耐盐菌Staphylococcus sp. YZ-1和Bacillus cereus CC-1的Cr(VI)脱毒特性与机理

[背景]高盐含铬废水的去除过程中,Cr(Ⅵ)还原菌是研究者关注的重点,但目前对耐盐菌株的Cr(Ⅵ)脱毒特性及机理的分析仍较少。[目的]比较两株耐盐菌株的Cr(Ⅵ)移除特性,并区分Cr(Ⅵ)耐受机制的差异;通过基因组测序分析,从基因层面推测铬耐受相关基因;构建铬还原菌的混菌体系,考察两者对去除污染物的协同作用。[方法]从青海茶卡盐湖分离耐盐菌Staphylococcus sp.YZ-1,与Bacillus cereus CC-1进行基础特性和Cr(Ⅵ)去除性能的比较,并通过全基因组序列的分析验证特性测试的结果。[结果]两株菌都具有铬移除特性,但CC-1的铬移除效率更高,在初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为0.1 mmol/L情况下,CC-1能在12h内移除95.3%的Cr(Ⅵ),而YZ-1只能移除40.1%。在进一步实验中发现YZ-1只能对Cr(Ⅵ)进行还原,将其转化为可溶的有机态Cr(Ⅲ),而CC-1能同时对Cr(Ⅵ)进行还原和吸附。全基因组分析发现YZ-1具有编码外排泵蛋白的基因和编码NAD(P)H氧化还原酶的基因,而CC-1具有编码铬转运蛋白ChrA和细胞色素C氧化还原酶的基因。两株菌的混菌体系在处理含Cr(Ⅵ)、Te(Ⅳ)的废水时,菌群能将还原产物聚集成团并沉淀到底部。[结论]菌株YZ-1和CC-1均为耐盐铬还原菌,但YZ-1中的铬还原酶为诱导型酶,CC-1则为组成型酶。基因组数据分析鉴别出两者可能同时存在多种铬耐受机制相关编码基因。混合菌群可以结合YZ-1的自絮凝特性和两者均有的Te(Ⅳ)/Cr(Ⅵ)还原活性,具有潜在的实用价值。     

耐盐菌Staphylococcus sp. YZ-1和Bacillus cereus CC-1的Cr(Ⅵ)脱毒特性与机理

[背景]高盐含铬废水的去除过程中,Cr(Ⅵ)还原菌是研究者关注的重点,但目前对耐盐菌株的Cr(Ⅵ)脱毒特性及机理的分析仍较少。[目的]比较两株耐盐菌株的Cr(Ⅵ)移除特性,并区分Cr(Ⅵ)耐受机制的差异;通过基因组测序分析,从基因层面推测铬耐受相关基因;构建铬还原菌的混菌体系,考察两者对去除污染物的协同作用。[方法]从青海茶卡盐湖分离耐盐菌Staphylococcus sp.YZ-1,与Bacillus cereus CC-1进行基础特性和Cr(Ⅵ)去除性能的比较,并通过全基因组序列的分析验证特性测试的结果。[结果]两株菌都具有铬移除特性,但CC-1的铬移除效率更高,在初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为0.1 mmol/L情况下,CC-1能在12h内移除95.3%的Cr(Ⅵ),而YZ-1只能移除40.1%。在进一步实验中发现YZ-1只能对Cr(Ⅵ)进行还原,将其转化为可溶的有机态Cr(Ⅲ),而CC-1能同时对Cr(Ⅵ)进行还原和吸附。全基因组分析发现YZ-1具有编码外排泵蛋白的基因和编码NAD(P)H氧化还原酶的基因,而CC-1具有编码铬转运蛋白ChrA和细胞色素C氧化还原酶的基因。两株菌的混菌体系在处理含Cr(Ⅵ)、Te(Ⅳ)的废水时,菌群能将还原产物聚集成团并沉淀到底部。[结论]菌株YZ-1和CC-1均为耐盐铬还原菌,但YZ-1中的铬还原酶为诱导型酶,CC-1则为组成型酶。基因组数据分析鉴别出两者可能同时存在多种铬耐受机制相关编码基因。混合菌群可以结合YZ-1的自絮凝特性和两者均有的Te(Ⅳ)/Cr(Ⅵ)还原活性,具有潜在的实用价值。     

