镉对P2X4受体介导的ATP-激活电流的影响及其特征

目的:研究镉对P2X4嘌呤受体介导的ATP-激活电流的影响及其特征。方法:将编码大鼠P2X4受体的cDNA在体外转录成cRNA,通过显微注射技术将该cRNA注入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达。应用全细胞双极电压钳技术研究镉对P2X4受体介导的ATP-激活电流(IATP)的影响。结果:①在一定浓度范围内,镉可逆性地增强爪蟾卵母细胞表达的P2X4受体介导的ATP-激活电流。当镉的浓度为30μmol/L时,对ATP-激活电流的增强作用最大,超过30μmol/L时,随着镉浓度的增加,ATP-激活电流反而呈现抑制效应。②10μmol/L镉可使ATP量-效曲线左移,EC50从(17.1±1.5)μmol/L降低到(9.8±1.8)μmol/L(n=6,P<0.01),Hill系数从1.14±0.13提高到1.57±0.36;③镉对ATP-激活电流的增强作用没有电压依赖性;④当镉的孵育时间为120 s时,对ATP-激活电流增强作用最大。结论:镉增强P2X4受体介导的ATP-激活电流是可逆的,具有浓度依赖性、时间依赖性、无电压依赖性。这种作用可能是通过对P2X4受体的变构调节引起的。     

大鼠三叉神经节神经元膜P2X嘌呤受体的特征

采用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了大鼠三叉神经节（trigeminal ganglion,TG）神经元膜P2X嘌呤受体的特征。结果发现：大部分受检细胞（78．9％,142／180）对ATP敏感,ATP．激活电流有明显的浓度依赖性。少数细胞无反应（21．1％,38／180）。在对ATP敏感的142个细胞中,绝大部分引起一内向电流（95．1％,135／142）,少数为外向电流（2．1％,3／142）,另有部分细胞出现双相电流（2．8％,4／142）。引起的内向电流在小直径细胞（〈30μm）上多表现为快去敏感电流,对vanilloid高度敏感;在中等大小的细胞（30～40μm）上多表现为慢去敏感电流,对vanilloid不敏感：绝大多数大细胞（〉40μm）对ATP和vanilloid均不敏感。此外,电流的波形与细胞直径密切相关。无论小细胞还是中等细胞其I-V曲线均表现出明显的内向整流趋势。我们还研究了ATP-激活电流的动力学特征,并观察了P2嘌呤受体激动剂、拮抗剂的效应。结果提示：不同类型的ATP受体．离子通道在不同类型的TG神经元上的表达具有不同的特点。     

大麻素抑制大鼠三叉神经节神经元ATP激活电流

本文在培养的大鼠三叉神经节(trigeminal ganglion,TG)神经元上采用全细胞膜片钳技术,探讨大麻素对大鼠TG神经元ATP激活电流(ATP-activated currents,IATP)的影响.结果显示(1)胞外给予ATP,大部分受检细胞(67/75,89.33%)可记录到一个内向电流,且具有剂量依赖性.该电流可被P2X嘌呤受体特异性拮抗剂PPADS所阻断.(2)预加WIN55212-2[大麻素受体1(cannabinoid receptor 1,CB1受体)激动剂]可对IATP产生抑制作用,此作用呈剂量依赖性,并可被CB1受体特异性拮抗剂AM281阻断.预加不同浓度的WIN55212-2(1x10-13、1x10-12、1x10-11、1x10-10、1x10-9和1x10-8mol/L)对IATP(1x10-4mol/L ATP)的抑制作用分别为(8.14±3.14)%、(20.11±2.72)%、(46.62±3.51)%、(72.16±5.64)%、(80.21±2.80)%和(80.59±3.55)%.(3)预加WIN55212-2后IATP的浓度-反应曲线明显下移;最大反应浓度时的IATP幅值减小了(58.02±4.21)%,而阈值基本不变;预加WIN55212.2前后曲线的EC50值非常接近(1.15x10-4mol/L vs 1.27x10-4 mol/L).(4)预加forskolin[腺苷酸环化酶(adenylyl cyclase,AC)激动剂]或8-Br-cAMP可以逆转WIN55212-2对IATP的抑制作用.以上结果表明,大麻素可能作用于CB1受体,通过抑制AC-cAMP-PKA途径发挥对IATP的抑制作用.     

NaHS对ATP诱导大鼠小胶质细胞P2X受体表达的影响

目的：观察硫化氢（H₂S）供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）对ATP致伤的大鼠小胶质细胞细胞活力、细胞膜通透性及P2X7受体表达的影响。方法：实验取对数期形态结构及生长分化良好的大鼠小胶质细胞,随机分4组,每组设3个复孔。①正常对照组：常规培养,不进行ATP处理。②ATP组：接种细胞24 h后ATP处理。③NaHS+ATP组：NaHS预先孵育30 min后再用ATP处理,并且NaHS始终存在于反应体系中。④KN-62（P2X₇受体阻断剂）+ATP组：KN-62预先孵育30 min,其余同NaHS+ATP组。MTT检测各组细胞活力,荧光染料YO-PRO-1检测各组相对荧光单位（RFU）反映膜的通透性,Western blot检测各组P2X₇受体表达水平。结果：①与对照组相比,不同浓度的ATP （1、3、5、10 mmol/L）作用3 h均可明显降低大鼠小胶质细胞活力,NaHS （200 μmol/L）干预后大鼠小胶质细胞活力较ATP组明显增加（P<0.01）,但NaHS达400 μmol/L浓度时,其保护作用未进一步增加。②随着ATP浓度的增加,大鼠小胶质细胞内YO-PRO-1的荧光强度显著增加,NaHS预处理可明显减少细胞对YO-PRO-1的摄取（P<0.01）。③ATP （3 mmol/L）能上调P2X₇受体蛋白表达水平,而NaHS （200 μmol/L）预孵育则可明显抑制ATP引起的P2X₇受体蛋白表达的上调（P<0.01）。结论：NaHS可减少ATP致伤的大鼠小胶质细胞的P2X₇受体表达、降低通透性、增加细胞活力,提示调控P2X₇受体的表达和功能可能是H₂S神经保护作用的重要环节。     

