GDNF对多巴胺能神经元作用机制的研究进展

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF）是神经保护治疗帕金森病（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）的一种神经营养因子,越来越多的在体和离体实验研究显示GDNF是中脑多巴胺（dopaminergic neuron,DA）能神经元的有效存活因子。GDNF受体是由结合在细胞质膜外的糖基化磷酯酰基（glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol,GPI）和GDNF功能性孤儿受体酪氨酸激酶Ret蛋白质组成。特异性的GDNF与其受体结合后,激活其胞内部分c-Ret,经由不同的第二信使来传递信号发挥作用。主要可能的机制有顺式作用和反式作用。而探索GDNF促进中脑黑质DA能神经元再生修复的可能机制,为进一步深入研究GDNF的作用机制提供科学依据。     

周围神经损伤后外源性GKNF对神经元的保护作用

采用硅管套接大鼠切断的坐骨神经模型,局部给予胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（ＧＤＮＦ）,应用尼氏染色、酶组织化学染色方法,观察到外源性ＧＤＮＦ能减少脊髓修复侧前角运动神经元死亡的数目,降低脊髓前角运动神经元及脊神经节感觉神经元中胆碱酯酶（ＣＨＥ）及酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）变化的幅度。这表明外源性ＧＤＮＦ能保护周围神经切断后引起的神经元损伤．     

GDNF对原代培养脊髓神经元的影响

本文研究了GDNF对体外培养各个时期的脊髓神经元的作用。通过MTT法检测GDNF对脊髓神经元存活率的影响,发现GDNF能促进培养7天及14天的神经元存活。 通过活体观察、尼氏染色、NSE免疫细胞化学染色观察GDNF对脊髓神经元生长锥数目、胞体大小、突起长度及分枝、侧棘形成的影响,发现GDNF对体外培养1—3周的脊髓神经元有明显的营养作用。     

GDNF对体外运动神经元和感觉神经元的影响

目的:探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对正常胎鼠脊髓运动神经元(SMN)和背根神经节神经元(DRG)生长活性的作用.方法:建立大鼠胚胎SMN和DRG单细胞培养体系,观察1 μg/L、10 μg/L、50 μg/L和100 μg/L GDNF对SMN和DRG存活及突起生长的影响.结果: GDNF组培养的SMN和DRG存活数目明显增加,神经元突起长度比对照组明显增长,且具有剂量依赖趋势.结论: GDNF对正常大鼠胚胎发育期运动神经元和感觉神经元具有神经营养作用.     

周围神经损伤后再生与修复机制研究进展

周围神经损伤是一种由于压迫、牵引、切割、缺血等原因引起的外周神经细胞损伤或坏死的疾病。周围神经损伤病理学变化包括轴浆运输受损、轴突变性、施万细胞损伤、节段性脱髓鞘和完全瓦勒氏变性。神经损伤后修复成为了现代医学研究中的热点与难点。本文对干细胞移植、神经营养因子、新型材料和生物电刺激在周围神经损伤修复中的作用及机制做了综述,并且对其在临床中的应用进行展望。     

GDNF及BDNF对受损运动神经元的长期修复

为了研究胶质细胞源神经营养因子（ＧＤＮＦ） 及脑源神经营养因子（ＢＤＮＦ） 对切断轴突的新生运动神经元的长期维持存活及促进神经再生的作用, 我们选用出生时单侧切断坐骨神经的雏鸡模型, 用裸ＤＮＡ 转染方法, 在损伤神经附近的肌肉中转染ＧＤＮＦ ｃＤＮＡ 和ＢＤＮＦ ｃＤＮＡ 的真核表达载体,观察在体表达的神经营养因子对损伤的修复作用。结果显示,在体表达的ＧＤＮＦ 在８ 周内能使切断坐骨神经的腰脊髓运动神经元近９０ ％ 维持存活。切断的坐骨神经从断端向远体端再生,最长再生达９ ．５ｍ ｍ 。表达两个因子比单独表达ＧＤＮＦ 对运动神经元的存活无显著性差异。而两个因子协同作用对坐骨神经的再生更为有效,坐骨神经再生最长的可达１５ ．４ｍ ｍ 。     