大肠杆菌tRNASec关键核苷酸位点

在原核生物中,硒蛋白合成需要tRNA~(Sec) (SelC)与硒代半胱氨酸合成(Sec synthase, SelA)、硒代半胱氨酸特异性延伸因子(Sec-specificelongationfactor,SelB)之间相互作用。【目的】基于大肠杆菌掺硒机器,寻找tRNA~(Sec)骨架上关键核苷酸位点,为解决硒蛋白目前面临的掺硒效率较低、产量低的问题提供新思路。【方法】以大鼠细胞质型硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxinreductase1,TrxR1)为掺硒模式蛋白为定点突变tRNA~(Sec),转化至BL21 (DE3) gor-获得阳性重组菌株(携带pET-TRSter/pSUABC’),用于表达大鼠硒蛋白TrxR1,然后使用2￠,5￠ADP-Sepharose亲和层析和凝胶过滤两步法分离纯化TrxR1,最后利用经典硒依赖型DTNB还原反应测定TrxR1的酶活,分析关键核苷酸位点,评价掺硒效率。【结果】在存在SECIS元件的前提下,当SelA、SelB、tRNA~(Sec)共表达时,与野生型相比,携带突变型tRNA~(Sec)所共表达的TrxR1酶活力呈现不同程度的降低,其中E.colitRNA~(Sec)的G18、G19这两个位点的所有的TrxR1酶活远低于野生型(10%);然而,a26和b7的酶活相对较高。【结论】E. coli tRNA~(Sec)骨架上G18和G19位点对于维持tRNA稳定性和灵活性发挥了关键作用,位点突变引起tRNA结构变化会影响tRNA~(Sec)与掺硒元件的互作,因此有望通过改造tRNA核苷酸位点来提高硒蛋白的掺硒效率。     

一株新的砷还原菌分离鉴定及其对天然矿物臭葱石的溶解作用

【目的】探究江汉平原土著砷还原微生物如何介导臭葱石的溶解和释放过程,以及硝酸盐和硫酸盐对该过程的影响。【方法】采集江汉平原高砷沉积物,利用多轮传代富集方法筛选出一株兼性厌氧砷还原菌;克隆其16S rRNA基因、砷还原酶基因(arsC)、硫代硫酸盐还原酶基因(phsA)、硝酸盐还原酶基因(nar)以获得其分类地位;分析该细菌的As(V)、NO3–、Fe(III)、S_2O_3~(2–)还原功能;利用microcosm技术分析该菌株催化臭葱石中不可溶砷和铁的溶解和释放作用及硝酸盐和硫酸盐对此过程的影响;采用X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对细菌作用前后的矿物表面形貌进行分析。【结果】16S rRNA基因测序结果表明该细菌为柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter sp.),故命名为Citrobacter sp. A11;在Citrobacter sp. A11作用下,0.45 mmol/L As(V)在4 d内被还原成As(III),2.0 mmol/L S_2O_3~(2–)在6 d内被还原成S~(2–),1.0 mmol/L Fe(III)在3 d内被还原成Fe(II),140.0 mg/L NO_3~–在28 h内被还原成NO_2~–;经过28 d该细菌的催化作用使得体系中不可溶砷和铁的释放量分别为33.68μmol/L、51.93μmol/L;硫酸根的加入使得砷和铁的释放量分别增长了41.04%和34.30%,硝酸根的加入则使砷和铁释放量分别降低了35.07%和53.46%。XRD、SEM-EDS分析表明,细菌作用后的臭葱石表面形貌发生明显改变,并出现细小且分散的溶解性颗粒。【结论】本次研究从江汉平原高砷沉积物中富集分离得到一株兼性厌氧砷还原细菌Citrobacter sp. A11,能有效还原As(V)、S_2O_3~(2–)、NO_3~–、Fe(III);砷还原细菌Citrobacter sp. A11能显著促进臭葱石中砷和铁的溶解和释放,硫酸根离子的存在会促进细菌介导臭葱石中固态砷、铁的释放,而硝酸根离子的存在则对此过程起明显抑制作用。     

