Progress in mechanism of salt excretion in recretohalopytes

The recretohalophyte with specialized salt-secreting structures including salt glands and salt bladders can secrete salt from their bodies and easily adapt themselves to many kinds of salt habitats. Salt glands and salt bladders, arose from dermatogen cells, are excretory organs specially adapted for dealing with ionic homeostasis in the cells of recretohalophytes. The main function of salt glands or salt bladders is to secrete excess ions that invade the plant. The structures of salt glands or salt bladders differ among plant species. In addition to structural differences, salt glands also differ in their secretion abilities. In this review, we mainly focus on recent progress in the mechanism of salt excretion of salt glands and salt bladders, and in particular, emphasize the vesicle-mediated secretion systems from the vacuole to the plasmalemma and the possibly involved membrane-bound translocating proteins for salt secretion of plant gland secretory cell.     

Overexpression of PP2A‐C5 that encodes the catalytic subunit 5 of protein phosphatase 2A in Arabidopsis confers better root and shoot development under salt conditions

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an enzyme consisting of three subunits: a scaffolding A subunit, a regulatory B subunit and a catalytic C subunit. PP2As were shown to play diverse roles in eukaryotes. In this study, the function of the Arabidopsis PP2A‐C5 gene that encodes the catalytic subunit 5 of PP2A was studied using both loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function analyses. Loss‐of‐function mutant pp2a‐c5‐1 displayed more impaired growth during root and shoot development, whereas overexpression of PP2A‐C5 conferred better root and shoot growth under different salt treatments, indicating that PP2A‐C5 plays an important role in plant growth under salt conditions. Double knockout mutants of pp2a‐c5‐1 and salt overly sensitive (sos) mutants sos1‐1, sos2‐2 or sos3‐1 showed additive sensitivity to NaCl, indicating that PP2A‐C5 functions in a pathway different from the SOS signalling pathway. Using yeast two‐hybrid analysis, four vacuolar membrane chloride channel (CLC) proteins, AtCLCa, AtCLCb, AtCLCc and AtCLCg, were found to interact with PP2A‐C5. Moreover, overexpression of AtCLCc leads to increased salt tolerance and Cl^? accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. These data indicate that PP2A‐C5‐mediated better growth under salt conditions might involve up‐regulation of CLC activities on vacuolar membranes and that PP2A‐C5 could be used for improving salt tolerance in crops.     

Leakage of UV-absorbing substances as a measure of salt injury in leaf tissue of woody species

Leakage of UV-absorbing substances from leaf discs was used to determine salt and osmotic injury after treatment. A relative leakage ratio was calculated by dividing the UV absorption after treatment by the total absorption obtained after freeze-killing the tissue. Time-course results using Populus tremuloides Michx. leaves indicated 24 h as an appropriate treatment duration. NaCl and KCl caused more leakage than Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ in P. tremuloides and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, the most sensitive species tested. Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Roem. was more sensitive to K₂SO₄ than to KCl. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. and Caragana arborescens Lm. were the most tolerant to both salts. Tolerance to salts was greater in August than earlier in the growing season. Treatment of leaves with solutions of sucrose, PEG-8000 and mannitol iso-osmotic with KCl and NaCl showed that increased leakage was caused by specific ion effects, rather than osmotic effects.     

盐胁迫对4树种叶片中K^＋和Na^＋的影响及其耐盐能力的评价

通过盆栽试验,对我国南方银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)、侧柏[Patycladus orentalis(L.)Franco]、火炬松（Pinus taeda L.)和剌槐(Robinia Pseudoacacia L.)4造林树种苗木叶片中K^ 、N^ 浓度浓度和N^ ／K^ 比进行测定,盐处理水平为0.0％（CK）、0.1%、0.3%和0.5％。随着盐浓度的提高,各树种叶片中Na^ 浓度和N^ ／K^ 有逐渐升高的趋势,但K^ 浓度变化较小;随着盐胁迫时间的推移,各树种叶片中Na^ 、K^ 浓度和Na^ /K^ 比都没有明显的变化规律。方差分析和多层比较表明,侧柏、火炬松和剌槐叶片中Na^ 、K^ 浓度和N^ ／K^ 比在4组处理间的差异均达显著或极显著水平。4树种中剌槐和侧柏的耐盐能力最强,银杏次之,火炬松最弱。     

