国家公园农户对野生动物肇事保险购买意愿及其影响因素——以大熊猫国家公园为例

国家公园内人与野生动物冲突严重,建立野生动物肇事保险机制是减缓冲突的重要举措。以大熊猫国家公园周边社区为例,分析建立国家公园以及农户风险偏好对野生动物肇事保险购买意愿的影响,并探讨冲突程度和制度信任的中介效应。研究结果表明建立国家公园显著增加了农户野生动物肇事保险购买意愿,而农户风险偏好对保险购买意愿会产生负向显著影响。冲突程度和制度信任是重要的中介变量,冲突程度和制度信任均对农户保险购买意愿产生正向显著影响。建立国家公园显著增加了人与野生动物冲突严重程度,进而对保险购买意愿产生正向影响。此外,建立国家公园显著降低了农户制度信任,进而对保险购买意愿产生负向影响。农户风险偏好对野生动物肇事损失程度产生正向显著影响,进而对保险购买意愿产生正向影响。农户风险偏好对制度信任影响并不显著。基于此,研究提出吸纳社会资本参与,拓宽野生动物肇事保险资金来源,开展社区共管、地役权补偿等措施提升社区信任以及建立基于农户自主防护行为的野生动物肇事保险机制等政策建议。     

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素——以武夷山国家公园为例

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的态度直接影响野生动物保护政策有效实施以及人与野生动物共存机制。迄今,学术界鲜有从原住民认知与意愿角度探讨野生动物肇事的成果,基于自然保护地国家公园的相关研究尚未见报道。根据449份有效调查问卷及深度访谈数据,论文采用有序多分类Logistic回归方法,探讨武夷山国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）多数原住民经历过野生动物肇事,其农作物及牲畜受到严重损害,野猪（Sus scrofa）为研究区域主要的肇事动物。（2）种群数量增加、食物短缺和生存空间受限是野生动物肇事的主要原因。（3）学历、经历及认可政府应对肇事的方式对原住民防范野生动物肇事意愿的影响显著。在此基础上,提出遵循生态规律、保护栖息地、提升认知与意愿、实行社区共管、建立野生动物致害补偿机制以及引入野生动物致害赔偿保险等对策,希望能够深化对野生动物肇事特征及机理的科学认识,为有效缓解人与野生动物冲突、推进国家公园人与野生动物和谐提供政策参考。     

卧龙自然保护区野生动物肇事农地特征及影响机制

野生动物肇事是保护区内部和周边地区的普遍现象,严重影响了保护区生物多样性保护的有效性,是当前保护区管理面临的新问题。以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例,于2014年7—8月以问卷调查方式获取了170个农地的野生动物肇事信息,建立了野生动物肇事与不同农地特征之间的二元logistic回归模型,并通过赤池信息量准则筛选出3个拟合优良的回归模型。研究结果表明,野生动物肇事与农地特征之间存在密切关系,其中农地种植作物类型、农地与森林、公路的距离、围栏的使用等农地特征意义显著(P值均小于0.01)。进而探讨了上述农地特征对野生动物肇事的影响机制及原因,并据此结果提出了野生动物肇事地的评价和管理、调整作物种植结构、统一规划和管理防护措施、减轻当地居民对农业的依赖等缓解人与野生动物冲突的对策。     

野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用及机制——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

野生动物肇事补偿是缓和人与野生动物冲突的常用措施之一,其核心目的是补偿社区居民的经济损失并最终改善社区居民对于肇事动物的态度,实现人与野生动物的和谐共处。以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例,研究了目前以及假设补偿后社区居民态度的变化及其影响因素和作用机制。在对态度进行多维特征划分的基础上,使用Wilcoxon秩和检验、二元logistic回归模型等方法探究野生动物肇事补偿对社区居民态度改变的作用以及影响因素。研究发现：野生动物肇事补偿可显著改变社区居民对于肇事动物的态度,且均发生了积极的改变,但对不同维度态度的改变作用不同。其中,喜厌态度的改变最明显,其次是捕杀态度和保护态度,最后是期望态度。肇事补偿对于社区居民的态度及其改变作用受到其社会经济特征的影响,其中是否受到过野生动物破坏、耕作总收入或总收入中耕作收入比重以及受教育程度显著影响社区居民的态度,农地总面积、牲畜数量、玉米地面积会显著影响社区居民情感态度的改变,玉米地损失面积会显著影响社区居民行为态度的改变。论文进一步讨论了各个影响因素的作用机制,并根据研究结果提出了普及肇事补偿制度、完善肇事补偿机制、调整生计策略和种植结构、通过多种...     