微生物烟气脱硫中硫酸盐还原阶段的限制性因素及其影响

【目的】利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)厌氧活性污泥进行烟气脱硫,探索硫酸盐生物还原的最适条件及重金属离子对硫酸盐生物还原的影响,以提高硫酸盐还原阶段的效率。【方法】对取自污水处理厂的SRB厌氧活性污泥进行高浓度硫酸盐胁迫驯化。分析生物脱硫过程中SRB厌氧污泥还原硫酸盐的限制性因素及影响。【结果】在最适生长条件下(pH 6.5,32°C),经驯化获得的SRB厌氧活性污泥有较强的硫酸盐还原能力。Fe2+的适量添加对硫酸盐还原有一定促进作用。SRB厌氧污泥还原硫酸盐的ThCOD/SO42-最适值为3.00,ThCOD=3.33为最适理论化学需氧量,硫酸盐还原率可达72.15%。SRB厌氧污泥还原硫酸盐反应体系中抑制SRB活性的硫化物浓度为300 mg/L。Pb2+和Ni2+在较低的浓度下(1.0 mg/L和2.0 mg/L)对硫酸盐的还原产生较强的抑制作用,而Cu2+在稍高的浓度下(8.0 mg/L)显示出明显的抑制作用。【结论】经驯化,SRB厌氧活性污泥显示出较强的硫酸盐还原能力,具有应用于工业烟气生物脱硫的潜力。去除重金属离子Pb2+、Ni2+和Cu2+可有效解除对硫酸盐生物还原作用的抑制。     

微生物介导硝酸盐还原耦合亚铁氧化过程的动力学及其影响因素

【目的】探究不同菌浓度和亚铁浓度条件下,Acidovorax sp. strain BoFeN1介导的厌氧亚铁氧化耦合硝酸盐还原过程的动力学和次生矿物。【方法】构建包含菌BoFeN1、硝酸盐、亚铁的厌氧培养体系,测试硝酸根、亚硝酸根、乙酸根、亚铁等浓度,并收集次生矿物,采用XRD、SEM进行矿物种类和形貌表征。【结果】在微生物介导硝酸盐还原耦合亚铁氧化的体系中,高菌浓度促进硝酸盐还原,对亚铁氧化也有一定促进作用;高浓度亚铁在低菌浓度下氧化反应速率和程度降低,但是在高菌浓度下无明显影响;亚铁浓度越高次生矿物结晶度越高,但对硝酸盐还原具有一定抑制作用。在微生物介导亚硝酸盐还原耦合亚铁氧化的体系中,高的菌浓度和亚铁浓度都会促进亚硝酸盐还原,但亚铁氧化的次生矿物会对亚硝酸盐的微生物还原产生较强的抑制作用,次生矿物的种类和结晶度主要受亚铁浓度影响。【结论】硝酸盐还原主要是生物反硝化作用,亚硝酸盐还原包含生物反硝化和化学反硝化两部分,在硝酸盐体系中亚铁氧化与次生矿物生成是受生物和化学反硝化作用的共同影响,但亚硝酸盐体系中亚铁氧化与次生矿物生成主要是受化学反硝化作用影响。该研究可为深入理解厌氧微生物介导铁氮耦合反应机制提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

硒对亚洲玉米螟生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨硒对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)生长发育的影响。【方法】在实验室条件下以添加不同剂量(0.001、0.005、0.010、0.050、0.100、0.500、1.000 mg/kg)硒的人工饲料饲养亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫。【结果】低浓度(0.001~0.100 mg/kg)硒对亚洲玉米螟的幼虫历期、蛹重、蛹历期具有促进作用。亚洲玉米螟在0.100 mg/kg浓度下生长状况最佳,其雄蛹重最大,雌雄蛹历期最短,雌雄成虫寿命最长,化蛹率和羽化率最高。高浓度(0.500~1.000 mg/kg)硒对亚洲玉米螟的雌雄蛹历期、雄蛾寿命、化蛹率和羽化率具有抑制作用。亚洲玉米螟在1.000 mg/kg浓度下生长状况最差,其幼虫历期最长,雌雄蛹重最小,蛹历期最长,成虫寿命最短,化蛹率和羽化率最低。【结论】低浓度硒对亚洲玉米螟的生长发育有促进作用,高浓度则表现为抑制作用。     