植物同源多倍体耐盐性研究进展

多倍化是高等植物进化最重要的动力之一,多倍体植物由于基因组组成以及基因表达方面的变化,通常会表现出不同的生理现象,多倍体的抗性优于其同源二倍体祖先。土壤盐碱化和次生盐渍化是影响农作物生产的重要因素,严重制约着我国农业的可持续发展。同源多倍体植物耐盐能力较强,是作物遗传改良的重要种质资源,了解其耐盐机理对培育耐盐品种具有重要意义。本文从与盐胁迫相关的耐盐性进化、生理生化水平、细胞结构和分子层面等多角度总结了植物同源多倍体盐胁迫研究进展,并以作者所在研究团队培育出的多倍体西瓜为例讨论了多倍体抗逆性研究存在的问题及未来的发展方向,以期为多倍体抗逆优势机理研究提供参考。     

小麦耐盐细胞系耐盐性分析

通过一步筛选获得了耐盐（１．０％,ＮａＣｌ）的小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）细胞系（Ｓｒ１）,当ＳＲ１在含１．０％,ＮａＣｌ的培养基上继代半年后,钭其中的一部分移入无盐培养基代１０次,得到细胞系ＳＲ２。无论是在正常还是办迫条件下,ＳＲ１的鲜重增量／克鲜重、脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量均高于原始型（ＳＮ）,而含水量均高于原始型（ＳＮ）,而含水量、Ｋ＾＋及可溶性糖含量却低于ＳＮ。Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾     

Purification and Some Properties of Nucleases from Shii-take,Lentinus edodes

Three kinds of nuclease preparations, each of which having both endonuclease activity that formed 5′-mononucleotides and 3′-nucleotidase activity, were separated and partially purified from Shii-take, Lentinus edodes. Both enzyme activities of each preparation showed a similar thermostability and electrophoretic mobility on Polyacrylamide gel, and a competitive relationship was observed between RNA and 3′-AMP in their enzyme reactions. From these results, it is concluded that both enzyme activities of these three preparations reside in a single protein, respectively. They resemble one another in substrate specificity, cleavage pattern of RNA and thermostability, but are distinguishable from one another by molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility and optimum pH for degradation of RNA.     

两种菊属植物对渐进与非渐进盐胁迫的响应

以两种菊属野生植物'菊花脑'(Dendranthema nankingense)和'乙立寒菊'(D.indicum var.maruyamanum)幼苗为材料,通过Hogland营养液水培试验研究了120和180 mmol·L NaCl的渐进和非渐进胁迫处理对幼苗叶片受害程度及植株生物量、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量的影响,以探讨它们对盐冲击的生理响应规律.结果显示:(1)在两种浓度盐胁迫下,两种菊属植物的整株鲜重、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量大多显著下降,而同期的叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率显著增加;渐进盐胁迫下材料受害程度均轻于非渐进胁迫;盐胁迫浓度越大,各指标变化幅度越大,且两种胁迫方式下各指标的差异亦越大;(2)'菊花脑'对盐胁迫敏感,而'乙立寒菊'对盐胁迫的耐性较强;相同盐胁迫浓度下,非渐进胁迫与渐进胁迫间的差异在盐敏感材料上表现较明显.研究表明,两种菊属植物均存在盐冲击现象,并以耐盐性弱的材料表现更加突出,且高盐胁迫下植物所受的冲击伤害更明显.     

