像学手段,值得临床应用。     

多层螺旋CT对肺结核合并肺癌患者的诊断价值

目的:研究多层螺旋CT对肺结核合并肺癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法:选择2013年3月至2015年9月在我院确诊的肺结核合并肺癌患者32例和单纯肺结核患者39例应用多层螺旋CT扫描患者肺部病变情况。结果:肺结核合并肺癌组:陈旧性肺结核28例、活动性肺结核4例;病灶位置经典部位29例、非经典部位3例,合并鳞癌11例、腺癌13例、小细胞癌5例、未分化癌3例;10例结核病灶与肺癌病灶不同侧、13例结核病灶与肺癌病灶同侧不同叶、9例结核病灶于肺癌病灶同侧同叶。单纯性肺结核组胨旧性肺结核36例、活动性肺结核3例;病灶位置经典部位34例(上叶尖段11例、后段9例、下叶背段14例)、非经典部位5例。肺结核合并肺癌组患者分叶征、毛刺征、胸膜凹陷征、阻塞性肺炎及肺不张以及棘状突起比例高于单纯肺结核组,而空泡影比例低于单纯肺结核组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组钙化、斑片条索影、结节影以及空洞或空腔比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:多层螺旋CT对肺结核合并肺癌具有较高的临床鉴别诊断价值。     

耐多药肺结核患者的胸部CT征象分析及其治疗转归的影响因素探讨

摘要 目的：分析耐多药肺结核（MDR-PTB）患者的胸部计算机断层扫描（CT）征象,并探讨其治疗转归的影响因素。方法：选取2017年1月~2020年10月期间东莞市第六人民医院收治的MDR-PTB患者（n=138）作为观察组,另选取东莞市第六人民医院同期收治的非MDR-PTB患者110例作为对照组,对比两组的胸部CT征象。观察组患者接受标准化方案治疗,按照是否治疗成功将其分为成功组（n=78）和失败组（n=60）,根据病历资料获取患者的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic分析MDR-PTB患者治疗转归的影响因素。结果：病变分布范围中：观察组的2个肺叶及以下例数占比低于对照组,全部肺叶侵犯例数占比高于对照组（P<0.05）,两组3个肺叶例数占比组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。病变形态中：两组的多发空洞、合并支扩、合并气胸、实变、多发播散结节、条索、合并毁损、胸膜增厚例数占比组间对比有统计学差异（P<0.05）。而两组胸腔积液、斑片例数占比组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。单因素分析显示,MDR-PTB患者的治疗转归与存在药物不良反应、病变分布范围、既往使用二线抗结核药物史、治疗6个月后痰细菌学转阴、规律服药、初始痰涂片等级有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,既往使用二线抗结核药物史、存在药物不良反应、初始痰涂片等级为++ ~++++是MDR-PTB患者治疗转归的危险因素,而规律服药、治疗6个月后痰细菌学转阴是其保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：MDR-PTB患者病变范围较广,肺叶受累数量多,且易出现肺实质损害。同时存在药物不良反应、规律服药、既往使用二线抗结核药物史、初始痰涂片等级、治疗6个月后痰细菌学转阴是MDR-PTB患者治疗转归的影响因素。     

肺结核合并肺癌患者的临床分析

目的:探讨肺结核合并肺癌的临床特点,提高临床医师诊断肺结核合并肺癌的警惕性.方法:对2000年1月至2009年12月在我院诊断为肺结核、肺结核合并肺癌、肺癌患者各40例进行回顾性分析.结果:三组之间的临床表现与实验室检查进行相互比较,发现其临床表现并无统计学差异,影像学与支气管镜检查有明显统计学差异外,其他实验室检查无差异.结论:结核合并肺癌与肺结核、肺癌等临床表现、实验室检查近似,易造成漏诊、误诊,临床医师应提高警惕,及时行影像学及支气管镜等检查.     

Lung in Dengue: Computed Tomography Findings

Background

Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. Dengue virus infection may be asymptomatic or lead to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever with or without warning signs, or severe dengue. Lower respiratory symptoms are unusual and lung-imaging data in patients with dengue are scarce.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To evaluate lung changes associated with dengue infection, we retrospectively analyzed 2,020 confirmed cases of dengue. Twenty-nine of these patients (11 females and 18 males aged 16–90 years) underwent chest computed tomography (CT), which yielded abnormal findings in 17 patients: 16 patients had pleural effusion (the sole finding in six patients) and 11 patients had pulmonary abnormalities. Lung parenchyma involvement ranged from subtle to moderate unilateral and bilateral abnormalities. The most common finding was ground-glass opacity in eight patients, followed by consolidation in six patients. Less common findings were airspace nodules (two patients), interlobular septal thickening (two patients), and peribronchovascular interstitial thickening (one patient). Lung histopathological findings in four fatal cases showed thickening of the alveolar septa, hemorrhage, and interstitial edema.

Conclusions/Significance

In this largest series involving the use of chest CT to evaluate lung involvement in patients with dengue, CT findings of lower respiratory tract involvement were uncommon. When abnormalities were present, pleural effusion was the most frequent finding and lung involvement was often mild or moderate and bilateral. Extensive lung abnormalities are infrequent even in severe disease and when present should lead physicians to consider other diagnostic possibilities.     

