Variation in polyphenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity of eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) leaves following foliar development

Seasonal dynamics in the polyphenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and their relationships during plant development were evaluated for eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) leaves, a traditional herbal medicine of North American natives. With the complementary UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS³, HPLC-PDA-fingerprint, Folin-Ciocalteau, and n-butanol/HCl assays of methanol-water (75:25, v/v) extracts, the dried leaf samples harvested monthly across the growing season under Polish climate conditions were found rich in structurally diverse polyphenols (149.2–210.7 mg/g DW) including the dominating salicylates (64.6–107.5 mg/g DW), proanthocyanidins (53.0–66.8 mg/g DW), and flavonoids (17.3–25.3 mg/g DW), and the accompanying chlorogenic acid isomers (2.4–4.4 mg/g DW) and simple phenolic acids (0.9–1.1 mg/g DW). Among 28 detected analytes, gaultherin (64.6–107.5 mg/g DW), miquelianin (14.6–21.1 mg/g DW), procyanidin A-type trimer (5.5–9.5 mg/g DW), and (–)-epicatechin (5.8–7.8 mg/g DW) were the most abundant. The phenolic levels and antioxidant activity parameters in the DPPH (EC₅₀, 15.0–18.2 μg DW/mL; 0.95–1.16 mmol Trolox equivalents/g DW) and FRAP (2.3–3.4 mmol Fe ²⁺/g DW; 0.86–1.26 mmol Trolox equivalents/g DW) assays showed parallel seasonal trends with maxima in September and October. As the subsequent correlation studies confirmed the determinative impact of polyphenols on the leaf antioxidant activity and its seasonal fluctuations, the Fall season could be recommended as optimal for harvesting the plant material for medicinal purposes and cost-effective production of natural health products.     

Recycling wasted biomaterial,crab shells,as an adsorbent for the removal of high concentration of phosphate

In this study, crab shells were recycled as an adsorbent for the removal of phosphate. The effects of shell particle size, temperature, pH and phosphate concentration on phosphate removal were investigated. Shell particles less than 1000 μm in diameter removed more than 85% of 500 mg/L phosphate in 24 h while particles 3350 μm in diameter exhibited only 50% removal efficiency. Temperature showed negligible effect on phosphate removal in the range of 15–45 °C. Although removal efficiency was highest at pH 2.0, the efficiency remained 50–60% at pH of 4.0–10.0. The maximum removal capacity was calculated as 108.9 mg/g through Langmuir isotherm plotting, which was 17.0 and 4.7 times higher than those of coal fly ash and scallop shells, respectively. Although calcium carbonate played an active role in the removal of phosphate, both proteins composing 12.5% of crab shells and cellulose-like backbone of the crab shells also played an important role in phosphate removal.     

Comparing the performance of granular coral limestone and Leca in adsorbing Acid Cyanine 5R from aqueous solution

The effect of granular coral limestone and Leca as adsorbents for removing Acid Cyanine 5R (AC5R) from aqueous solution was studied. The optimum pH and adsorbent particles size in both adsorbents were determined to be 3 and 297 μm, respectively. The optimum dosages of coral limestone and granular Leca were 0.150 and 0.145 g/mg of dye, respectively. Also, results have shown that the adsorption efficiency by both coral limestone and Leca increased with the decreasing adsorbent particles size. Moreover, under similar conditions, the maximum removal efficiency by granular coral limestone and Leca was 94% and 88%, respectively. The results revealed that the performance of granular coral limestone was better in AC5R removal than that of Leca granulated under such condition. In total, granular coral limestone and Leca act as suitable adsorbents for removing dye pollutants from an aqueous solution.     