真姬菇菌丝体对硒耐受性的研究

【目的】探讨真姬菇Hypsizygus marmoreus菌株菌丝体对硒的耐受特性。【方法】利用平板培养法测定不同硒浓度处理下菌丝平均生长速率,拟合硒与菌丝生长速率的关系,记录菌丝萌发、菌落形态特征,做还原培养验证,利用显微镜观察硒对菌丝分枝、大小、锁状联合形态以及表面结构的影响。【结果】真姬菇菌丝体对硒耐受特性的研究表明:当外源硒浓度≤50 mg/L时,对真姬菇菌丝生长有促进作用,促进效果因菌株不同而存在差异,但与Control Check(CK)相比均无显著差异(P0.05)。当外源硒浓度≥75 mg/L时,对真姬菇菌丝生长产生抑制,真姬菇菌丝对硒最大耐受浓度为150-200 mg/L。还原培养表明:这种抑制具有恢复性;硒浓度与菌丝平均生长速度符合Cubic回归曲线,且可决系数(即拟合度)较大。显微镜观察结果表明:在外源硒浓度较低时,真姬菇菌丝体粗细均匀、健壮饱满、分枝较多、表面光滑、锁状联合明显、结构饱满。在外源硒浓度较高时,菌丝粗细不一,皱缩呈长扁条形,锁状联合结构塌陷、干瘪,表面凹凸不平,变成类似竹节状结构,菌丝尖端逐渐被球状分生孢子替代,部分分枝甚至完全异化为分生孢子或厚垣孢子。【结论】硒浓度≤50 mg/L时对真姬菇菌丝生长有促进作用,硒浓度≥75 mg/L时有抑制作用,高浓度硒对菌丝有毒害作用,但这种毒害作用是可逆的。     

一株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaliphila MBR)好氧还原亚硒酸钠为红色单质硒

【目的】本实验室保藏的一株异化硝酸盐还原菌(Pseudomonas alcaliphila MBR),其能够在好氧环境下以有机碳源为电子供体,把易溶解、高毒性亚硒酸钠还原成为红色单质硒,本文对该菌株还原亚硒酸盐的特征进行了研究。【结果】结果表明该菌株可以在pH为6-11环境中生长,对亚硒酸钠有较强抗性,其MIC(minimal inhibitory concentration)可高达50 mmol/L。在5天时间内,菌体以柠檬酸钠为电子供体,把2 mmol/L亚硒酸钠完全还原为红色单质硒并主要积累于胞外。硝酸盐和还原型谷胱甘肽对菌体还原亚硒酸钠具有促进作用,初步确定菌体对亚硒酸钠的还原是细胞膜或细胞质中的某些物质催化的结果。【结论】本项研究为应用Pseudomonas alcaliphila MBR于生物反应器提供了重要基础。     

高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b5还原酶I的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

【目的】鉴定产油微生物高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的功能。【方法】将高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因与人可溶性细胞色素b_5还原酶基因序列比对,去除该基因N端穿膜区域后,与人可溶性细胞色素b_5基因分别在大肠杆菌中异源表达;通过钴离子亲和层析、离子交换和分子排阻色谱等方法对表达产物进行纯化;以2,6-二氯靛酚钠(DCIP)为底物,测定细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的体外活性及其对NADH和NADPH的偏好性;在反应体系中存在NADH时,通过全波长扫描方法检测细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ与细胞色素b_5的相互作用。【结果】高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ被成功可溶表达,经纯化后检测到体外活性:使用NADH时酶活为564.57 U,使用NADPH时为51.97 U;在NADH存在时,细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ能够还原细胞色素b_5,其吸收峰从411 nm偏移至422 nm,并在521 nm和554 nm处吸光值增加。【结论】细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ N端穿膜区域的去除增加了其可溶性,并保持了蛋白质活性;高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因编码的是一种NADH-细胞色素b_5还原酶,其在体外能与细胞色素b_5相互作用。     