GDNF家族成员及其受体的研究进展

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)家族是一类结构上属于转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）超家族的神经营养因子,目前包括GDNF,neurturin(NTN)和persephin(PSP)三种因子,它们在体内有着广泛的作用.近年来发现GDNF和NTN的受体均为多组分结构,由不同的糖基磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）蛋白和共享的跨膜酪氨酸激酶受体Ret蛋白构成.有关这一家族的因子及其受体的研究正在不断深入.     

调控RET依赖性GDNF信号通路对大鼠癫痫模型的影响

目的:探究双侧海马CA1区立体定向注射anti-GDNF抗体对匹鲁卡品诱导的大鼠癫痫模型的影响。方法:选择成年雄性SD大鼠60只,并随机分为3组,即假手术组(sham组,n=20)、癫痫模型组(model组,n=20)和GDNF抑制剂组(anti-GDNF组,n=20)。使用氯化锂-匹鲁卡品腹腔注射诱导癫痫模型,sham组只给予氯化锂,anti-GDNF组在造模前2 h给予大鼠双侧海马CA1区立体定向注射anti-GDNF抗体。在造模后1、3、7 d观察大鼠癫痫的发作频率,7 d后采用脑电图监测(EEG)测定脑电波的变化情况,通过免疫组化方法测定海马CA1区域神经元数量变化(Neu N表达水平),造模后1 d时使用western blot方法测定海马CA1区GDNF、RET和P53蛋白的表达。结果:Model组大鼠棘-慢波数量明显高于Sham组,anti-GDNF组以上指标较model组显著减少(P0.05);Model组海马CA1区神经元大量凋亡,但anti-GDNF组凋亡较model组显著减少(P0.05)。与Sham组比较,在癫痫发作后1 d,model组的GDNF、RET表达水平上调,P53表达水平下降(P0.05),而anti-GDNF组大鼠海马CA1区GDNF、RET表达较model组明显下调,P53表达水平显著上降(P0.05)。结论:双侧海马CA1区立体定向注射anti-GDNF抗体能够减少癫痫发作,并对海马神经元起到保护作用,可能与其抑制GDNF/RET/P53信号通路有关。     

GDNF对精原干细胞增殖及其分化的调控机制

阐述了胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)及其受体与精原干细胞增殖和分化的关系。GDNF能够促进未分化的精原细胞增长,并且可以调节精原干细胞自我更新与分化的微环境,参与其分化的第一步,是精原干细胞存活的重要营养因子。     

Characterization of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 in peripheral nerve Schwann cells

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor alpha-1 (GFRalpha-1) is a receptor component of GDNF that associates with and activates the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. To further understand GDNF and its receptor system in the PNS, we first characterized the expression of GFRalpha-1 in bovine peripheral nerve in vivo. GFRalpha-1 immunoreactivity was localized adjacent to the outermost layer of myelin sheath, as well as in the endoneurium and axoplasm. In a fractionation study, GFRalpha-1 was recovered mostly in the soluble fraction, although a small amount was recovered in the membrane fraction. A substantial amount of GFRalpha-1 in the membrane fraction was extractable by detergent and alkaline conditions. To further clarify the expression of GFRalpha-1 in Schwann cells, we examined cultured rat Schwann cells and the Schwannoma cell line RT4. Schwann cells expressed GFRalpha-1 in both the soluble/cytosolic and membrane fractions, and the membrane form of GFRalpha-1 was expressed at the outer surface of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. We also confirmed the secretion of the soluble form of GFRalpha-1 from Schwannoma cells in a metabolic labeling experiment. These data contribute to our knowledge of the production, expression and functions of GFRalpha-1 in the PNS.     