Enhanced anthraquinones production from adsorbent-treated Morinda elliptica cell suspension cultures in production medium strategy

Continuous removal of anthraquinones (AQ) by Amberlite polymeric adsorbents (XAD-4, XAD-7 and XAD-16) through in situ adsorption in Morinda elliptica cell suspension cultures is studied for product recovery and improvement of the overall titre. Ethanol was the best eluting solvent for effective recovery of AQ from all adsorbents. Pre-treatment of XAD-4 with sodium acetate not only enhanced intracellular AQ, but also AQ release and subsequent recovery from the adsorbent. The addition of sodium acetate pretreated XAD-4 on day 18 for 6-day contact period, achieved comparable cell growth to control (41 g/L), but with 1.3-fold higher intracellular AQ (124 mg/g DW) and two-fold increase in extracellular AQ (14.3 mg/L). High amount of adsorbent and longer contact period for the cultures entering stationary growth phase, stimulated AQ release and recovery but at the expense of cell growth. With 5–8.3 g XAD-4 adsorbent per litre M. elliptica culture in production (P) medium, between 60 and 90% AQ was recovered from extracellular AQ after 24–26 days of culture period.     

Amniocentesis and biochemical evaluation of amniotic fluid in ewes at 70, 100 and 145 days of pregnancy

The objectives of this study were to determine the technical viability of amniocentesis in sheep and to observe biochemical changes in the amniotic fluid components. Amniotic fluid samples were collected by puncture in the greatest curvature of the uterine horn at days 70, 100, and 145 of pregnancy. The surgical procedure for collection of amniotic fluid samples was safe and efficient. For three stages of pregnancy, the following results were obtained: pH values 8.36, 7.34 and 7.37; glucose concentrations, 16.06. 8.58, and 3.79 g/dl; urea values, 42.68, 33.53, and 25.49 mg/dl; creatinine, 0.85, 5.04, and 11.25 g/dl; Gama-GT enzyme, 12.58, 14.20, and 12.30 UI/l; sodium concentrations, 146.60, 129.42, and 103.8 mmol/l: potassium concentrations, 9.79, 6.15, and 8.65 mmol/l; chloride, 96.59, 85.28, and 65.35 mmol/l; total protein, 0.14, 0.23, and 0.24 g/dl, respectively.     

Nicotine improves ethanol-induced memory impairment: The role of dorsal hippocampal NMDA receptors

AimsThe current study was undertaken to determine the role of dorsal hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in nicotine's effect on impairment of memory by ethanol.Main methodsAdult male mice were cannulated in the CA1 regions of dorsal hippocampi and trained on a passive avoidance learning task for memory assessment.Key findingsWe found that pre-training intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of ethanol (0.5 and 1 g/kg) decreased memory retrieval when tested 24 h later. Pre-test administration of ethanol reversed the decrease in inhibitory avoidance response induced by pre-training ethanol. Similar to ethanol, pre-test administration of nicotine (0.125–0.75 mg/kg, s.c.) prevented impairment of memory by pre-training ethanol. In the animals that received ethanol (1 g/kg, i.p) before training and tested following intra-CA1 administration of different doses of NMDA (0.0005–0.005 µg/mouse), no significant change was observed in the retrieval latencies. Co-administration of the same doses of NMDA with an ineffective dose of nicotine (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly improved the memory retrieval and mimicked the effects of pre-test administration of a higher dose of nicotine. Pre-test intra-CA1 microinjection of MK-801 (0.25–1 µg/mouse), which had no effect alone, in combination with an effective dose of nicotine (0.75 mg/kg, s.c.) prevented the improving effect of nicotine on memory impaired by pre-training ethanol. Moreover, intra-CA1 microinjection of MK-801 reversed the NMDA-induced potentiation of the nicotine response.SignificanceThe results suggest the importance of NMDA glutamate system(s) in the CA1 regions of dorsal hippocampus for improving the effect of nicotine on the ethanol-induced amnesia.     

The preparation and antihyperlipidaemic assay of piperlonguminine in vivo

The natural product piperlonguminine (GBN) which is extracted from Piper longum Linn., has high antihyperlipidaemic activity and low toxicity. However, the content of natural GBN in P. longum (0.20–0.25%) is low, and it is not easy to prepare enough sample of natural GBN for further studies, such as large-scale animal experiments. Therefore, in the present study, we tested and confirmed the antihyperlipidaemic activity of chemically synthesised GBN in rats for the first time. The results of the antihyperlipidaemic assay in vivo showed that synthetic GBN had significant lipid-lowering activities. Synthetic GBN not only inhibited body weight gain (66.3 ± 22.50 g vs. 83.9 ± 19.95 g) but also significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC, 9.67 ± 3.32 mmol/L vs. 22.26 ± 5.84 mmol/L), total glycerol (TG, 1.47 ± 0.08 mmol/L vs. 2.86 ± 0.75 mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, 3.57 ± 1.15 mmol/L vs. 5.44 ± 1.42 mmol/L) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, 1.31 ± 0.56 mmol/L vs. 0.68 ± 0.20 mmol/L) in the serum of rats fed a high-fat diet.     