Chromate reduction by cell-free extract of Bacillus firmus KUCr1

Microbial enzymatic reduction of a toxic form of chromium [Cr(VI)] has been considered as an effective method for bioremediation of this metal. This study reports on the in vitro reduction of Cr(VI) using cell-free extracts from a Cr(VI) reducing Bacillus firmus KUCr1 strain. Chromium reductase was found to be constitutive and its activity was observed both in soluble cell fractions (S12 and S150 and membrane cell fraction (P150). The reductase activity of S12 fraction was found to be optimal at 40 microM Cr(VI) with enzyme concentration equivalent to 0.493 mg protein/ml. Enzyme activity was dependent on NADH or NADPH as electron donor; optimal temperature and pH for better enzyme activity were 70 degrees C and 5.6, respectively. The Km value of the reductase was 58.33 microM chromate having a V(max) of 11.42 microM/min/mg protein. The metabolic inhibitor like sodium azide inhibited reductase activity of membrane fraction of the cell-free extract. Metal ions like Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and As3+ stimulated the enzyme but others, such as Ag+, Hg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+, inhibited Cr(VI) reductase activity.     

Reduction of chromate,selenite, tellurite,and iron (III) by the moderately thermophilic bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thermoamylovorans</Emphasis> SKC1

A moderately thermophilic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium capable of reducing Cr(VI) (strain SKC1) was isolated from municipal sewage. Based on the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain SKC1 was identified as a representative of the species Bacillus thermoamylovorans. B. thermoamylovorans SKC1 is capable of reducing chromate with L-arabinose as an electron donor with an optimum at 50°C and neutral pH. The culture is able to reduce Cr(VI) at its initial concentration in the medium of up to 150 mg/l. In addition to chromate, strain SKC1 is capable of reducing selenite and tellurite, as well as soluble forms of Fe(III). It was shown that Cr(VI), Te(IV), and Se(IV) exert a bacteriostatic effect on strain SKC1, and the reduction of these anions performs the detoxification function. This is the first communication on the reduction of chromate, selenite, tellurite, and soluble Fe(III) species by a culture of thermophilic bacilli.     

Reduction of chromate, selenite, tellurite, and iron(III) by the moderately thermophilic bacterium Bacillus thermoamylovorans SKC1

A moderately thermophilic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium capable of reducing Cr(VI) (strain SKC1) was isolated from municipal sewage. Based on the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain SKC1 was identified as a representative of the species Bacillus thermoamylovorans. B. thermoamylovorans SKC1 is capable of reducing chromate with L-arabinose as an electron donor with an optimum at 50 degrees C and neutral pH. The culture is able to reduce Cr(VI) at its initial concentration in the medium of up to 150 mg/l. In addition to chromate, strain SKC1 is capable of reducing selenite and tellurite, as well as soluble forms of Fe(III). It was shown that Cr(VI), Te(IV), and Se(IV) exert a bacteriostatic effect on strain SKC1, and the reduction of these anions performs the detoxification function. This is the first communication on the reduction of chromate, selenite, tellurite, and soluble Fe(III) species by a culture of thermophilic bacilli.     

Evaluation of in vitro Cr(VI) reduction potential in cytosolic extracts of three indigenous Bacillus sp. isolated from Cr(VI) polluted industrial landfill