分析地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择研究中的运用

地理信息系统(GIS)技术是一种十分先进的技术,并且已经应用到我国的许多行业之中。而近年来,在野生动物的生境选择研究中,也将该技术引入到了其中,并且为野生动物生境选择的研究做出了很大的贡献。因此,对于地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择中运用的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文主要阐述了GIS的主要功能和数据管理方式,并对地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择研究中的应用进行了一定的探索,旨在为提高地理信息系统在野生动物生境选择中的应用而提供一些有价值的参考意见。     

自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响

目前中国的很多自然保护区开展了生态旅游,但这类活动对野生动物的影响研究却十分薄弱,因此十分有必要在介绍欧美、澳洲学者的研究进展基础上,针对我国的研究现状,提出该领域的研究方向、监测和管理策略.自然保护区的生态旅游活动主要有野生动物观赏、徒步行走、摄影、野外宿营、山地车或雪地车、电动或机动艇游湖、溪涧漂流、环境教育、社区访问等,旅游活动类型、范围、强度、时空分布等是影响对野生动物干扰大小的主要因素.生态旅游对野生动物的影响包括直接影响(个体的行为反应和生理指标改变、繁殖力降低、种群分布和物种组成的改变等)和间接影响(生境破坏、外来种散布和环境污染等).国外生态旅游对鸟类的影响研究较多,主要集中鸟类的惊飞反应、取食、能量消耗、繁殖等方面;对兽类影响的研究主要集中在行为、生理指标改变、种群数量等方面.我国未来的研究应注重收集基础性研究数据和深入探讨一些理论与应用问题,要运用多种技术手段对自然保护区野生动物的行为、生理、种群动态、物种多样性、生境质量、游客的时空分布、态度和行为等进行长期监测,而后将其结果应用到野生动物、生境以及游客的管理决策中去.另外,研究中应重视自然科学和社会科学的多学科交叉融合.     

人与野生动物冲突研究现状及经验启示

人与野生动物冲突是人与自然耦合系统不可避免的负向产物,对冲突的治理是实现保护与发展协调的重要路径。国内外学者对此展开了大量的研究。本文从冲突生成、影响、成本和治理四个方面对现有研究进行梳理,结果表明人与野生动物冲突对保护与发展都造成负面影响,包括社区直接经济损失、人身安全受威胁、福祉降低以及野生动物被伤害、栖息地被挤占。现有研究还存在缺乏跨学科系统研究框架、忽视冲突隐性成本以及对冲突影响研究不深入等不足,未来在科学测度冲突成本、从生态和社会经济视角对冲突影响进行评估以及冲突治理措施多元化方面研究需要深入。在此基础上,从建立中央政府为主、地方政府为辅的野生动物冲突补偿专项基金;政府为主导,企业、社区、国际组织和高校多方利益群体参与机制;人与野生动物冲突分区管理制度;冲突损失核算和申报管理系统;多元化冲突治理模式;冲突减缓土地利用规划体系方面提出现有研究对治理我国人与野生动物冲突的启示。     

野生动物肇事对武夷山国家公园农户生计影响研究

以武夷山国家公园为例,参考可持续生计框架,构建野生动物肇事下农户生计损失的评估框架,基于449户问卷调查数据并运用多元回归模型探讨生计损失影响因素。结果表明：（1）野生动物肇事造成的农户生计损失主要体现在自然资本维度,其后依次为社会资本、物质资本和金融资本,人力资本损失最小;（2）性别、年龄、家庭劳动力数量、家庭收入、耕地面积、养殖牲畜规模、生计多样化、应对策略多样化、是否获得政府扶贫救助以及与国家公园的距离对于各维度生计资本损失都有一定影响;（3）农户采用改变种植结构与生计类型、搬迁、减少外出等方式进行适应,倾向于采取夜晚结队轮流敲打、使用喇叭、制作“汗衣”等传统方式进行防范。在此基础上,提出协同维护农户生计安全与保护野生动物的对策,希望能够为缓解国家公园人与野生动物冲突、实现人与野生动物共存提供科学参考。     