Changes of ginsenosides in Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum M1

To obtain microorganisms for the microbial conversion of ginsenosides in red ginseng powder (RGP), Lactobacillus species (M1–M4 and P1–P4) were isolated from commercial ginseng products. Strain M1 was determined to be L. plantarum by 16S rRNA sequencing. Red ginseng powder (RGP) fermented by L. plantarum M1 had a high total content of ginsenosides (142.4 mg/g) as compared to the control (121.8 mg/g). In particular, the ginsenoside metabolites Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Compound K (CK), Rh1, and Rg2 showed a high level in the fermented RGP (65.5 mg/g) compared to the control (32.7 mg/g). During fermentation for 7 days, total sugar content decreased from 8.55 mg/g to 4 mg/g, uronic acid content reached its maximum (53.43 μg/g) at 3 days, and total ginsenoside content increased to 176.8 mg/g at 4 days. In addition, ginsenoside metabolites increased from 38.0 mg/g to 83.4 mg/g at 4 days of fermentation. Using everted instestinal sacs of rats, the fermented red ginseng showed a high transport level (10.3 mg of polyphenols/g sac) compared to non-fermented red ginseng (6.67 mg of polyphenols/g sac) after 1 h. These results confirm that fermentation with L. plantarum M1 is very useful for preparing minor ginsenoside metabolites while being safe for foods.     

Resistance exercise modulates lipid plasma profile and cytokine content in the adipose tissue of tumour-bearing rats

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by progressive weight loss, frequently accompanied by anorexia, sarcopenia, and chronic systemic inflammation. The white adipose tissue is markedly affected by cachexia and contributes to this syndrome throught the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors which reach the adjacent tissues and the circulation. A nonpharmacologic intervention that may attenuate cancer cachexia is chronic physical activity, but the effect of resistance training upon adipose tissue inflammation in cachexia has never been examined. For that purpose we designed a protocol in which animals were randomly assigned to a control group (CT, n = 7), a Tumour bearing group (TB, n = 7), a Resistance Trained group (RT, n = 7) and a Resistance Trained tumour bearing group (RTTB, n = 7). Trained rats climbed a vertical ladder with an extra load attached to the tail, representing 75–90% of total body mass, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. In the 6th week of resistance training, tumour cells (3 × 10⁷ Walker 256 carcinosarcoma) were inoculated in the tumour groups. Body, adipose tissue, muscle and tumour mass was determined, as well a blood biochemical parameters, and the hormone and cytokine profile assessed. The glycogen content of the liver and muscle was measured. IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression was evaluated in the mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT) examined. Resistance training increased by 9% body weight gain in RTTB (final weight 310.8 ± 9.8 g), when compared with TB (final weight 288.3 ± 4.9 g). LDL-c levels were decreased in RTTB (0.28 ± 0.9 mmol/L) by 43% when compared with TB (0.57 ± 0.1 mmol/L). HDL-c levels were increased in RTTB (1.31 ± 0.12 mmol/L) by 15% in regard to CT (1.13 ± 0.7 mmol/L) and 22% as compared with TB (1.07 ± 0.07 mmol/L). RTTB testosterone levels (577 ± 131 ng/mL) were 55% higher when compared with CT (254 ± 41.3 ng/mL) and 63% higher when compared with TB (221 ± 23.1 ng/mL). Adiponectin levels were augmented in RT (23 μg/mL) by 43% when compared with TB (11 μg/mL). Protein expression of IL-6 was increased 38% in TB MEAT (5.95 pg/μg), as compared with CT (3.64 pg/μg) and 50% compared with RTTB (2.91 pg/μg). Similar results with respect to TNF-α TB (7.18 pg/μg) were observed: 39% and 46%, higher protein expression in comparison with CT (4.63 pg/μg) and RTTB (3.8 pg/μg), respectively. IL-10 protein expression was found to be increased in TB (4.4 pg/μg) and RTTB (3.2 pg/μg) 50% and 47%, respectively, in comparison with CT (1.2 pu/μg). The IL-10/TNF-α ratio was higher in RTTB in relation to all others experimental groups. The results show a robust effect of resistance exercise training in preventing important symptoms of cancer cachexia, thus strongly suggesting it may appear as an alternative to endurance exercise as a non-pharmacological therapy in the management of this syndrome.     

