肝内HDAg阳性慢性肝炎病理特点探讨

用直接酶标和直接免疫荧光法在120例HBsAg阳性肝组织中检测HDAg,发现5例阳性(4.2％),其中3例活动性肝硬化,2例慢性中型活动性肝炎。另设立相对应的单纯乙型肝炎作为对照,通过光镜、电镜、免疫组化的方法,重点探讨比较丁型肝炎与单纯乙型肝炎二者肝组织学的形态变化。丁型肝炎组肝细胞灶状坏死,桥接坏死,融合性坏死的程度比单纯乙型肝炎组重,丁型肝炎组较单纯乙型肝炎组常见的组织学改变是肝细胞呈灶状微小空泡的脂肪变性及灶状嗜酸性变性。HDAg阳性肝细胞呈疏松化、核固缩,其周围未见淋巴细胞浸润。     

新疆维吾尔族与汉族乙型肝炎患者HBVDNA 及肝功能检测结果的比较

目的:探讨新疆乌鲁木齐地区伴有肝功能指标:丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)浓度异常的维吾尔族(维族)及汉族HBeAg阳性乙型肝炎初次就诊患者,乙型肝炎病毒DNA复制载量及ALT浓度是否存在差异及其对患者诊断、预后的意义。方法:回顾性选取门诊伴有ALT浓度异常的汉族、维族初次就诊患者并筛选出HBeAg阳性患者汉族、维族共373例。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应、生化测定及酶联免疫吸附试验法分别测定HBV DNA、ALT浓度及乙肝HBeAg。结果:(1)汉族HBV DNA组秩和8869,维族HBV DNA组秩和10359.36,经Mann-Whitney Test检验两组间尚不能肯定HBVDNA分布有统计学意义,即伴有肝功能损害的汉族、维族初次就诊HBeAg阳性患者HBV DNA复制程度没有差异。(2)汉族ALT组秩和26818.50,维族ALT组秩和22009.50,经Mann-Whitney Test检验两组间ALT分布有统计学意义,即伴有肝功能损害的初次就诊HBeAg阳性患者汉族肝功能损害程度高于维族。(3)HBVDNA低复制组(103-104copy/mL):汉族秩和3771.46,维族秩和4993.2;中复制组(104-106copy/mL):汉族秩和6412.4,维族秩和5088.2;高复制组(>106copy/mL):汉族秩和929.04,维族秩和666.96,经Mann-Whitney Test检验在低复制组两民族间ALT分布无统计学意义,在中、高复制组两民族间ALT具有统计学意义。即:伴有肝功能损害的初次就诊HBeAg阳性患者在HBV DNA低复制组两民族间肝功能损害程度无差异,但在中、高复制组汉族肝功能损害程度高于维族。结论:新疆乌鲁木齐地区伴有肝功能损害的初次就诊的HBeAg阳性的汉族与维族之间HBV DNA的病毒复制无统计学意义(P>0.05),但两民族间的ALT具有统计学意义,可能跟维族的民俗、饮食习惯及生存环境、免疫相关基因HLA基因频率分布差异等因素有关。     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布。结果表明（1）HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40％（55／136）和82％（112／136）。HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;（2）HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81％（133／164）及86％（141／164）。C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的浆内;核心抗原毁定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中。C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细胞在癌组织以弥漫核阳性常见,在癌旁肝组织以胸浆阳性为主;（3）HBxAg在肝细胞肝 癌中的检出率为75％（123／164）,C33c和HBxAg二者同时阳性占63％（103／164）。HCV感染在我国肝细胞肝癌中比较普遍,HCV和HBV重叠感染占相当比例,可能在肝细胞肝癌的发生中起着重要作用。     

慢性丙型肝炎肝细胞及细胞器病变特点研究

目的观察不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎肝细胞及细胞器超微结构,了解不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎患者肝细胞超微结构特征。方法收集6例经肝穿刺活检病理确诊的轻度、中度、重度丙型肝炎肝组织标本各2例,同时选取2例肝移植中的正常供肝组织作为对照,对照光镜特点,对各病例电镜下的肝细胞器超微结构特点进行分析总结。结果光镜下观察到轻度慢性丙型肝炎以肝细胞水肿变性为主;中度慢性丙型肝炎以汇管区炎症为主伴淋巴滤泡形成;重度慢性丙型肝炎肝小叶内易见肝细胞点状坏死,纤维组织增生并可见弓形纤维或假小叶形成。电镜下观察到与正常肝细胞相比较,轻度慢性丙型肝炎病例中肝细胞胞浆内粗面内质网减少、滑面内质网增多;中度慢性丙型肝炎表现为肝细胞胞浆内脂滴稍增多,部分伴脂滴融合,胞浆内局灶可见胶原纤维;而重度慢性丙型肝炎的肝细胞内可见线粒体凝聚、融合和变性,糖原增多,脂滴进一步呈大泡型脂变并融合,细胞核内可见包涵体形成。结论不同炎症程度的丙型肝炎肝细胞具有不同的超微结构特征。     

