Citric acid production by immobilized Aspergillus niger in a fluidized bed reactor

Summary Citric acid production by immobilized of Aspergillus niger in a fluidized bed reactor was performed, evaluating the productivity and the stability of the process when pulsing device was used. The application of a pulsing flow to fluidized bed reactor and the feed nitrogen limited allow to control of bioparticles morphology avoiding bed compactation. When operated at optimum pulsation frequency (0.3 s^–1) the stability of the bioreactor was maintained for more than 30 days, increasing the citric acid production in more than 52.2%.     

Continuous production of manganese peroxidase by Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on polyurethane foam in a pulsed packed-bed bioreactor

The bottleneck of the application of manganese peroxidase (MnP) on an industrial scale in pulp biobleaching or in degradation of hazardous compounds is the lack of an efficient production system. Three main problems arise for the continuous production of MnP during secondary metabolism of Phanerochaete chrysosporium: enzyme production occurs only under specific physiological conditions corresponding to C or N limitation, high O(2) tension, and adequate Mn(+2) concentration; the enzyme that is produced is destabilized by extracellular proteases; and excessive growth of the mycelium blocks effective oxygen transfer. To overcome these drawbacks, continuous production of MnP was optimized by selecting a suitable bioreactor configuration and the environmental and operating conditions affecting both enzyme production and stability. The combination between a proper feed rate and the application of a pulsation in a packed-bed bioreactor permitted the maintenance of continuous secretion of MnP while limiting mycelial growth and avoiding bed clogging. Environmental factors as an Mn(+2) concentration of 5000 muM and high oxygen tension enhanced MnP production. The hydraulics of the bioreactor corresponding to a plug flow model with partial mixing and an operating hydraulic rentention time of 24 h were optimal to achieve stable operating conditions. This policy allowed long operation periods, obtaining higher productivities than the best reported in the literature. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 130-137, 1997.     

右美托咪定联合七氟醚对老年腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术患者应激反应和脑氧代谢的影响

摘要 目的：观察老年腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术患者使用七氟醚联合右美托咪定复合麻醉后,机体应激反应和脑氧代谢的变化情况。方法：将我院2020年1月至2020年12月期间收治的100例老年腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术患者根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=50,七氟醚麻醉）和研究组（n=50,右美托咪定联合七氟醚麻醉）。观察两组血流动力学、应激反应、脑氧代谢、认知功能和不良反应。结果：两组手术60 min（T1）~手术后30 min（T3）时间点较麻醉诱导前（T0）时间点心率（HR）先下降后升高,平均动脉压（MAP）先升高后下降（P<0.05）。研究组T1~T3时间点HR及MAP低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后3 d多巴胺（DA）、肾上腺素（AD）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）水平升高,但研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后3 d血氧含量差（DajvO₂）和脑氧摄取率（CERO₂）下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组术后6 h、术后1 d、术后3 d简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率,对比无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：七氟醚联合右美托咪定应用于老年腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术患者,可有效减轻机体应激反应,减轻机体认知功能损伤,维持血流动力学稳定和脑氧代谢。     

Bioelectrochemical system accelerates microbial growth and degradation of filter paper

Bioelectrochemical reactors (BERs) with a cathodic working potential of −0.6 or −0.8 V more efficiently degraded cellulosic material, i.e., filter paper (57.4–74.1% in 3 days and 95.9–96.3% in 7 days) than did control reactors without giving exogenous potential (15.4% in 3 days and 64.2% in 7 days). At the same time, resultant conversions to methane and carbon dioxide in cathodic working chamber of BERs by application of electrochemical reduction in 3 days of operation were larger than control reactors. However, cumulative methane production in cathodic BERs was similar to those in control reactors after 7 days of operation. Microscopic observation and 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that microbial growth in the entire consortium was higher after 2 days of operation of cathodic BERs as compared with the control reactors. In addition, the number of methanogenic 16S rRNA gene copies in cathodic BERs was higher than in control reactors. Moreover, archaeal community structures constructed in cathodic BERs consisted of hydrogenotrophic methanogen-related organisms and differed from those in control reactors after 2 days of operation. Specifically, the amount of Methanothermobacter species in cathodic BERs was higher within archaeal communities than in those control reactors after 2 days of operation. Electrochemical reduction may be effective for accelerating microbial growth in the start-up period and thereby increasing microbial treatment of cellulosic waste and methane production.     