Preparation of a biocatalyst via physical adsorption of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus on hydrophobic support to catalyze biolubricant synthesis by esterification reaction in a solvent-free system

Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) was immobilized on mesoporous hydrophobic poly-methacrylate (PMA) particles via physical adsorption (interfacial activation of the enzyme on the support). The influence of initial protein loading (5–200 mg/g of support) on the catalytic properties of the biocatalysts was determined in the hydrolysis of olive oil emulsion and synthesis of isoamyl oleate (biolubricant) by esterification reaction. Maximum adsorbed protein loading and hydrolytic activity were respectively ≈100 mg/g and ≈650 IU/g using protein loading of 150 mg/g of support. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9743). Maximum ester conversion around 85% was reached after 30 min of reaction under continuous agitation (200 rpm) using 2500 mM of each reactant in a solvent-free system, 45 °C, 20% m/v of the biocatalyst prepared using 100 mg of protein/g of support. Apparent thermodynamic parameters of the esterification reaction were also determined. Under optimal experimental conditions, reusability tests of the biocatalyst (TLL-PMA) after thirty successive cycles of reaction were performed. TLL-PMA fully retained its initial activity up to twenty two cycles of reaction, followed by a slight decrease around 8.6%. The nature of the product (isoamyl oleate) was confirmed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), proton (¹H NMR) and carbon (¹³C NMR) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses.     

Bioremediation of phenol-contaminated water and soil using magnetic polymer beads

In order to easily separate pollutant-absorbing polymer beads from contaminated soil or water, novel polymer beads containing magnetic particles were developed. The polymer beads containing 4.67% (w/w) magnetic particles exhibited an almost identical partitioning coefficient for phenol compared to that of the pure polymer. A 1.5 L phenol solution of 2000 mg/L added to a bioreactor was reduced to 481 mg/L phenol within 3 h by adding 100 g of these magnetic beads, and the phenol was completely degraded by microorganisms in 16 h. The magnetized beads were then readily removed from the bioreactor by a magnet with 10,000 G, and subsequently detached for re-use. 500 g of soil contaminated with 4 mg-phenol/g-soil was also contacted with 100 g beads, and greater than 97% removal of phenol from the soil was achieved within 1 day. The phenol-absorbing beads were easily separated from the soil by the magnet and transferred into a fermentor. The phenol was released from the beads and was degraded by the microorganism in 10 h. Modifying polymers to possess magnetic properties has greatly improved the ease of handling of these sequestering materials when decontaminating soil and water sources, in conjunction with contaminant release in partitioning bioreactors.     

Influences of flavomycin,ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility,rumen fermentation,and methane emission from sheep

This study focused on the effects of three additives given together with a hay/concentrate-based diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane emission from sheep. The basal diet consisted of 1.29 kg mixed hay and 0.43 kg concentrate mixture based on dry matter (DM). Treatments consisted of control (no additive), flavomycin⁴⁰ (250 mg/d), ropadiar from an oregano extract (250 mg/d), and saponin in the form of a yucca schidigera extract (170 mg/d). Results indicated that intake and digestibility were unaffected by treatments (P>0.05). The NH₃-N concentration of rumen liquor was lower (P<0.05) for additive treatments versus the control treatment. Higher concentrations of volatile fatty acid (VFA) were observed in the saponin (75.8 mmol/L) and ropadiar (73.1 mmol/L) treatments. The proportion of individual fatty acid of rumen liquor was unchanged, whereas lower ratio of acetate to propionate in the saponin treatment was observed (P<0.05). The average methane production expressed on digested organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) basis were decreased by approximately 3.3 and 12.0 g/kg, respectively in saponin, and 4.2 and 11.9 g/kg in ropadiar treatment compared to the control. Methane production was positively correlated with the concentrations of NH₃-N, and negatively correlated with total VFA and the proportion of propionate of rumen liquor (P<0.05). The study found that saponin and ropadiar could have the potential to reduce rumen methanogenesis in sheep.     