盐胁迫下杨树根际系统盐分离子分布特性

在温室条件下,采用盆栽根箱培养的方法研究盐胁迫下I 69杨(PopulusdeltoidesBartr.cv.'Lux')和NL 1381杨〔PopulusdeltoidesBartr.cv.'Lux'×P.euramericana(Dode)GeninierCL'I 45 51'〕根际、非根际土壤盐分分布特征。盐处理浓度共设3个水平:CK(NaCl0g kg)、处理A(NaCl1g kg)和处理B(NaCl2g kg),采用完全随机设计。结果表明,2个杨树无性系根际水溶性K+亏缺,水溶性Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+富集。K+的亏缺率及Na+的富集率随NaCl处理浓度的增大而减小,Ca2+和Mg2+的富集率在非盐渍条件下最低,处理A达最高,处理B较处理A略有下降。在盐胁迫下,无性系NL 1381杨根际土壤Na+的浓度和电导率均低于无性系I 69杨,可以有效减轻盐分对根系的渗透胁迫,相对而言具有较强的抗盐性。     

两种麻疯树苗对盐胁迫的生理生态响应

研究两种不同基因型麻疯树苗(南油2、3号)在不同NaCl浓度下生理生态响应特征,并比较不同基因型麻疯树苗的耐盐差异性。结果表明:①用25、50 mmo.lL-1NaCl处理,南油2号全株干重与对照无显著差异,而南油3号全株干重比对照显著降低。用100 mmol.L-1l或以上浓度的NaCl处理,随着盐度增加,两种树苗全株干重皆比对照显著降低,且3号苗降低的幅度大于2号苗。②在用200 mmol.L-1或以下浓度的NaCl处理,南油2、3号叶片相对含水量(RWC)皆与对照无显著差异,而在用300 mmol.L-1NaCl处理,则分别比对照显著降低5%和8%。③用25、50 mmol.L-1NaCl处理,南油2号可溶性糖(SS)含量比对照显著降低,3号与对照无显著差异;用200、300 mmo.lL-1NaCl处理后,两者SS含量均比对照显著降低。同时,2号苗可溶性蛋白(SP)含量比对照显著增加,3号苗SP含量与对照无显著差异。④随着盐度增加,南油2号苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先增加后降低。用300 mmol.L-1NaCl处理,比对照显著降低。随着盐度增加,3号苗的SOD活性递减,皆显著低于对照。用25、50 mmo.lL-1NaCl处理,两种树苗的过氧化物酶(POD)活性与对照无显著差异。随着盐度增加,2号苗的POD活性比对照显著增加,而3号苗比对照显著降低。用25、50 mmo.lL-1NaCl处理,两种树苗的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性皆比对照显著增加,且随着盐度增加,其变化趋势如SOD活性。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗具有较好的耐盐性,且南油2号比南油3号具有更高的耐盐性,因为前者具有更高的保护酶活性、叶片保水能力和叶片SP含量。     

生物炭调控盐胁迫下水稻幼苗耐盐性能

土壤盐渍化降低土壤生产力.探索生物炭对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗耐盐性能的影响,对调控盐渍区水稻生产潜力具有重要意义.本研究通过生物炭介入盐胁迫稻田土壤的盆栽试验,调查了生物炭对盐胁迫下土壤环境和水稻幼苗耐盐性能的影响.盐胁迫设置4个水平,分别为0 g NaCl·kg-1土(S0),1 g NaCl·kg-1土(S1),2 g ...     