The Role of Ethylene in Growth and Endopolygalacturonase Production by Sclerotium rolfsii

Growth of and endopolygalacturonase production by Sclerotium rolfsii was better on a defined mineral medium than on a medium containing segments of tomato leaf petioles. The effect of treatment with ethylene (10μl/l) upon endopolygalacturonase activity with investigated at various stages of growth, in a mineral defined medium. Addition of ethylene to a 10 days-old culture of S. rolfsii resulted in a decrease in activity by day 14, whereas the addition of ethylene to a 4, 6 and 8 days old cultures resulted in an increase in endopolygalacturonase activity. Ethylene seems to have little or no stimulating effect upon growth of S. rolfsii when applied after 8 days. However, inhibited fungal growth, after the addition of ethylene at earlier stages of growth, was obtained due to the depletion of oxygen from sealed culture flasks. Endopolygalacturonase was extracted and purified from control cultures after 14 days of growth. Fractionation of this enzyme protein on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration columns resulted in two peaks of activity measured by the release of reducing sugars from polygalacturonic acid (PGA).     

Operating characteristics of solid-state fermentation bioreactor with air pressure pulsation

The development of solid state fermentation (SSF) technology is very important to the production of cellulase and ultimately to the utilization of natural cellulose. However, inadequate dissipation of heat generated by biological activities has prevented solid-state fermentation from large-scale applications. The paper deals with the development of a novel SSF bioreactor with air pressure pulsation. By developing a measurement and control system under the Virtual Instrument (VI) concept, the performance of the SSF bioreactor with pressure pulsation was studied by cultivating Trichoderma koningii in solid medium made of wheat bran and corncob. The cooling effects of pressure pulsation on solid porous beds are discussed. Experimental results show that pressure pulsation enhances medium moisture evaporation, and hence, heat dissipation. Furthermore, through changing the pressure pulsation directions, it is able to mitigate the temperature gradients in the bioreactor. To sum up, pressure pulsation can provide the microbes with a growing environment at optimal temperature and medium water content. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

瑞芬太尼对急性高容量血液稀释后颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者脑氧代谢以及术后认知功能的影响

目的:探究瑞芬太尼对急性高容量血液稀释(AHH)后颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者脑氧代谢以及术后认知功能的影响。方法:选择2015年5月至2016年12月期间在我院进行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的92例患者作为研究对象,并将其随机均衡分为研究组和对照组,每组46例,研究组给予瑞芬太尼治疗,对照组给予硝酸甘油治疗。对两组患者AHH前(T0)、AHH后(T1)、降压前(T2)、降压后30 min(T3)、动脉瘤夹闭术后5 min(T4)等时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)进行记录,在T2-T4时间点对颈内静脉球部血、桡动脉血两处位置的动、静脉血氧饱和度(SAO_2、SjvO_2)、动脉血氧分压(PAO_2)、静脉血氧分压(PjvO_2)进行统计,计算动脉氧含量(CAO_2)、颈内静脉氧含量(CjvO_2)、动脉颈内静脉球部血氧差(Da-jvO_2)、颈内静脉球部动脉乳酸差(VADL)和脑氧摄取率(CERO_2)。在术前、术后3 d、术后7 d采用简易智力状态量表(MMSE)对两组患者的认知功能进行评估。结果:相对于T2时间点,在T3、T4时间点,两组患者MAP均出现显著降低(P0.05);对照组患者HR显著升高,研究组患者HR显著降低(P0.05)。两组患者SaO_2均为100.00%,在T3、T4时间点研究组SjvO_2、CjvO_2显著高于T2时间点,且较对照组患者升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),Da-jvO_2、CERO_2显著低于T2时间点,且较对照组患者降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。PaO_2、CaO_2、PjvO_2、VADL组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。术前、术后3 d、术后7 d两组患者的MMSE评分比较均无统计学差异(P0.05),术前、术后7 d两组患者的MMSE评分均高于术后3 d的MMSE评分(P0.05)。结论:瑞芬太尼对急性高容量血液稀释进行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术,能够有效维持患者机体血流动力学稳定,同时还可以对脑氧代谢率进行有效控制,相对于硝酸甘油进行急性高容量血液稀释,瑞芬太尼优势较为明显,但对于认知功能无明显的改善作用。     