Triphasic esterification of butanol and butyric acid in fermentation media

Butanol and butyric acid produced from acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation can be used to produce butyl butyrate, an important fragrance ester. However, low levels of butanol and butyric acid need to be purified from culture media first with energy-intensive distillation processes. In this study, a triphasic (organic/aqueous/fluorous) system is developed to esterify butanol and butyric acid in spent culture media into butyl butyrate directly without purification. The produced butyl butyrate forms a distinct organic phase floating on top and can then be separated easily. In a model system containing 37.1 g/L of butanol and 44.1 g/L of butyric acid, 57% of the butanol is converted to butyl butyrate after 8 h of esterification. With multiple cycles of esterification and product removal, butanol conversion can be further increased to 86%. When spent culture medium containing 7.12 g/L of butanol and 4.81 g/L of butyric acid is used for esterification, 38% of butanol (0.36 mmol) is consumed and 0.33 mmol of butyl butyrate is produced. However, when ABE fermentation and esterification are carried out simultaneously, only 0.042 mmol of butyl butyrate is produced, probably due to the incompatible pH requirements for cell growth (pH 5–7) and esterification (pH 2–3).     

EPA,DHA, cholesterol and phospholipid content in Pagrus pagrus (cultured and wild), Trachinus draco and Trigla lyra from Mediterranean Sea

EPA, DHA, cholesterol and phospholipid content were determined in the Trachinus draco, Trigla lyra and (wild and cultured) Pagrus pagrus muscles.The EPA and DHA levels – as determined by GC-GC/MS – in the cultured P. pagrus muscles (233.20 ± 16.3 and 399.39 ± 31.1 mg/100 g of the wet tissue respectively) were found to be significantly higher compared to the ones in the wild P. pagrus, T. draco and T. lyra (26.31 ± 2.26, 158.24 ± 10.92 mg/100 g, 28.65 ± 1.68, 155.97 ± 2.63 mg/100 g 35.66 ± 0.66 and 102.52 ± 1.71 mg/100 g of the wet muscles respectively). The amounts of cholesterol (determined by GC on a capillary column) and phospholipids in the cultured P. pagrus muscles were significantly higher (149.3 mg/100 g and 0.80 g/100 g of the wet tissue respectively) compared to the ones in the wild P. pagrus (8.73 mg/100 g and 0.40 g/100 g), T. draco (41.72 mg/100 g and 0.59 g/100 g) and T. lyra muscles (38.63 mg/100 g and 0.40 g/100 g of the wet tissue respectively).The highest DHA/EPA and ω-3/ω-6 ratios were 6.00 and 5.93 in wild P. pagrus and T. draco muscles respectively, while the lowest in cultured P. pagrus (1.71 and 1.48 respectively).     

Enzymatic transformation of 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) by immobilized α-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from recombinant Escherichia coli

This work aims to produce 2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) from ascorbic acid and β-cyclodextrin with immobilized α-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (α-CGTase) from recombinant Escherichia coli. Molecular sieve (SBA-15) was used as an adsorbent, and sodium alginate was used as a carrier, and glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a cross-linker. The effects of several key variables on α-CGTase immobilization were examined, and optimal immobilization conditions were determined as the following: glutaraldehyde (GA, cross-linker) 0.01% (v/v), SBA-15 (adsorbent) 2 g/L, CaCl₂ 3 g/L, sodium alginate 20 g/L, adsorption time 3 h, and immobilization time 1 h. In comparison with free α-CGTase, immobilized α-CGTase had a similar optimal pH (5.5) and a higher optimal temperature (45 °C). The continuous production of AA-2G from ascorbic acid and β-cyclodextrin in the presence of immobilized α-CGTase was carried out, and the highest AA-2G production reached 21 g/L, which was 2-fold of that with free α-CGTase. The immobilization procedure developed here was efficient for α-CGTase immobilization, which was proved to be a prospective approach for the enzymatic production of AA-2G.     

