城市植被对空气负离子的影响

通过对厦门城市不同功能区空气负离子浓度的监测,分析空气负离子浓度与植被的关系及其日变化规律与气温和空气相对湿度之间的关系。结果表明:(1)城市功能区空气质量优劣顺序为:植物园、公园> 住宅小区> 商业街区> 海滩码头> 工业区> 广场,空气质量与植被丰富度有较强的正相关;(2)空气负离子浓度在日变化中呈现白天低、夜间高的特点,凌晨最高,中午最低,傍晚出现小波峰;(3)空气负离子浓度随气温的升高而降低,随空气湿度的升高而升高。     

森林旅游资源评价中的空气负离子研究

空气负离子被喻为空气维生素或生长素,对人体健康有利。自英国学者威尔逊与法国学者埃尔斯特和格特尔证实空气负离子的存在,人们对空气负离子的研究经历了近百年的发展、应用阶段１）。在我国,解放区战地医院曾采用了空气雾疗法,５０年代有关文献中出现了空气负离子的...     

城市不同绿地结构对空气负离子水平的影响

选择佳木斯市具有代表性的绿地作为对象,对不同结构绿地的空气负离子水平进行了测定。结果表明：不同结构绿地的空气负离子水平差异极显著,以乔灌草复层结构绿地空气负离子水平最高,空气质量最佳;城市不同结构绿地空气负离子浓度大小、空气质量优劣的排序均为乔灌草结构>乔草结构>灌草结构>草坪。     

城市空气负离子浓度时空分布及其影响因素综述

空气负离子(NAI)是综合反映空气质量的重要指标,对人居环境有重要意义.本文综述了城市空气负离子时空分布特征,并根据不同环境因子对其理化过程的影响及其在城市中的特点探讨了城市NAI时空分布特征的成因:NAI分布的时间动态主要受控于太阳辐射的周期变化;空间分布的城乡梯度差异受城市气溶胶、下垫面性质及城市热岛效应影响;城市绿地的高NAI浓度与植被生命活动和土壤辐射有关;近水环境中NAI浓度较高的原因在于水分子通过多种途径参与NAI生成过程;其余环境因子可在一定程度上影响NAI的生成、寿命、组分、迁移和分布;增加城市绿化面积和大气湿度、保持下垫面土壤自然属性均可有效地提高NAI水平,改善城市空气质量.     

城市绿地空气负离子评价方法——以北京奥林匹克森林公园为例

城市绿地空气负离子能够对居民健康起到重要作用。城市绿地区域不同于自然森林环境或城市工业区,故直观、科学、准确的空气负离子浓度分级和评价方法对于研究城市绿地的空气负离子水平至关重要。以北京奥林匹克森林为例,应用空气质量指数评价法和森林空气离子指数评价法,分析了公园空气负离子浓度,结果表明,公园内不同环境样点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度因群落结构、群落类型以及植被郁闭度的不同而存在较大差异。通过对比分析2种评价结果,认为森林空气离子评价指数法能够全面系统地反映不同地点间的负离子浓度差异并便于公众理解,更适用于以北京奥林匹克森林公园为代表的城市绿地的负离子浓度分级及空气清洁度评价。分析结果还表明,与森林空气离子评价指数法相对应的负离子浓度分级标准存在一些不足,本文对此标准进行了局部修正,使其更加适宜于分析和评估城市绿地的负离子浓度水平。     

岩溶地区不同规模城市遗存山体表面空气负离子及其影响因素——以贵阳市为例

为探索岩溶地区城市遗存山体(urban remnant mountains, URMs)表面空气负离子浓度(negative air ion concentration, NAIC)特征及其影响因素,以贵阳市建成区内22座城市遗存山体为研究对象,通过样地调查法分析了城市遗存山体表面空气负离子浓度空间格局特征,运用单因素方差分析LSD法、pearson相关性及线性回归分析等方法分析了山体规模大小、山体斑块特征、山体平均植被覆盖度、植物物种多样性、植物群落体积生物量、地表辐射、空气温湿度、人为干扰程度、近红外辐射、短波红外辐射及城市遗存山体周边城市景观格局等因素对城市遗存山体表面空气负离子浓度的影响。结果表明：(1)不同规模城市遗存山体的表面空气负离子浓度表现为中型山体>小型山体>大型山体;空气负离子浓度在城市遗存山体坡向上呈东坡面和北坡面大于西坡面和南坡面的两级格局,同一坡向的不同坡位间无明显差异。(2)空气负离子浓度与山体表面温度极显著负相关,与山体表面空气湿度极显著正相关;植物群落体积生物量对城市遗存山体表面空气负离子浓度影响较大,且小型山体表现最明显;植物物种多样性对山...     

空气负离子在卫生保健中的作用

自从１９０２年Ａｓｃｈｋｉｎａｓ和Ｃａｓｐａｎ肯定空气离子有生物学意义以来,特别是近年来各国开展了大量的临床和实验研究,使空气负离子的实用价值进一步得到肯定。“离子化空气”理论的提出和形成,一方面,在人为条件下应用人工方法产生空气离子;另一方面,在自...     