抗—HBe阳性慢性乙肝临床研究

报告34例抗-HRe阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB),占同期住院抗-HBe阳性者的38％。这些患者于3—9年内肝炎再活动2—4次,累计80次。肝炎再活动时的临床表现及肝功损害与同期住院的HBeAg阳性CHB相似,但抗-HBe阳性CHB者肝硬化及肝癌发生比例显著高于HBeAg阳性者(P<0.05)。血清乙肝病毒标志(HBVM)检测发现,80次肝炎再活动中,38次(47.5％)有HBV活跃复制,提示HBV活跃复制是部分抗-HBe阳性CHB肝炎再活动的根本原因,另一部要考虑是其它肝炎病毒重叠感染的结果。     

激活补体类乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)循环免疫复合物在急慢性乙型肝炎中的意义

激活补体类HBsAg循环免疫复合物(HBsAg/C3-CIC )的检出率,与HBV复制标志的关系,在急慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染中表现不同。在慢性肝病(包括慢性迁延性乙型肝炎、慢性活动性乙型肝炎、乙型肝炎后肝硬化和HBV感染指标阳性的原发性肝癌)患者中,HBeAg阳性者,其HBsAg/C3-CIC的检出率显著高于HBeAg阴性者,且随HBeAgS/N值的升高而增加。在由HBV e系统组合成的四种模式中,单纯HBeAg阳性模式的检出率显著高于其它三种模式;在多聚白蛋白受体(PHSAr)阳性者中检出率显著高于PHSAr阴性者。而急性乙型肝炎(AH)的HBsAg/C3-CIC检出率无类似差异。这些结果提示,HBsAg/C3-CIC在HBV感染的急慢性肝病中具有不同的病理生理意义。     

乙型肝炎病毒DNA在患者血清及肝组织中存在状态的研究

对29例肝炎,1例尸检肝组织和血清中乙型肝炎病毒的DNA(HBV DNA)进行了研究,发现HBsAg( )/HBeAg( )患者中,有9/17(52.94％)血清HBV DNA阳性;HBsAg( )/抗-HBe( )患者中,2/6(33.33％)也为阳性。从30例肝组织中提取DNA经琼脂糖电泳,Southern吸印转移及分子杂交试验结果表明,27例HBV DNA阳性,全部有游离型HBV DNA。27例中有5例经用标记pBR322探针杂交排除非特异杂交带后,在高分子量区有HBV DNA特异的杂交带,提示有HBV DNA整合。     

斑点杂交检测HBeAg阴性慢性携带者血清中乙肝病毒的感染性

<正> 急、慢性乙肝病程中病毒的感染性,目前用测定血清和肝细胞中的HBeAg、HBcAg和病毒DNA多聚酶等标记来评估。这些标记给病毒的启动复制提供了间接指征。只有给传染性携带者做血清病毒定量才是直接测定病毒DNA。重组DNA技术学在乙肝病毒(HBV)生物学上的应用,改变了人类肝炎的诊断和临床治疗。当发现HBsAg慢性携带者的HBeAg阳性血清中HBV DNA高达70-95％时,但在HBeAg阴性血清中却HBV DNA的检出是十分悬     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

从乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阳性母亲流产的胎儿查出乙型肝炎病毒标志

应用Southern blot杂交试验检测HBsAg及HBeAg均阳性母亲流产的9例胎儿肝细胞中HBV DNA的存在状态,并与其HBV血清学、免疫电镜及肝脏免疫组织化学的结果相比较。结果在3例胎肝高分子DNA中检出了整合的HBV DNA顺序,且此3例HBV DNA整合到胎肝细胞基因组并无特定部位,提示为随机整合。3例中2例的血清及肝匀浆都检出HBsAg颗粒,其胎肝细胞胞浆HBsAg也阳性;另1例受HBV感染的唯一标志是在胎肝细胞中存在着整合的HBVDNA。此外,另1例则仅胎肝细胞中HBsAg阳性而无整合的HBV DNA。在胎肝细胞中检出整合的HBV DNA进一步证实HBV子宫内传播途径的存在。     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.