Nutritional requirements for the production of dithiolopyrrolone antibiotics by Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137

The amino acid and humic acid requirements of Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137 for growth and production of the dithiolopyrrolone antibiotics were studied in a semi-synthetic medium (SSM). Nature and concentration of amino acids and humic acid strongly influenced the growth and dithiolopyrrolone specific production.The highest value of thiolutin (acetyl-pyrrothine) specific production was obtained in the presence of 1 g/l humic acid (336 mg/g DCW), and in the presence of 5 mM l-cystine (309 mg/g DCW) as compared to 19 mg/g DCW obtained with the control. Furthermore, thiolutin production was increased about six-fold, four-fold and three-fold in the presence of l-proline, l-glutamic acid and dl-histidine, respectively. In contrast, the production of thiolutin was reduced by addition of other amino acids such as l-glutamine, dl-ethionine, l-methionine and l-arginine. The highest value of isobutyryl-pyrrothine production was obtained in the presence of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid and l-lysine (7.8 and 1.0 mg/g DCW, respectively). However, the highest value of butanoyl-pyrrothine production was obtained in the presence of humic acid (6.6 mg/g DCW), followed by l-cysteine and l-proline (3.6 and 3.2 mg/g DCW, respectively). In addition, the maximum specific production of senecioyl-pyrrothine (29 mg/g DCW) and tigloyl-pyrrothine (21 mg/g DCW) was obtained in the presence of humic acid. We found that, except for isobutyryl-pyrrothine, production of all dithiolopyrrolones was favoured by addition of l-proline. The maximum specific production was obtained with l-proline at concentrations of 2.50 mM for thiolutin (133 mg/g DCW), 1.25 mM for senecioyl-pyrrothine, tigloyl-pyrrothine and butanoyl-pyrrothine production (29, 23 and 3.9 mg/g DCW, respectively). Production of all dithiolopyrrolones strongly decreased as the l-methionine or dl-ethionine concentration was increased in the culture medium.     

Effect of the supplementation of a high-concentrate diet with sunflower and fish oils on ruminal fermentation in sheep

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of a high-concentrate diet with lipids, reportedly a good strategy for improving the nutritional value of ruminant-derived products, may not necessarily be associated with detrimental effects on ruminal fermentation in sheep. Four ruminally cannulated adult ewes were fed a high-concentrate diet, with no oil (Control diet), for a 14-day adaptation period. Afterwards, they were fed the same basal diet but supplemented with sunflower oil [20 g/kg fresh matter (FM)] and fish oil (10 g/kg FM) (SOFO diet) for a further 11 days, to investigate the impact of the addition of oils on the ruminal fermentation of the diet. On days 0 (Control), 3 and 10 of the experimental period rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 h after the morning feeding, for analysis of pH, and ammonia, lactate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Alfalfa hay was incubated in situ, using the nylon bag technique, for 12 and 24 h to examine the effect of oil supplementation on ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF). On days 0 and 11, rumen fluid was collected just before the morning feeding and used to incubate alfalfa hay and the Control and SOFO diets by means of the in vitro gas production technique. The mean concentrations of acetate (87.8 mmol/L vs. 73.7 mmol/L) and butyrate (21.2 mmol/L vs. 17.7 mmol/L) were reduced by oil supplementation (P < 0.05) and the total VFA showed a tendency (P = 0.098) to be lower with the SOFO diet (139.0 mmol/L vs. 122.1 mmol/L). However, none of the other in vivo ruminal fermentation parameters were affected by the treatment (P > 0.10). The oil supplementation affected neither in situ rumen disappearance of DM, CP and NDF of alfalfa hay, nor rates of gas production (P > 0.10). On the other hand, a little, but significant reduction in cumulative gas production was observed when the experimental diets were incubated with rumen fluid derived from animals fed the oil-rich diet (P < 0.05).Overall, the results suggest that the supplementation of high-concentrate diets with sunflower oil (20 g/kg FM) plus fish oil (10 g/kg FM) had little effect on ruminal fermentation and therefore its use to improve the nutritional value of ruminant-derived products cannot be precluded.     