克隆的P2受体亚型的药理学研究进展

细胞外嘌呤（腺苷,ADP,ATP）及嘧啶（UDP,UTP）为重要的信使分子,通过细胞表面P2受体介导产生不同的生物效应,P2嘌吟受体的概念于1978年被提出,随后根据药理学特征又被分为P2X及P2X嘌呤受体,90年代,采用分子生物学手段,一系列配体门控的P2X受体及G蛋白耦联的P2Y受体被克隆及功能表达,迄今为止,已有七型P2X受体亚型（P2X1－7）及六型P2Y受体亚型被克隆（P2Y1,2,4,6,11,12）,各型具有不同的分子结构,药理学特征及组织分布,本文还讨论了目前可用于区分各亚型激动剂及拮抗剂。     

包含P2X3亚基的受体在介导痛觉中的作用

包含P2X3亚基的受体为三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)门控的阳离子通道 ,包括P2X3亚基的同源多聚体(P2X3受体 )和异源多聚体 (P2X2 /3受体 )。大量研究表明包含P2X3亚基的受体在介导多种类型痛觉中有重要作用     

P2X2和P2X4受体的调制位点

P2X受体是非选择性阳离子通道,广泛分布于中枢及外周神经系统。近年来,本实验室侧重研究重金属、质子、酒精等对P2X2和P2X4受体的调制。研究发现不同的因素对同一种受体介导的ATP-激活电流有不同的调制作用,如增强效应、抑制效应或者两种效应兼有,而且同一种因素对这两种受体的调制效应也不相同。因此,我们推测P2X受体上存在不同的结合位点,本文主要阐述P2X2和P2X4受体不同的调制位点。     

大鼠胃纵行和环行平滑肌对细胞外核苷引起的差异收缩反应

目的：观察几种细胞外核苷如ATP、urIP和四磷酸脲腺苷（Up4A）在胃纵行平滑肌（Ⅲ）和胃环行平滑肌（CM）中引起不同的反应,P2X和P2Y受体拮抗剂以及环氧合酶抑制剂五磷酸二肌苷（11＇5I）、苏拉明（suramin）和吲哚美辛对№A在删和CM中引起的收缩的影响。方法：取大鼠全胃,分离LM和CM,使用organbath系统测量平滑肌收缩。结果：Up4A可以在I_aM和CM中引起与ATP和U1P类似的收缩;IP5I对LM和CM中由Up4A引起的收缩并无影响;但suramin和吲哚美辛则能在CaM中显著抑制由Up4A引起的收缩,而LM中无此现象。结论：两种胃平滑肌对核苷类药物及其抑制剂的反应有差异。     

嘌呤拟似物对豚鼠胃窦环行肌自发性收缩及电活动的影响

为探讨非肾上腺素能非胆碱能神经递质对胃窦环行肌功能的调节作用,在离体胃平滑肌上观察了嘌呤拟似物对胃窦环行肌自发性收缩活动和电活动的影响。电活动用传统的细胞内微电极记录,并和收缩活动同步描记于多道生理记录仪。结果表明,嘌呤能P2Y受体激动剂,三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和2-methylthio ATP(2-MeSATP)均增强胃窦平滑肌的收缩活动,但不影响电活动,而且ATP和2-MeSATP对胃平滑肌收缩活动的增强作用可被嘌呤能P2Y受体阻断剂,reactive blue-2和苏拉明(suramin)所阻断。用100μmol／L α,β-MeATP引起的脱敏感使P2X受体被阻断,ATP增强胃窦平滑肌收缩活动的效应不受影响。嘌呤能P2X受体激动剂,α,β-MeATP明显抑制胃窦环行肌自发性收缩活动,同时使膜电位明显超极化。ATP对胃窦平滑肌的收缩作用不被L型钙通道阻断剂尼卡地平(nicardipine)阻断,但细胞外用无钙液灌流时这种效应则完全被阻断。用前列腺素合成抑制剂消炎痛预先处理20min后,ATP和2-MeSATP仍能增强胃窦平滑肌的自发性收缩活动。以上结果提示：(1)ATP和2-MeSATP通过嘌呤能P2Y受体增强胃窦平滑肌的自发性收缩活动,而α,β-MeATP或β,γ-MeATP通过嘌呤能P2X受体使膜电位超极化,引起胃窦平滑肌的舒张;(2)ATP和2-MeSATP增强胃窦平滑肌自发性收缩活动的效应依赖于细胞外钙,但钙离子进入细胞的途径并不是电压依赖性钙通道;(3)ATP和2-MeSATP增强胃窦平滑肌自发性收缩活动的效应不通过前列腺素介导。     

P2X受体研究进展

P2X受体为配体门控离子通道,属于P2受体家族。P2X受体的配体是ATP,胞外ATP结合时P2X受体通道打开,允许阳离子(Na 、Ca2 等)通过。目前已克隆了7个哺乳动物的P2X(P2X1-7)受体,并阐明了它们的药理学特性。天然P2X受体可以组装成同型或异型聚合体,形成功能性离子通道。对有关P2X受体的结构、分布、功能、生物物理学特性等研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418