Shear stress effects on production of exopolymeric substances and biofilm characteristics during phenol biodegradation by immobilized Pseudomonas desmolyticum (NCIM2112) cells in a pulsed plate bioreactor

This article reports studies on a continuous pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) with the cells of Pseudomonas desmolyticum (NCIM2112) immobilized on granular activated carbon (GAC) used as a biofilm reactor for biodegradation of phenol. Almost complete removal of 200 ppm phenol could be achieved in this bioreactor. Biofilm structure and characteristics are influenced by hydrodynamic and shear conditions in bioreactors. In this article, the effect of shear stress induced by frequency of pulsation on biofilm characteristics during the startup period in the PPBR is reported. The startup time decreased with the increase in frequency of pulsation. The formation of biofilm in PPBR was found to have three phases: accumulation, compaction, and plateau. The effect of frequency on production of exoploymeric substances (EPS) such as, protein, carbohydrate, and humic substance is reported. An increase in shear stress induced by the frequency of pulsation increased the production of exopolymeric substances in the biofilm during startup of the bioreactor. Increase in shear stress caused a decrease in biofilm thickness and an increase in dry density of the biofilm. Increase in shear stress resulted in a smoother and thinner biofilm surface with more compact and dense structure.     

Continuous production ofL-isoleucine using immobilized growing Serratia marcescens cells

An immobilized growing cell system was applied to the continuous L -isoleucine production by Serratia marcescens. In the new immobilized-cell systems using the carrageenan gel method. S. marcescens cells in the gel required nutrients and oxygen for growth, and the numbers of living cells per milliliter of gel increased to the levels of that of free cells in the liquid medium. This immobilized growing cell system exhibited high and stable activity for isoleucine production under steady-state conditions. Continuous isoleucine production was carried out by feeding the nutrient medium under aeration into a fluidized bed reactor containing the immobilized cells. In the continuous operation, an efficient production was maintained by automatically controlling the pH of the reaction mixture at 7.5. The productivity of isoleucine increased using multibed reactors. In a two-bed reactor system, the effluent L -isoleucine concentration reached 4.5 mg/ml at a retention time of 10 hr, and a steady state was maintained for longer than 30 days.     

Continuous ethanol production by zymomonas mobilis on an industrial scale

The specific growth rate of the ethanol producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis was lower in the presence of oxygen than under anaerobic conditions. Aerobically, considerable amounts of acetaldehyde and acetic acid were formed in addition to the normal fermentation products, ethanol and carbon dioxide. This bacterium contains considerable amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids, mainly 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroxypentane-29-hopane. It seems that stability and permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of this rather ethanol tolerant organism is achieved by the hopanoid content. A continuous culture of Zymomonas mobilis produced 60 g/l ethanol over a test period of 39 days. This strain was used for ethanol production from an enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat starch fraction on an industrial scale of 100 m³.     

Measurements of oxygen production rate in flowing Spirulina suspension

Summary The oxygen production rates for a cyanobacterial suspension flowing in straight and coiled tubes were measured to find a way of achieving higher efficiency of light utilization by means of convective mixing. The photosynthetic flow chambers were made of glass tubes and illumination was by fluorescent light. The cyanobacterium used was Spirulina platensis, which has a high growth rate. The oxygen production rate for fluid flow in straight and coiled tubes increase with the increase in Reynolds number. The maximum oxygen production rate was achieved at 30°C for both tube reactors, but the oxygen production rate was higher for the coiled tube unit than the straight tube unit at 30°C. Thus the convective mixing generated in the coiled tube reactor contributed to an increased in light utilization, which played an important part in improving the oxygen production rate. Offprint requests to: K. Tanishita     