水稻突变体M-20的耐盐生理特性

不同盐（NaCl）浓度的水培条件下,水稻耐盐突变体M－20幼苗生长及生存能力优于其原始品系77－170,膜透性测定表明盐胁迫对M－20质膜的损伤较小;同时,外界盐浓度小于100mmol／L时,M－20幼苗根、地上部的钠离子含量低于其原始品系。土培幼苗浇灌盐水（10mmol／L）时,M－20成熟及生长叶片的内源ABA水平增加时期晚于原始品系,增幅也小;而游离脯氨酸的增加时期虽晚,但增幅远高于原始品系。     

外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

以盐敏感小麦品种鲁麦15为材料,分别用完全Hoagland营养液、150mmol／L NaCl和150mmol／L NaCl 10mmol／L海藻糖处理小麦幼苗,测定小麦幼苗生长、离子含量、根系质膜H^ -ATPase、SOD活性、MDA含量等指标,旨在探讨外源海藻糖在抗盐性中的作用。结果表明：外源海藻糖可明显缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用;明显提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片中K^ 的含量,降低Na^ 的含量,降低其Na^ ／K^ ;提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗SOD活性,降低MDA的含量,降低细胞质膜透性,缓解根系质膜H^ -ATPase活性抑制。以上结果表叫外源海藻糖可能通过增加活性氧清除能力、缓解质膜伤害、维持胞质离子稳态提高植物抗盐性。     

Comments on the so-called salt lakes of Greenland

Most athalassic standing waters in Greenland have conductivities < 1 000 μmhos. Those with higher conductivities have salinities mostly < 3 g L⁻¹; they are generally referred to as ‘saline’ within Greenland. Only a single water-body is known with a conductivity of > 10 000 μmhos. Saline waters have Na or Mg as dominant cations, and low concentrations of SO₄. Their biota is very depauperate and apparently comprises a few salinity-tolerant elements of the local freshwater biota. There is no regional assemblage of halophilic species.     

不同耐盐品种棉花根系主要指标对盐分胁迫的响应

以盐敏感品种‘中棉所45’(CCRI45)、弱耐盐品种‘新陆早17号’(XLZ17)、中等耐盐品种‘新陆早13号’(XLZ13)和耐盐品种‘中棉所35’(CCRI35)为试验材料,利用根系分析系统研究盐分胁迫下棉花根系形态特征及其与棉株耐盐性的关系.结果表明:盐分胁迫显著降低棉花根和叶的干质量以及K^+/Na^+,其中耐盐品种CCRI35和中等耐盐品种XLZ13的根干质量、叶干质量以及根中K^+/Na^+分别比盐敏感品种CCRI45提高了69.3%~104.4%、24.8%~45.3%和25.0%~45.8%;盐分胁迫显著抑制棉花根系生长发育,其中CCRI 35和XLZ13的总根长、根系总表面积、根系总体积以及0~10 cm土层中直径为0~1.2 mm内的根长、根表面积和根体积均显著高于CCRI45,分别增加了15.2%~85.8%、12.0%~68.5%、31.7%~217.8%、27.2%~73.9%、39.6%~74.3%和99.0%~309.7%.主成分分析表明,比根长、浅层根长比例和细根比例受基因型差异的影响较为明显,是区分不同耐盐品种棉花根系形态差异的主要指标.逐步回归分析显示,比根长、0~10 cm土层的粗根根长、细根根表面积、粗根根表面积、粗根体积、中根比例,以及10~20 cm粗根根长、粗根表面积、粗根体积等根系参数对盐分响应敏感.耐盐棉花品种可通过维持表层根长比例、细根比例和比根长的增加来适应盐分胁迫.     

50份长果黄麻种质资源耐盐性鉴定评价

通过对来自不同国家的50份长果黄麻种质苗期耐盐性综合评价,评估不同黄麻种质耐盐特性,筛选黄麻耐盐极端材料,为进一步挖掘黄麻耐盐基因及分子机理研究准备材料。本研究采用水培法,设0、250 mmol/L Na Cl两个浓度对50份黄麻种质材料进行处理,调查盐处理后每份材料盐害指数的变化以及第8天的死亡率,建立盐害指数随时间变化的回归模型,利用回归方程分别求出每份材料盐害症状出现的时间以及盐害指数达到50%的时间,通过主成分分析、隶属函数法、聚类分析等方法对供试材料进行综合评价和耐盐性级别划分。结果表明,250 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫对于本试验是一个适宜的浓度;建立的50个回归方程拟合效果良好;根据对50份黄麻种质材料的综合评价值及聚类分析,可以将其分为4种耐盐类型,其中,高耐盐材料3份,耐盐材料6份,盐敏感材料10份,中度耐盐材料31份。     