云南省2014—2017年收容救护野生动物调查

通过对2014-2017年云南省被收容救护野生动物的物种数量、来源、频次等的调查和分析,结果发现:(1)云南省收容救护的野生动物超过93科269种,共计21 784只;其中,外来物种超过35种,以鸟类的种类和数量最多;(2)收容救护动物主要来源于执法单位移交,共20 485只,占94%;(3)非法动物贸易市场和渠道、人兽冲突、违规经营、民众缺乏对动物习性的了解是动物被收容救护的主要原因。管理部门需要加大监管力度,加强执法,严厉打击野生动物非法贸易,建立健全野生动物及制品市场准入机制,加强野生动物科普宣教工作,减少民众误抓误捉、随意放生外来物种等行为,进一步完善提高野生动物保护工作。     

植被、海拔、人为干扰对大中型野生动物分布的影响——以九寨沟自然保护区为例

利用九寨沟自然保护区内8条动物监测样线在2003—2010年的生态监测数据,分析了植被、海拔、人为干扰对大中型野生动物分布的影响,结果显示:1)本监测共记录到保护区内大中型野生动物26种,其中兽类18种,鸟类8种,属于我国Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级保护动物的分别有5种和11种。2)针阔混交林和针叶林是大中型野生动物种类最丰富的两种植被类型(分别有26种和17种),阔叶林和灌丛次之(分别为10种和12种),草地最少(2种)。3)海拔2400 m以下的地方,大中型野生动物种类稀少,为10种,2400—2599 m海拔段物种数增加至20种,之后随海拔上升物种丰富度下降。4)人为干扰显著影响大中型野生动物的空间分布:历史上的人类活动将原生森林植被转化为次生的落叶阔叶林、灌丛和草地,使树正、亚纳和尖盘等地下坡位(相对海拔0—199 m)的大中型野生动物的物种丰富度降低(分别为4、2、2种)。包括旅游活动和交通在内的人为干扰,可能导致附近50m海拔范围内保护动物的缺失,并使下坡位的某些物种向高海拔处移动。生境破碎化则使野生动物的种类组成发生改变,使原有森林内部优势种,如羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor),逐渐被适应能力强的物种,如豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)、雉鸡(Phasianuscolchicus)和野猪(Sus scrofa)等所取代,并将长期影响野生动物种群的存活。当前九寨沟自然保护区大中型野生动物的分布是植被、海拔与人为干扰综合作用的结果。     

Examining and elucidation of human weight cycle model adopting e-cell simulation system

Cellular rhythms regulate various physiological functions in circadian oscillatory mechanisms. Weight cycling or ‘yo-yo’ dieting is an evitable process in human, because of subsequent loss and regain of body weight due to irregular diet. Human weight cycle (HWC) is the major factor for causing global epidemic diseases in human beings. Understanding the HWC process would provide potent additional knowledge to prevent obesity. However till date, there is no study dealing with examine the HWC model using virtual cell simulation based on system biological approach. Therefore, the present study was designed to develop a computational HWC model, which was simulated using E-cell system v3.0. The developed model has the cyclic feedback reactions of three significant variables (the consecutive cycles of weight loss in continuous food intake (Q) and regain of body weight (P) at highest threshold point of cognitive restraint (R)) which are obtained by mathematical modelling. The dynamic plot results supported that the PQR variables depicted sustained oscillation with reversible modification due to protein diet. By contrast, the virtual model simulation would provide extensive information on HWC, which might provide knowledge to develop HWC linked with obesity pathway. The presents study concludes that optimization of body weight is essential to prevent the obesity based diseases.     

Bibliometric analysis of human–wildlife conflict: From conflict to coexistence

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a significant challenge for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Effective mitigation of HWC requires a multidisciplinary, holistic, and comprehensive approach. In the past two decades, scientific research has focused on HWC. It can be expected that in the next few years, the number of HWC literature will continue to increase. In this study, the VOSviewer version 1.6.16, and Bibliometrix packages in R were used to conduct a quantitative review of the HWC literature and investigate its social network and development trends. The results show that 2197 publications about HWC have been published in 320 journals from 128 countries in 2003–2021. The United States is the largest producer with 893. Among all journals, Biological Conservation ranked first in terms of total link strength, number of links, documents, and citations. The analysis of keywords, development trends, and development themes shows that the research on HWC mainly includes three aspects: the conflict between humans and carnivores, conflict between humans and herbivores, and protection of the human dimension. The main focus of the research has shifted from the conflict itself to the coexistence of humans and wild animals through the integration of natural and economic factors. It is expected that HWC research will play a key role in generating the interdisciplinary scientific knowledge needed to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.     