沈阳东陵公园不同功能分区空气颗粒物与负离子变化

随着城市化进程的加快,城市规模逐渐扩大并产生了一系列的生态环境问题,公园绿地作为城市绿化重要的拓展途径,能够有效缓解和改善城市及其周边的空气质量。本研究以东陵公园为对象,分析了公园内不同功能分区空气颗粒物和空气负离子浓度变化,探究了颗粒物与负离子的关系。结果表明:东陵公园不同功能分区内颗粒物浓度(TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM_1.0)日变化中最低值出现在山林生态区13:00—16:00,最高值出现在文化景观区07:00—10:00;月变化中最低值出现在湖畔游憩区,时间为9月,最高值出现在文化景观区,时间为7月;不同功能分区内颗粒物浓度存在显著差异,文化景观区内颗粒物浓度显著高于其他功能分区,不同功能区内负离子浓度无显著性差异,负离子日变化中最低值出现在文化景观区07:00—10:00,最高值出现在山林生态区13:00—16:00;月变化中最低值出现在文化景观区,时间为7月,最高值出现在湖畔游憩区,时间为9月,不同功能分区内空气颗粒物与负离子浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),TSP、PM₁₀...     

城市植被:特点、类型与功能

城市植被(urban vegetation)概念的提出约有20年的历史,现已为越来越多的学者接受。国外 Sukopp 研究了西德及东欧国家城市植被受人类活动影响发生的种类成分变化;垰田宏、沼田真、Miyawaki、Ohsawa 等研究了东京、千叶等城市植被类型、种类组成的变化及对环境的指示意义,英国 Kelcey 研究了城市和工业地区     

Study of small air ions concentrations versus asthma attacks in the region of Athens-Greece after the Chernobyl disaster

A consequence of the Chernobyl disaster was the isolated increase of small air ions for a limited time period over Athens-Greece. Taking advantage of this unique condition we studied the relation of log daily mean concentrations of small positive air ions, small negative air ions, NO2 and SO2 with the total daily number of asthma attacks attendances at the region's largest chest diseases hospital for 35 days following the disaster and during a same time period in the preceding four years. No correlation was found between air ionization and asthma attacks, though the study was of a rather short duration and several possible influencing factors such as aeroallergen concentrations were not taken into consideration.     

Effects of negative air ions on activity of neural substrates involved in autonomic regulation in rats

The neural mechanism by which negative air ions (NAI) mediate the regulation of autonomic nervous system activity is still unknown. We examined the effects of NAI on physiological responses, such as blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) as well as neuronal activity, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus ambiguus (NA), and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) with c-Fos immunohistochemistry in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. In addition, we performed cervical vagotomy to reveal the afferent pathway involved in mediating the effects of NAI on autonomic regulation. NAI significantly decreased BP and HR, and increased HF power of the HRV spectrum. Significant decreases in c-Fos positive nuclei in the PVN and LC, and enhancement of c-Fos expression in the NA and NTS were induced by NAI. After vagotomy, these physiological and neuronal responses to NAI were not observed. These findings suggest that NAI can modulate autonomic regulation through inhibition of neuronal activity in PVN and LC as well as activation of NA neurons, and that these effects of NAI might be mediated via the vagus nerves.     

The effect of negative air ions on the respiratory organs and blood

The effect of ionized air containing negatively charged ions at a concentration of 320000–350000 ions/cm³ inhaled by rats was studied. It was demonstrated that the inhalation of negative air ions for 60 min activated the secretion of goblet cells without impairing the tracheal mucosa and changing the protein profile of bronchoalveolar lavage. It was also found that the level of spontaneous production of reactive oxygen species by unfractionated blood cells increased after the action of negative air ions in both males and females. However, the intensity of their generation induced by opsonized zymosan increased only in females. Different sensitivities of the female and male blood antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase—to negative air ions were observed. These results allow the effect of negative air ions on the respiratory organs and blood to be interpreted as priming and weak activation via a direct action on the mucosa of primary target respiratory organs and then on the blood.     

不同光照强度下植物电信号变化特征及其与空气负离子的关系

空气负离子(NAI)是衡量一个地区空气清洁度的重要指标,对人体的心理健康和生理机能具有重要的调节作用.植被光合过程中光电效应是NAI产生的重要来源和影响因素,但光电效应极其微弱而难以直接监测,而植物电信号是间接反映光电效应的重要指标,以往研究多侧重在不同森林群落中NAI的时空变化特征及其与气象因素的关系,目前关于NAI...     

Negative air ions as a source of superoxide

The physico-chemical characteristics and possible formation mechanisms of negative air ions are considered. It was found that the products of oxygen and nitrogen negative ionization reduce ferricytochromec and nitroblue tetrazolium, and that these reactions were inhibited by superoxide dismutase. The interaction of negatively ionized oxygen with water led to hydrogen peroxide accumulation, which was inhibited by tetranitromethane or catalase. Nitrogen ionization under these conditions caused the formation of the hydrated electron e _aq ^— and the superoxide anion O ₂ ^— . The data obtained indicate that the biological activity of negative air ions may be dependent on superoxide. The generation of reactive oxygen ions in the gas phase and also at a gas/water interface is described. A scheme for superoxide production under oxygen and nitrogen ionization is proposed.     