Regulation of microglial activities by glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor

Much attention has been paid to the ability of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to protect neurons from neurotoxic insults in the central nervous system (CNS). However, little is known about GDNF action on CNS glia that also can express GDNF receptor systems. In this study, we examined the effects of GDNF on primary rat microglia that function as resident macrophages in the CNS and as the source of proinflammatory mediators upon activation. We found that treatment of primary rat microglia with GDNF had no effect on the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), but it increased the nitric oxide (NO) production to some extent. In addition, GDNF increased the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the gene expression of surface antigen intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the production of the integrin alpha5 subunit, and the phagocytotic capability in primary rat microglia. Furthermore, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (Erk-MAPK) in the mouse microglial cell line BV2 by U0126 indicated that the MAP kinase signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of NO and integrin alpha5 production by GDNF. In vivo evidence also showed that amoeboid cells with integrin alpha5 or with ED1 immunoreactivity appeared in GDNF-treated spinal cord tissues at the lesion site 1 week post spinal cord injury (SCI). Furthermore, inhibition of Erk-MAPK in the mouse microglial cell line BV2 by U0126 indicated that the MAP kinase signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of NO and integrin alpha5 production by GDNF. Taken together, our results indicate that GDNF has a positive regulatory effect on microglial activities, such as phagocytosis and the upregulation of adhesion molecules.     

Postnatal roles of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family members in nociceptors plasticity

The neurotrophin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of growth factors have been extensively studied because of their proven ability to regulate development of the peripheral nervous system. The neurotrophin family,which includes nerve growth factor (NGF), NT-3, NT4/5 and BDNF, is also known for its ability to regulate the function of adult sensory neurons. Until recently, little was known concerning the role of the GNDF-family (that includes GDNF, artemin, neurturin and persephin) in adult sensory neuron function. Here we describe recent data that indicates that the GDNF family can regulate sensory neuron function, that some of its members are elevated in inflammatory pain models and that application of these growth factors produces pain in vivo. Finally we discuss how these two families of growth factors may converge on a single membrane receptor, TRPV 1, to produce long-lasting hyperalgesia.     

胚胎神经干细胞移植及胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对大鼠脊髓损伤的修复作用

将胚胎神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)移植至成年大鼠损伤的脊髓,观察移植后NSCs的存活、迁移以及损伤后的功能恢复。实验结果显示：动物NSCs移植4周后,斜板实验平均角度和运动评分结果比对照组均有明显增高(P＜0．05),而脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)处的空洞面积显著减小(P＜0．05);在NSCs中加入胶质细胞源性的神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)后,上述改变更加显著。移植后的NSCs不仅能存活,而且向损伤的头端和尾端迁移达3mm之远。这些结果表明,移植的NSCs不仅可以存活、迁移,还可减小SCI空洞面积,促进动物神经功能的恢复;此外,我们的结果还表明GDNF对SCI功能恢复有促进作用。     

The role of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor family member artemin in neurological disorders and cancers

Artemin (ARTN) is a member of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs), which encompasses family members, GDNF, neurturin (NRTN) and persephin (PSPN). ARTN is also referred to as Enovin or Neublastin, and bears structural characteristics of the TGF‐β superfamily. ARTN contains a dibasic cleavage site (RXXR) that is predicted to be cleaved by furin to yield a carboxy‐terminal 113 amino acid mature form. ARTN binds preferentially to receptor GFRα3, coupled to a receptor tyrosine kinase RET, forming a signalling complex for the regulation of intracellular pathways that affect diverse outcomes of nervous system development and homoeostasis. Standard signalling cascades activated by GFLs via RET include the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase or MAPK (p‐ERK, p‐p38 and p‐JNK), PI3K‐AKT and Src. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is an alternative signalling receptor for ARTN in the presence of GFRα1, leading to activation of Fyn and FAK. Further, ARTN also interacts with heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan‐3 and mediates non‐RET signalling via activation of Src kinases. This review discusses the role of ARTN in spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain and other neurological disorders. Additionally, ARTN plays a role in non‐neuron tissues, such as the formation of Peyer's patch‐like structures in the lymphoid tissue of the gut. The emerging role of ARTN in cancers and therapeutic resistance to cancers is also explored. Further research is necessary to determine the function of ARTN in a tissue‐specific manner, including its signalling mechanisms, in order to improve the therapeutic potential of ARTN in human diseases.     