Escalating human–wildlife conflict in the Wolong Nature Reserve,China: A dynamic and paradoxical process

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) has become a conservation focus for both protected area management and local communities in many parts of the world. The incidence and mediation of HWCs are rooted in coupled environmental and socioeconomic contexts. A systematic analysis of HWCs was undertaken in 2016 in the Wolong Nature Reserve located in Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 201 local households to understand the occurrence of wildlife damage, the wildlife species involved, the typical losses incurred, and the mitigation measures employed. The results revealed that local HWC has increased rapidly in recent years due to effective biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration policies. Despite the widespread occurrence of HWCs, with nearly all respondents stating that they had suffered a financial loss, appropriate compensation schemes are lacking. Local respondents' expected compensation amount and style were investigated, and it was concluded that integrated compensation and community development plans are needed to mediate and resolve HWC. In particular, greater attention should be given to reduce local households' dependence on agriculture and transform local livelihood strategies to alternative economic activities not related to farming, such as ecotourism development and migrating employment.     

Exploring the effects of spatial autocorrelation when identifying key drivers of wildlife crop‐raiding

Few universal trends in spatial patterns of wildlife crop‐raiding have been found. Variations in wildlife ecology and movements, and human spatial use have been identified as causes of this apparent unpredictability. However, varying spatial patterns of spatial autocorrelation (SA) in human–wildlife conflict (HWC) data could also contribute. We explicitly explore the effects of SA on wildlife crop‐raiding data in order to facilitate the design of future HWC studies. We conducted a comparative survey of raided and nonraided fields to determine key drivers of crop‐raiding. Data were subsampled at different spatial scales to select independent raiding data points. The model derived from all data was fitted to subsample data sets. Model parameters from these models were compared to determine the effect of SA. Most methods used to account for SA in data attempt to correct for the change in P‐values; yet, by subsampling data at broader spatial scales, we identified changes in regression estimates. We consequently advocate reporting both model parameters across a range of spatial scales to help biological interpretation. Patterns of SA vary spatially in our crop‐raiding data. Spatial distribution of fields should therefore be considered when choosing the spatial scale for analyses of HWC studies. Robust key drivers of elephant crop‐raiding included raiding history of a field and distance of field to a main elephant pathway. Understanding spatial patterns and determining reliable socio‐ecological drivers of wildlife crop‐raiding is paramount for designing mitigation and land‐use planning strategies to reduce HWC. Spatial patterns of HWC are complex, determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale; therefore, studies need to be designed with an understanding of the effects of SA. Our methods are accessible to a variety of practitioners to assess the effects of SA, thereby improving the reliability of conservation management actions.     

White-Tailed Deer Foraging Habitat in Intensively Established Loblolly Pine Plantations

ABSTRACT Stand establishment techniques involving multiple herbicide applications are commonly used on industrial pine (Pinus spp.) plantations, raising concern over potential effects on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage production. We tested effects of stand establishment intensity on deer forage in 1–5-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations (n = 4) in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi using forage biomass and 4 measures of nutritional carrying capacity that reflected crude protein or digestible energy requirements for body maintenance and lactation. We also assessed whether forage biomass combined with a deer use rating effectively indexed nutritional carrying capacity. Treatments were combinations of mechanical site preparation, chemical site preparation (CSP), and herbaceous weed control (HWC). Total forage biomass and forage biomass of grasses and forbs were reduced by broadcast HWC. Forage biomass of vines was reduced both by CSP and by multiple broadcast HWC applications. Maintenance-level carrying capacity estimates were reduced by broadcast HWC; lactation-level estimates were higher in moderate-intensity treatments. We believe the inherently low fertility of this region makes high-quality forage production a more important management priority than increasing forage quantity. Chemical or chemical and mechanical site preparation combined with banded HWC provided the best option for providing both forage quality and quantity in open-canopied, intensively managed pine plantations. Biomass-based indices may be suitable for indexing protein-based maintenance-level carrying capacity in this region, but our results indicated they were not useful for indexing other carrying capacity estimates.     