划区轮牧中不同放牧利用时间对草地植被的影响

对比研究了划区轮牧中不同时间的放牧利用对各小区的植被状况的影响。结果表明 ,在固定放牧时间长度的情况下 ,早放牧小区的草群结构比晚放牧的小区受到的影响大。家畜对早放牧小区的牧草利用率高于晚放牧的小区 ,草地生产力则表现出相反的趋势。对于可利用牧草营养 ,早放牧的小区可提供较多的粗蛋白。在生产实践中 ,要灵活应用划区轮牧制度 ,对不同时间放牧利用的各小区要根据草地的实际情况来确定其具体的放牧时间长度 ,在不同的年度也要按不同的顺序来轮换放牧 ,兼顾到草地的可持续利用与家畜生产。     

The effect of exposure to negative air ions on the recovery of physiological responses after moderate endurance exercise

 This study examined the effects of negative air ion exposure on the human cardiovascular and endocrine systems during rest and during the recovery period following moderate endurance exercise. Ten healthy adult men were studied in the presence (8,000–10,000 cm⁻³) or absence (200–400 cm⁻³) of negative air ions (25° C, 50% humidity) after 1 h of exercise. The level of exercise was adjusted to represent a 50–60% load compared with the subjects’ maximal oxygen uptake, which was determined using a bicycle ergometer in an unmodified environment (22–23° C, 30–35% humidity, 200–400 negative air ions·cm⁻³). The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values during the recovery period were significantly lower in the presence of negative ions than in their absence. The plasma levels of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) were significantly lower in the presence of negative ions than in their absence. These results demonstrated that exposure to negative air ions produced a slow recovery of DBP and decreases in the levels of 5-HT and DA in the recovery period after moderate endurance exercise. 5-HT is thought to have contributed to the slow recovery of DBP. Received: 29 July 1996 / Revised: 3 April 1997 / Accepted: 28 October 1997     

南京城市公园绿地不同植被类型土壤呼吸的变化

子2007年10月-2008年9月,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用仪配合土壤呼吸气室对南京中山植物园内草坪、疏林和近自然林3种植被类型的土壤呼吸速率的季节变化及其影响因子进行了测定.结果表明:不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率具有明显的季节变化,夏季(8月)较高,近自然林、疏林和草坪类型分别为3.28、4.07和7.58 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),冬季(12月)最低,近自然林、疏林和草坪类型分别为0.82、0.99和1.42 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);不同植被类型的年均土壤呼吸速率有显著差异(P＜0.05),平均土壤呼吸速率大小排序为草坪>疏林>近自然林;不同植被类型的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著性指数相关关系,与土壤含水率无显著相关关系;Q_(10)值均随着土层深度的增加而增加;不同植被类型的Q_(10)值存在一定程度的差异,近自然林类型的Q_(10)值大于草坪和疏林类型的Q_(10)值.研究表明,城市如果大量发展草坪可能增加土壤CO_2的排放.

Abstract：

By using Li-6400 portable photosynthetic apparatus connected to soil chamber,the soil respiration rate under three vegetation types(lawn,open woodland,and close-to-nature forest)in Nanjing Zhongshan Botanical Garden was measured from October 2007 to September 2008,with related affecting factors analyzed.The soil respiration rate had obvious seasonal fluctuation,being the highest in summer(August)and the lowest in winter(December).For the close-to-nature forest,open woodland,and lawn,their soil respiration rate in summer was 3.28,4.07,and 7.58μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),and that in winter was 0.82,0.99,and 1.42μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),respectively.The annual mean soil respiration rate differed significantly with vegetation type(P＜0.05),which was in order of close-to-nature forest＜open woodland＜lawn.The soil respiration rate had significant exponential correlation with soil temperature,but no correlation with soil moisture.The Q_(10) value increased with increasing soil depth,and was larger in close-tonature forest than in open woodland and lawn.Our results indicated that the rapid development of lawn in urban green space could increase the urban soil CO_2 emission.     

Behavioral monitoring of rats during exposure to air ions and DC electric fields

Air ions and direct current (DC) electric fields have been reported to exert subtle behavioral and biological effects on rodents and humans. These effects often appear inconsistent, yet there have been few attempts to resolve these inconsistencies by experimental replication. Rats exposed to negatively or positively charged air ions over a wide range of concentrations and exposure periods have been reported to show alterations in their level of locomotor activity. In this study, locomotor activity of Sprague-Dawley rats was quantified during exposure to either unipolar air ions and DC fields of the same polarity or DC fields alone. Both polarities were studied. Air ion concentrations were 5.0 X 10(3), DC fields were 3 kV/m, and exposures lasted 2, 18, or 66 h. In one experiment rats were exposed to DC fields of 12 kV/m. No exposure condition exerted any effect on locomotor activity or rearing behavior. In addition, no behavioral perturbations were observed after the onset of any of the exposure conditions, suggesting that the rats may have failed to detect the altered environment.