GDNF-ADSCs-APG embedding enhances sciatic nerve regeneration after electrical injury in a rat model

The pluripotency of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) makes them appropriate for tissue repair and wound healing. Owing to the repair properties of autologous platelet–rich gel (APG), which is based on easily accessible blood platelets, its clinical use has been increasingly recognized by physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined treatment with ADSCs and APG on sciatic nerve regeneration after electrical injury. To facilitate the differentiation of ADSCs, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was overexpressed in ADSCs by lentivirus transfection. GDNF-ADSCs were mingled with APG gradient concentrations, and in vitro, cell proliferation and differentiation were examined with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining and immunofluorescence. A rat model was established by exposing the sciatic nerve to an electrical current of 220 V for 3 seconds. Rat hind-limb motor function and sciatic nerve regeneration were subsequently evaluated. Rat ADSCs were characterized by high expression of CD90 and CD105, with scant expression of CD34 and CD45. We found that GDNF protein expression in ADSCs was elevated after Lenti-GDNF transfection. In GDNF-ADSCs-APG cultures, GDNF was increasingly produced while tissue growth factor-β was reduced as incubation time was increased. ADSC proliferation was augmented and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression were upregulated in GDNF-ADSCs-APG. In addition, limb motor function and nerve axon growth were improved after GDNF-ADSCs-APG treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the combined effect of ADSCs and APG in peripheral nerve regeneration and may lead to treatments that benefit patients with electrical injuries.     

Neurturin, a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family, affects the development of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in a three-dimensional model system of retinogenesis

The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family consists of the four ligands GDNF, neurturin (NRTN), artemin and persephin, which bind to the four co-receptors GDNF family receptor alpha1-4 and control through the activation of the receptor tyrosin kinase Ret several developmental processes. The purpose of this study was to analyse the expression and the influence of NRTN in the developing retina. We used retinospheres, a three-dimensional model system of the developing chicken retina. The expression of NRTN and the GDNF family receptor alpha 2 increased during development. Furthermore, expression was comparable in retinae and retinospheres. Analysis of signalling pathways influenced by NRTN in retinospheres showed activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Activation of MAPK could be localised in cells of the innermost rows of the inner nuclear layer which were predominantly acetylcholinesterase-positive cells. Exogenous application of NRTN increased the amount of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells within the retinospheres at late culture stages. Additionally, we could show that Müller glia cells did not express the GFRalpha2 receptor and were probably not involved in NRTN signalling. Therefore, we conclude that NRTN directly participates in regulatory processes concerning the differentiation of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the chicken retina.     

Role of glial cell derived neurotrophic factor in the protective effect of smilagenin on rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons damaged by MPP+

Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis revealed that in cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons smilagenin (SMI), added prior to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPP+), protected against the drop of neuron number and neurite outgrowth length caused by MPP+. Addition of anti-GDNF and/or anti-GFR alpha 1 functional antibodies to the medium prior to SMI, eliminated mostly, though incompletely, the action of SMI. The expression of glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA, but not GDNF receptor alpha1 (GFR alpha 1) or receptor tyrosine kinase mRNA in MPP+ intoxicated neurons was markedly elevated as early as 2h after the addition of SMI with a peak at 24-48 h. Therefore, an important route of the protective action of SMI on dopaminergic neurons is to stimulate intrinsic GDNF expression.