Arthrobacter sp. lipase immobilization on magnetic sol–gel composite supports for enantioselectivity improvement

A bacterial lipase from Arthrobacter sp. (ABL: IIIM Jammu, India strain, MTCC No. 5125) has been immobilized on non-magnetic (Type A) and magnetic (Type B) supports derived from copolymerization of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethylorthosilicate. Immobilized ABL presented 21–34 mg/g protein binding providing 30–75 units/g activity in Type A non-magnetic composites and 24–45 mg/g protein binding providing 35–90 units/g activity with Type B supports containing magnetic particles. Immobilized ABL preparations have shown enhanced stability at pH 5–9 and temperature up to 70 °C whereas free ABL is unstable under these conditions. Improved hydrolytic conversion as well as enantioselectivity were observed with acyl fluoxetine intermediate (ethyl 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate alkyl acylates) and chiral auxiliaryacyl 1-phenyl ethanol using immobilized ABL derivatives (ee ～99%; 3–4-fold increase in E-values) as compared to ABL enzyme/cells (ee 93–98%). Introduction of magnetic particles in these supports has led to easier separation process with high product recovery yields.     

Production of rhoifolin and tiliroside from callus cultures of Chorisia chodatii and Chorisia speciosa

The current work aims to stimulate the production of rhoifolin and tiliroside as two valuable phytochemicals from Chorisia chodatii Hassl. and Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil. callus cultures. A comparison between three explants from the in vitro germinated seedlings of both species for callus induction and accumulation of both flavonoids was carried out. Highly efficient calluses were induced from the leaves, stems and roots of C. chodatii seedlings on Gamborg’s B5 (B5) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 2.0 mg/l β-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyladenin (BA) or kinetin (Kn), while those of C. speciosa seedlings efficiently produced calluses on both media supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA. Besides, the highest contents of rhoifolin (1.927 mg/g DW) and tiliroside (1.776 mg/g DW) from C. speciosa cultures were obtained from the calluses of seedlings’ roots and stems maintained on B5 medium containing 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum rhoifolin content (0.555 mg/g DW) from C. chodatii cultures was obtained from the calluses of seedlings’ stems grown on B5 medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA, whereas the highest tiliroside content (0.547 mg/g DW) was provided by the root explants on B5 medium containing 2.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kn. Both flavonoids were bioaccumulated in greater amounts than the wild and cultivated intact plants, which provides a promising tool for their future commercial production under a controlled environment, independent of climate and soil conditions.     

Bacterial cellulose nanofibers for albumin depletion from human serum

Cibacron Blue F3GA (CB) was covalently attached onto the bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers for human serum albumin (HSA) depletion from human serum. The BC nanofibers were produced by Acetobacter xylinum in the Hestrin–Schramm medium in a static condition for 14 days. The CB content of the BC nanofibers was 178 μmol/g. The specific surface area of the BC nanofibers was determined to be 914 m²/g. HSA adsorption experiments were performed by stirred-batch adsorption. The non-specific adsorption of HSA on the BC nanofibers was very low (1.4 mg/g polymer). CB attachment onto the BC nanofibers significantly increased the HSA adsorption (1800 mg/g). The maximum HSA adsorption was observed at pH 5.0. The HSA adsorption capacity decreased drastically with an increase of the aqueous phase concentration of sodium chloride. The elution studies were performed by adding 1 M NaCl to the HSA solutions in which adsorption equilibria had been reached. The elution results demonstrated that the binding of HSA to the adsorbent was reversible. The depletion efficiencies for HSA were above 96.5% for all studied concentrations. Proteins in the serum and eluted portion were analyzed by SDS-PAGE for testing the efficiency of HSA depletion from human serum. Eluted proteins include mainly HSA.