高盐生境中乌拉尔甘草盐离子分泌与积存格局的研究

采用植物水培方法,以乌拉尔甘草为研究材料,用不同浓度(0、80、160、320mmol·L~(-1))NaCl溶液胁迫处理乌拉尔甘草幼苗3周后,分析其叶片表面盐离子(K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na+)分泌速率的差异,并采集盐化低地草甸重盐土生境中2年生乌拉尔甘草植株,应用ICP-AES测定其不同部位(根、根状茎、茎、老叶和幼叶)中的盐离子(K~+、Na~+、Ga~(2+)、Mg~(2+))含量,探究盐离子在乌拉尔甘草叶片上的分泌格局以及盐离子在植株体内的积存格局,为完善甘草耐盐机理的研究提供依据。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫浓度的升高,乌拉尔甘草叶片上K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na+的分泌速率均呈增加趋势,且Na~+的分泌速率远远大于Ca~(2+)和K+的分泌速率。(2)在乌拉尔甘草各部位中,K+的积存量从大到小依次为:幼叶根根状茎茎老叶;Na~+在各个部位的积存量都十分有限,且无论地下部分还是地上部分,差异均不大;Ca~(2+)积存量由大到小依次为:老叶幼叶茎根状茎根,且老叶中Ca~(2+)的积存量显著高于其它部位。研究认为,在重盐碱地生境中,K+主要积存在幼叶中,Ga~(2+)主要积存在老叶中,植株体内各个部位Na~+的积存量很低,乌拉尔甘草表现出明显的拒Na现象;叶片分泌的主要盐离子为Na~+;乌拉尔甘草通过泌盐的方式将Na+排出体外,从而有效降低Na~+在体内的积存,这是其能够在重盐碱地生存生长的重要原因。     

Efficient resolution of venlafaxine and mechanism study via X‐ray crystallography

Numbers of resolving factors were investigated to improve resolution of venlafaxine 1 . An effective resolving agent, O,O′‐di‐p‐toluoyl‐(R, R)‐tartaric acid 2 , was screened using similar method of ‘Dutch resolution’ from tartaric acid derivatives. The resolution efficiency was up to 88.4%, when the ratio of rac‐ 1 and 2 was 1:0.8 in THF with little water (10:1 v/v). Enantiomerically pure venlafaxine was prepared with 99.1% ee in 82.2% yield. The chiral resolution mechanism was first explained through X‐ray crystallographic study. One diastereomeric salt with well solubility forms a columnar supramolecular structure as the acidic salt (R)‐ 1 · 2 , while the other diastereomeric salt with less solubility forms a multilayered sandwich supramolecular structure by enantio‐differentiation self‐assembly as the neutral salt 2(S)‐ 1 · 2 . The water molecules play a key role in the optical resolution, as indicated by the special structures of the diastereomeric salts.     

Changes in Soluble Proteins in Spring Wheat Stressed with Sodium Chloride

Two newly developed salt-tolerant genotypes of spring wheat, S24 and S36 and their salt-tolerant parents, LU26S (from Pakistan) and Kharchia (from India) along with a salt-sensitive cv. Potohar were grown in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with 0 or 125 mM NaCl. At the onset of the booting stage third leaf from top was sampled for protein analysis. Total soluble protein content increased due to salt treatment in all cultivars/lines but this increase was more marked in salt-sensitive cv. Potohar and low in salt-tolerant S24 as compared with the other lines. Patterns of labelled polypeptides in all cultivars/lines were identical; the differences were only quantitative (for instance, 29 kD and 48 kD polypeptides were reduced significantly due to NaCl treatment only in the cv. Potohar). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.