Use of high resolution algorithm in computerized tomography of disseminated lung diseases]

Lobule of the lung is a principal anatomical structure of the respiratory zone in the lungs. Secondary lobule of the lung consists of about fifty primary lobules and is delineated by fibrous interlobular septa. Each lobule is delineated by interlobular septa and blood is supplied by small arterioles of pulmonary artery system. Its shape is conical and size ranges from 10 to 22 mm. The author used algorithm of high resolution in HR CT to present normal distal generations of respiratory area of the lungs and the same in 32 patients with disseminated lesions to the lungs. It is known, that lobule of the lung may be involved in very important pathologies. The author shown that significant architectural rearrangement takes place in pulmonary lobules and adjacent areas in the course of disseminated pulmonary diseases. The process include thickening of interlobular septa, consolidation of lobular area, changes in the shape of lobuli, and appearance of small cysts. The use of HR CT enables imaging in such pathologies which normally are inaccessible to conventional radiologic examinations.     

Tuberous sclerosis with pulmonary involvement.

Pulmonary tuberous sclerosis produced interstitial disease in a woman with normal-sized lungs; numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages were found in the fluid obtained through bronchoalveolar lavage. The pathological changes seen in the lungs were identical to those of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis, in which the constellation of clinical signs usually found in tuberous sclerosis is absent. The two conditions are sufficiently similar in clinical presentation, pathological changes and prognosis to be considered variants of the same disease. The recent findings of progestin receptors in lung tissue from patients with pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis will likely direct future management towards hormonal manipulation.     

肺部炎性假瘤的CT影像学表现及其鉴别诊断价值

目的:分析肺部炎性假瘤的高分辨率CT影像学表现极其鉴别诊断的价值。方法:收集2012年4月-2015年4月我院收治的59例经手术病理检查证实为肺部炎性假瘤的患者为病例组,并于同一时期随机选取80例周围型肺癌患者为对照组。比较两组患者的高分辨率CT影像学特征,并分析各种影像学特征与肺部炎性假瘤的关系。结果:病例组刀切征、桃尖征及延迟期持续强化的发生率高于对照组,分叶征的发生率低于对照组(均P0.05)。多因素Spearman的秩相关分析发现,刀切征、桃尖征及延迟期持续强化与肺部炎性假瘤诊断呈正相关关系(r=0.738,0.829,0.763,均P0.05),分叶征与肺部炎性假瘤的诊断呈负相关关系(r=-0.791,P0.05)。结论:CT影像学表现中的刀切征、分叶征、桃尖征及延迟期持续强化对肺部炎性假瘤具有较高的鉴别诊断价值,可作为临床辅助诊断肺部炎性假瘤的重要影像学资料。     

Radiologic pulmonary manifestations in patients with HIV virus infection]

Altogether 155 patients with a newly detected positive reaction to HIV (a human immunodeficiency virus) were investigated in the Republic of Burundi. Chest x-ray was done in 80 of them. Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 2 of them, pneumonia (chronic, interstitial and bronchial)--in 15. Enhancement and deformity of lung marking were detected in 45 patients (coincidence with clinical signs of acute bronchitis was found but in 5 of them). A conclusion has been made of interstitial pneumonias being typical of HIV-infected patients and of frequent enhancement of lung marking in the preclinical stage of AIDS.     

The Spectrum of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

The incidence of new cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has remained constant, despite the decline in new cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis. This might be due to a delay in recognition, and particularly a lack of consideration of tuberculosis when the presenting symptoms are other than respiratory. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone, joint, genitourinary tract and central nervous system (CNS) diseases.To determine factors that might delay recognition and identification, 62 patients having extrapulmonary tuberculosis during 1969-1972 at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center were studied.Three quarters of these patients had had CNS, skeletal or genitourinary tuberculosis in equal distribution or 25 percent each. CNS involvement was seen frequently in the disseminated form. Presenting symptoms were protean and not specific, such as fever, anorexia, weight loss, cough, lymphadenopathy and neurologic abnormalities. Roentgenograms of the chest were abnormal in most. When a roentgenogram of the chest suggests pulmonary tuberculosis, signs and symptoms in other body systems should suggest extrapulmonary tuberculosis. If no abnormalities are seen on a roentgenogram of the chest, however, this does not preclude the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Neither does a negative tuberculin skin test exclude the condition.Abnormal laboratory findings are common, especially in disseminated tuberculosis. These include various anemias, bone marrow disorders, hyponatremia due to inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome. Analyses of pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and joint fluid usually show an exudate high in lymphocytes and occasionally low in glucose. Similar findings are seen in spinal fluid. The histological features of caseous or noncaseous granulomas are suggestive of but not specific for tuberculosis. Only culture of mycobacteria from sputum, urine, spinal fluid, pleural and other effusions and tissue biopsy specimens will yield a definitive diagnosis.Physicians must have a high index of suspicion to diagnose extrapulmonary tuberculosis, as it can resemble any disease in any organ system. Immediate therapy in the disseminated variety, sometimes even before a definite diagnosis can be made, may be lifesaving.     

肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者CT影像特点及IL-23R水平表达的临床意义

摘要 目的：探讨肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者CT影像特点及IL-23R水平表达的临床意义。方法：选取2015年1月-2018年8月于我院就诊的123例肺结核患者,将所选取的患者按是否合并下呼吸道感染分为单纯肺结核组73例和肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组50例。分析两组组患者临床表现、CT影像学图片、CT影像学表现、血清IL-23R的表达水平的差异。结果：单纯肺结核组患者出现14例低热、11例胸闷、17例消瘦、14例气短、18例痰中带血、14例颈部淋巴结肿大、23例咳嗽、21例胸痛。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组患者出现16例低热、13例胸闷、21例消瘦、19例气短、20例痰中带血、15例颈部淋巴结肿大、26例咳嗽、23例胸痛,两组患者临床表现差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。单纯肺结核组CT影像学图片显示可见结节影或包块影,呈明显分叶征、短毛刺征、空泡征并发肺不张、棘状突起,边缘较清晰,增强扫描后明显强化。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组CT影像学图片显示有分叶、毛刺,同时肺内肿物周边存在晕征、血管聚集征、卫星灶征、胸膜凹陷等表现,此外伴纵膈及肺门淋巴结明显肿大,胸壁侵犯。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组CT影像中毛刺状结节、胸膜凹陷、空洞、分叶征、肿块、条索影比例均高于单纯肺结核组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。肺结核合并下呼吸道感染组患者IL-23R水平明显高于单纯肺结核组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：与单纯肺结核患者相比较,肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者临床表现更为严重,CT影像学特点更为明显,患者血清中IL-23R表达水平明显升高,临床可通过CT影像学结合血清IL-23R检测,以提高肺结核合并下呼吸道感染患者的临床诊断。     

Highlights of HRCT imaging in IPF

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging has a central role in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases, particularly in the evaluation of patients with suspected idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In approximately half of cases, HRCT scans are sufficient to allow a confident IPF diagnosis. Advances in HRCT scanning and interpretation have facilitated improved accuracy for use in diagnosing IPF, eliminating the need for a surgical biopsy in many patients. HRCT may also have a role to play in predicting the prognosis of the disease;. The role of routine follow-up with HRCT to monitor patients with IPF remains unclear due to lack of sufficient evidence, although, sometimes follow-up HRCT might be necessary to rule out progressive disease in patients with undetermined diagnosis. Advances in the field of HRCT imaging are discussed, along with insights into the clinical utility of this procedure in the diagnosis and management of IPF.     

Imaging Features of Pulmonary CT in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

Background

Until now, radiographic manifestations of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR- TB) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have not been reported. We conducted a study to investigate the imaging features of pulmonary computed tomography (CT) for type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with MDR-TB.

Methods

The clinical data and pulmonary CT findings of 39 type 2 diabetic patients with MDR-TB, 46 type 2 diabetic patients with drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB), and 72 pure drug-susceptible TB cases (without T2DM and MDR) treated at Dalian Tuberculosis Hospital from 2012 to 2015 were collected, and the clinical features and imaging differences of the three groups were compared.

Results

The clinical characteristics of the three groups of patients were not significantly different except with respect to age and previous treatment history. However, on imaging, the patients with MDR-TB showed consolidation in and above the pulmonary segments was significantly more extensive than that seen in the DS-TB group with or without T2DM.

Conclusion

Consolidation in or above multiple pulmonary segments with multiple mouth-eaten cavities and bronchial damage on pulmonary CT images in type 2 diabetic patients with tuberculosis suggests the possibility of multi-drug resistance.     

The value of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme determinations in malignant and other diseases

Mean values for serum angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (SACE), determined spectrophotometrically in 648 subjects, using the synthetic substrate hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine, and expressed in units per milliliter, were: controls, 11.11 +/- 3.97 (n = 89); lung cancer, 6.50 +/- 3.26 (n = 87); tuberculosis of the lung, 8.93 +/- 4.60 (n = 68); pulmonary sarcoidosis, 21.18 +/- 14.93 (n = 48); pneumonia, 9.81 +/- 6.83 (n = 52); fibrosis, 11.18 +/- 8.26 (n = 34); diabetes mellitus, 10.90 +/- 7.51 (n = 29); ischemic heart disease, 8.98 +/- 6.19 (n = 42); pulmonary embolism, 13.20 +/- 3.91 (n = 5); and lymphomas, 11.66 +/- 5.44 (n = 36). The lowest values for SACE (5.92 +/- 1.95) were observed in 7 patients with pulmonary metastases. No relationship could be found between SACE and other laboratory parameters, nor between the enzyme activity in men and women. Evidence suggests that low SACE activity is often associated with extrapulmonary cancers of various organs. Levels were significantly decreased in cancer of the lung and pulmonary metastases and significantly (p less than 0.001) increased in sarcoidosis compared with other diseases, suggesting that SACE activity may be of value in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer of the lung.