核心稳定性训练联合高压氧对脑梗死恢复期患者血液流变学、脑能量代谢和血清NGF、NSE、MBP的影响

摘要 目的：观察核心稳定性训练联合高压氧对脑梗死恢复期患者血液流变学、脑能量代谢和血清神经生长因子（NGF）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）的影响。方法：选择我院2018年3月~2021年3月期间收治的脑梗死恢复期患者103例。采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组两组,例数分别为51例和52例。对照组患者接受核心稳定性训练,观察组患者接受核心稳定性训练联合高压氧治疗,对比两组疗效、血液流变学、脑能量代谢指标和血清NGF、NSE、MBP水平及相关量表评分。结果：观察组的临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组上肢/下肢Lovett肌力评分升高,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分下降,且观察组的改变程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组全血高切黏度、血细胞比容、全血低切黏度、血浆黏度下降,且观察组的改变程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血氧饱和度升高,空腹血糖、乳酸水平下降,且观察组的改变程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组NGF水平升高,NSE、MBP水平下降,且观察组的改变程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：核心稳定性训练联合高压氧应用于脑梗死恢复期患者,可促进其血液流变学、脑能量代谢改善,有效调节血清NGF、NSE、MBP水平,疗效明确。     

右美托咪定复合曲马多超前镇痛对骨关节置换术患者镇痛效果、血流动力学及认知功能的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定复合曲马多超前镇痛对骨关节置换术患者镇痛效果、血流动力学及认知功能的影响。方法:选取2015年2月~2018年12月期间武警陕西省总队医院收治的行骨关节置换术患者121例,根据数表法将患者随机分为对照组(n=60)和研究组(n=61),其中对照组给予曲马多超前镇痛,研究组在对照组的基础上联合右美托咪定,比较两组患者镇痛效果、血流动力学指标及认知功能,记录两组手术期间不良反应发生情况。结果:研究组术后4 h(T2)、术后8 h(T3)、术后12 h(T4)、术后24 h(T5)时间点视觉模拟评分(VAS)低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组T2~T5时间点心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)低于对照组,血氧饱和度(SPO2)则高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后3 d、术后1周简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分较对照组升高,中枢神经特异蛋白(S100β)水平则低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率比较无差异(P>0.05)。结论:骨关节置换术患者给予右美托咪定复合曲马多超前镇痛,镇痛效果确切,可有效维持血流动力学稳定,且对机体认知功能影响较轻,不增加不良反应发生率,临床应用价值较高。     

经皮穴位电刺激对老年髋关节置换术患者脑氧代谢以及术后认知功能、镇痛效果的影响

目的:探讨经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)对老年髋关节置换术患者脑氧代谢以及术后认知功能、镇痛效果的影响。方法:选取2016年1月～2018年7月期间我院收治的行髋关节置换术患者91例为研究对象,将研究对象根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=45)和研究组(n=46),对照组给予常规麻醉处理,研究组在对照组基础上给予TEAS,比较两组脑氧代谢、术后认知功能以及镇痛效果,记录两组术后的不良反应发生情况。结果:在降压开始后20 min(T1)、降压开始后40 min(T2)、停止降压后20 min(T3)时间点时,两组静脉血氧含量(Cjv O2)较降压前即刻(T0)时间点升高,且研究组高于对照组(P0.05),两组脑动-静脉血氧含量差(Da-jvO2)、脑氧摄取率(CERO2)较T0时间点降低,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者术后72h简易智能量表(MMSE)评分均较术前24h降低,但研究组高于对照组(P0.05),研究组术后认知功能障碍(POCD)发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。与术前比较,两组患者术后8h、术后24h、术后48h视觉疼痛模拟量表(VAS)评分均升高(P0.05),但研究组术后8h、术后24h、术后48h等时间点VAS评分均低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者不良反应总发生率比较无差异(P0.05)。结论:TEAS对老年髋关节置换术后患者的镇痛效果确切,可有效改善脑氧代谢情况,提高术后认知功能,临床应用价值较高。     

Strategies for promoting division of cultured plant protoplasts: synergistic beneficial effects of haemoglobin (Erythrogen) and Pluronic F-68