Calcium-dependent Protein Kinases are Involved in Potato Signal Transduction in Response to Elicitors from the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans

Plant response to pathogens involves an intricate network of signal transduction pathways. Here, potato cell cultures were used to study signal transduction in response to elicitors from Phytophthora infestans. Pretreatment of cells with Ser/Thr protein kinase inhibitors, EGTA, calmodulin antagonists or a channel blocker abolished the induction of two enzymes involved in defence responses, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and peroxidase. Phosphatase inhibitors caused an increase of these activities in the absence of elicitors. Hyphal cell wall components (HWC) from an incompatible race (HWC 0) produced a rapid and transient increment of histone phosphorylation, whereas induction by HWC from a compatible race (HWC C) was less pronounced and more sustained. As activities were calcium‐dependent, a fraction enriched in calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) was obtained by DEAE chromatography. Fractions from HWC 0‐ and HWC C‐treated cells presented higher kinase activity than that from untreated cells. Moreover, total activity was higher in the incompatible than in the compatible interaction. Activity was calcium‐dependent, partially inhibited by calmodulin antagonists and able to phosphorylate syntide‐2, a specific substrate of CDPKs. An in‐gel kinase assay showed the presence of a band of approximately 50 kDa whose activity was higher in HWC 0‐ than in HWC C‐treated cells and was not detected in control extracts. This report presents evidences of the differential activation of CDPKs in response to elicitors from different races of P. infestans, revealing that these protein kinases participate in the defence response to oomycete.     

Electrified fencing as a mitigation strategy for human-elephant conflict in Western Serengeti: Community perspectives

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a serious threat to communities living proximal to wildlife areas. Understanding the attitudes of local communities toward HWC management is critical for planning and designing effective and sustainable mitigation strategies. Here we used quasi-structured questionnaires to assess local community attitudes toward the electrified fencing installed in the Western Corridor of the Serengeti Ecosystem to mitigate human-elephant conflict (HEC). We found that most of the respondents agreed that the installed electrified fence effectively mitigates HEC. In addition, fencing has been perceived as effective in controlling problematic or dangerous animals other than elephants, and therefore increasing harvest yields, improving the physical security of farms and properties, minimizing illegal hunting, and reducing interaction between domestic and wild animals. Furthermore, the local people in the surveyed area expect that human-wildlife coexistence will improve after the fence installation. As the area is famously known for the annual great wildebeest migration, we recommend further studies on the ecological impacts of the installed fence.     

土地利用方式转变对赣中地区土壤活性有机碳的影响

选取江西省安福县15年撂荒地和3种林地(毛竹林人工林、木荷次生林、杉木人工林),研究土地利用方式改变对土壤有机碳库以及活性有机碳的影响.结果表明：不同样地的土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、热水浸提有机碳和易氧化态碳均表现为毛竹人工林>杉木人工林>木荷次生林>撂荒地;与对照(撂荒地)相比,3种林地的土壤有机碳含量、碳储量及活性有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而递减,表层富集现象明显;不同土壤活性有机碳的分配比例明显不同,其中,土壤易氧化态碳占总有机碳的比例最大,微生物生物量碳所占比例最小,土壤总有机碳、微生物生物量碳、热水浸提有机碳和易氧化态碳间的相关性均达到极显著水平.后三者表征了土壤中活性较高部分碳的含量,对土地利用方式的响应较敏感,可以作为评价赣中地区土壤质量和肥力的指标之一.     

The influence of processing corn grain on glucose metabolism in ewes.

Glucose metabolism was studied in ewes fed 800 g chopped alfalfa hay (H) or 400 g alfalfa hay and 400 g corn grain given in whole (HWC), ground (HGC) or extruded (HEC) form. Daily intake of metabolisable energy and crude protein were: 5.8 MJ, 109 g; 9.0 MJ, 84 g; 9.5 MJ, 84 g and 8.5 MJ, 88 g in H, HWC, HGC and HEC, respectively. In situ ruminal degradability ranked whole, ground, and extruded corn in ascending order. Ruminal pH and concentration of acetic acid were lower and of propionic acid higher (P less than 0.05) in HEC than in HGC and HWC groups. Plasma level of glucose (P less than 0.10), insulin (P less than 0.05), and the ratio of insulin to non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (P less than 0.01) were higher in HEC than in other groups. Glucose irreversible loss (GILR) and entry rate (GER), recycling (GRec) and reentry (GRee) were determined by double isotope dilution procedure. GER, but not GILR, was higher in HWC than in H and HGC (6.98 mg/min/kg BW0.75 vs 3.97 and 4.24 mg/min/kg BW0.75, respectively; P less than 0.05) and than in HEC (4.84 mg/min/kg BW0.75; P less than 0.10). GRec and GRee were higher in HWC than in the other treatments. Grinding or extruding the grain increased ruminal degradability and decreased glucose entry rate.