Novel approaches, involving supplementation of aqueous culture medium with haemoglobin solution (Erythrogen), in the presence or absence of the copolymer surfactant, Pluronic F-68, have been evaluated to facilitate cellular oxygen availability to promote mitotic division. Cell-suspension-derived protoplasts of albino Petunia hybrida cv. Comanche were cultured for up to 45 days in KM8P medium containing 1:50–1:500 (vol:vol) Erythrogen. The mean initial protoplast plating efficiency after 9 days with 1:50 Erythrogen (18.5%) was significantly greater (P<0.05) than in untreated controls (11.3%). Supplementation of culture medium with 1:50 Erythrogen, together with 0.01% (wt/vol) Pluronic F-68, increased the mean plating efficiency after 9 days (24.4%) by 92% (P<0.05) over the control (12.7%). These treatments also produced increases in biomass of protoplast-derived cells up to 2.5-fold greater than control (P<0.01) over 80 days. Gassing the medium, containing 1:50 Erythrogen, with carbon monoxide abolished the increase in plating efficiency. There was no additional benefit of gassing Erythrogen-supplemented medium with 100% oxygen. The synergistic, beneficial effect of Erythrogen and Pluronic F-68 on protoplast division has implications for plant biotechnology utilising protoplasts. Received: 24 May 1996 / Revision received: 12 July 1996 / Accepted: 15 August 1996     

Human Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Hyperbaric Oxygen Augment Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Purpose Attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and associated inflammatory cell deposits rescues human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AFS) from apoptosis. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) suppressed stimulus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in blood-derived monocyte-macrophages. Herein, we evaluate the beneficial effect of hyperbaric oxygen on transplanted AFS in a sciatic nerve injury model. Methods Peripheral nerve injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by crushing the left sciatic nerve using a vessel clamp. The AFS were embedded in fibrin glue and delivered to the injured site. Hyperbaric oxygen (100% oxygen, 2 ATA, 60 min/day) was administered 12 h after operation for seven consecutive days. Transplanted cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory cell deposits and associated chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, motor function, and nerve regeneration were evaluated 7 and 28 days after injury. Results Crush injury induced an inflammatory response, disrupted nerve integrity, and impaired nerve function in the sciatic nerve. However, crush injury-provoked inflammatory cytokines, deposits of inflammatory cytokines, and associated macrophage migration chemokines were attenuated in groups receiving hyperbaric oxygen but not in the AFS-only group. No significant increase in oxidative stress was observed after administration of HBO. In transplanted AFS, marked apoptosis was detected and this event was reduced by HBO treatment. Increased nerve myelination and improved motor function were observed in AFS-transplant, HBO-administrated, and AFS/HBO-combined treatment groups. Significantly, the AFS/HBO combined treatment showed the most beneficial effect. Conclusion AFS in combination with HBO augment peripheral nerve regeneration, which may involve the suppression of apoptotic death in implanted AFS and the attenuation of an inflammatory response detrimental to peripheral nerve regeneration.     

How incubation temperature influences the physiology and growth of embryonic lizards

Eggs of two small Australian lizards, Lampropholis guichenoti and Bassiana duperreyi, were incubated to hatching at 25 °C and 30 °C. Incubation periods were significantly longer at 25 °C in both species, and temperature had a greater effect on the incubation period of B. duperreyi (41.0 days at 25 °C; 23.1 days at 30 °C) than L. guichenoti (40.1 days at 25 °C; 27.7 days at 30 °C). Patterns of oxygen consumption were similar in both species at both temperatures, being sigmoidal in shape with a fall in the rate of oxygen consumption just prior to hatching. The higher incubation temperature resulted in higher peak and higher pre-hatch rates of oxygen consumption in both species. Total amount of oxygen consumed during incubation was independent of temperature in B. duperreyi, in which approximately 50 ml oxygen was consumed at both temperatures, but eggs of L. guichenoti incubated at 30 °C consumed significantly more (32.6 ml) than eggs incubated at 25 °C (28.5 ml). Hatchling mass was unaffected by either incubation temperature or the amount of water absorbed by eggs during incubation in both species. The energetic production cost of hatchling B. duperreyi (3.52 kJ · g⁻¹) was independent of incubation temperature, whereas in L. guichenoti the production cost was greater at 30 °C (4.00 kJ · g⁻¹) than at 25 °C (3.47 kJ · g⁻¹). Snout-vent lengths and mass of hatchlings were unaffected by incubation temperature in both species, but hatchling B. duperreyi incubated at 30 °C had longer tails (29.3 mm) than those from eggs incubated at 25 °C (26.2 mm). These results indicate that incubation temperature can affect the quality of hatchling lizards in terms of embryonic energy consumption and hatchling morphology. Accepted: 27 January 2000     

DO-stat fed-batch production of 2-keto-d-gluconic acid from cassava using immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bioconversion of cassava-derived glucose to 2-keto-d-gluconic acid (2-KDG) using resting cells of immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3448 was investigated. The tuberous roots of cassava were selected as the feedstock as they are inexpensive and widely available, and possess high amounts of starch (approximately 70% (w/w) of dry mass). Immobilized bacteria was used in a fed-batch fermenter and recycled over a period of 2 weeks. Given that the formation of 2-KDG from glucose requires oxygen as a reagent, and that high glucose concentrations are detrimental to the production yield of 2-KDG by resting cells, a DO-stat control strategy was used, whereby the feed rate of cassava hydrolysate was regulated by coupling it with the control variable, dissolved oxygen. For 319 h of operation including three cycles of repeated fed batch, 72 g of 2-KDG was produced from hydrolysate derived from 110 g of dried cassava at a maximum production rate of 0.55 g/L/h and an average concentration of 35 g/L.     

Der Einfluβ von Sauerstoff und UV-Licht auf die Konidienproduktion von Pseudocercospordh herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton, Merkmale zur Morphologie des Erregers und dessen Nachweis an Dikotyledonen

The influence of oxygen and U.V.-light for the conidia production of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton, morphological characters of the pathogen and its evidence on dicotyledons The particular importance of oxygen was detected for sporulation of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Four methods have been elaborated for different sporulation requirements of P. herpotrichoides. Only for a few populations three methods were necessary for rapid conidia production. The best method for maximum conidia production consisted of the following conditions: a constant temperature of 10 °C, permanent moistening with liquid water for inoculated materials, oxygen and U. V.-light. Infected stalks and leaves from cereals were sporulating after 3 days and inoculated materials after 3 to 6 days. Maximum conidia production was reached after 7 to 21 days. Good sporulation was obtained also under cool temperatures, permanent moisture and air and light conditions in the open. But the conidia production was stronger under controlled conditions. Different isolates of P. herpotrichoides were compared with respect to morphological characteristics of hyphae, mycelia and conidia. Thus far observed only on cereals and grasses. P. herpotrichoides was found also on dicotyledons by the sporulation method described. This evidence has been obtained on an isolate of 00-winter rape (Brassica napus, ssp. Oleifera). Moreover P. herpotrichoides has been found on chlorotic and necrotic leaves of rape, flesh-coloured trefoil (Trifolium incarnatum), madia-oil plant (Linum usitatissimum L.) and lady's-thistle (Silyhum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) in high frequency. P. capsellae was found on necrotic leaves of chickweed (Stellaria media).     

右美托咪定联合瑞芬太尼对全身麻醉下髋关节置换术患者脑氧代谢、血流动力学和认知功能的影响

摘要 目的：瑞芬太尼、右美托咪定对全身麻醉下髋关节置换术患者的脑氧代谢、血流动力学和认知功能的影响。方法：选取2016年6月~2019年10月期间我院收治的100例行髋关节置换术的患者。采用随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各50例。对照组患者麻醉中予以瑞芬太尼,研究组则在对照组的基础上复合右美托咪定,比较两组患者血流动力学、脑氧代谢和认知功能情况,记录两组患者围术期间不良反应发生率。结果：两组手术开始后30 min（T1）~手术结束时（T2）时间点平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）均呈下降趋势,但研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组T1~T2时间点动脉血氧含量（CaO₂）、颈内静脉血氧含量（CjvO₂）均呈下降趋势,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组T1~T2时间点颈静脉球部血氧饱和度（SjvO₂）呈升高趋势,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前~术后7 d简明精神状态量表（MMSE）评分均呈下降后升高趋势（P<0.05）;研究组术后3 d、术后7 d MMSE评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组术后3 d、术后7 d的认知功能障碍（POCD）发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（P>0.05）。结论：全身麻醉下髋关节置换术患者麻醉方案选用右美托咪定联合瑞芬太尼,可减轻血流动力学波动,维持脑氧供需平衡,可减少POCD发生风险,且安全性较好。