Three efficient Cr(VI) reducing bacterial strains were isolated from Cr(VI) polluted landfill and characterized for in vitro Cr(VI) reduction. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the newly isolated strains G1DM20, G1DM22 and G1DM64 were closely related to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis and Bacillus sphaericus, respectively. The suspended cultures of all Bacillus sp. exhibited more than 85% reduction of 1000 microM Cr(VI) within 30 h. The suspended culture of Bacillus sp. G1DM22 exhibited an ability for continuous reduction of 100 microM Cr(VI) up to seven consecutive inputs. Assays with the permeabilized cells and cell-free extracts from each of Bacillus sp. demonstrated that the hexavalent chromate reductase activity was mainly associated with the soluble fraction of cells and expressed constitutively. The Cr(VI) reduction by the cell-free extracts of Bacillus sp. G1DM20 and G1DM22 was maximum at 30 degrees C and pH 7 whereas, Bacillus sp. G1DM64 exhibited maximum Cr(VI) reduction at pH 6. Addition of 1mM NADH enhanced the Cr(VI) reductase activity in the cell-free extracts of all three isolates. Amongst all three isolates tested, crude cell-free extracts of Bacillus sp. G1DM22 exhibited the fastest Cr(VI) reduction rate with complete reduction of 100 microM Cr(VI) within 100 min. The apparent K(m) and V(max) of the chromate reductase activity in Bacillus sp. G1DM22 were determined to be 200 microM Cr(VI) and 5.5 micromol/min/mg protein, respectively. The Cr(VI) reductase activity in cell-free extracts of all the isolates was stable in presence of different metal ions tested except Hg(2+) and Ag(+).     

Isolation and expression of a Bacillus cereus gene encoding benzil reductase.

Benzil was reduced stereospecifically to (S)-benzoin by Bacillus cereus strain Tim-r01. To isolate the gene responsible for asymmetric reduction, we constructed a library consisting of Escherichia coli clones that harbored plasmids expressing Bacillus cereus genes. The library was screened using the halo formation assay, and one clone showed benzil reduction to (S)-benzoin. Thus, this clone seemed to carry a plasmid encoding a Bacillus cereus benzil reductase. The deduced amino acid sequence had marked homologies to the Bacillus subtilis yueD protein (41% identity), the yeast open reading frame YIR036C protein (31%), and the mammalian sepiapterin reductases (28% to 30%), suggesting that benzil reductase is a novel short-chain de-hydrogenases/ reductase.     

Enrichment and isolation of Bacillus beveridgei sp. nov., a facultative anaerobic haloalkaliphile from Mono Lake, California, that respires oxyanions of tellurium, selenium, and arsenic

Mono Lake sediment slurries incubated with lactate and tellurite [Te(IV)] turned progressively black with time because of the precipitation of elemental tellurium [Te(0)]. An enrichment culture was established from these slurries that demonstrated Te(IV)-dependent growth. The enrichment was purified by picking isolated black colonies from lactate/Te(IV) agar plates, followed by repeated streaking and picking. The isolate, strain MLTeJB, grew in aqueous Te(IV)-medium if provided with a small amount of sterile solid phase material (e.g., agar plug; glass beads). Strain MLTeJB grew at high concentrations of Te(IV) (~8 mM) by oxidizing lactate to acetate plus formate, while reducing Te(IV) to Te(0). Other electron acceptors that were found to sustain growth were tellurate, selenate, selenite, arsenate, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate and oxygen. Notably, growth on arsenate, nitrate, nitrite and fumarate did not result in the accumulation of formate, implying that in these cases lactate was oxidized to acetate plus CO₂. Strain MLTeJB is a low G + C Gram positive motile rod with pH, sodium, and temperature growth optima at 8.5–9.0, 0.5–1.5 M, and 40°C, respectively. The epithet Bacillus beveridgei strain MLTeJB^T is proposed.     

蜡样芽胞杆菌磷脂酶C在乳酸克鲁维酵母中重组表达、纯化及酶学性质分析

【目的】构建蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)磷脂酶C(Phospholipase C,PLC)的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis)菌株、纯化重组蛋白并对其进行酶学性质分析。【方法】以B.cereus基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到磷脂酶C基因(bcplc),构建重组乳酸克鲁维酵母表达质粒并转化到乳酸克鲁维酵母中,实现bcplc基因的表达。利用镍柱亲和层析纯化和脱盐柱得到电泳纯的重组磷脂酶C(rbcPLC)。【结果】成功构建产磷脂酶C的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母并纯化了重组磷脂酶C,纯化后rbcPLC经SDS-PAGE分析在40 kDa附近出现显性条带。NPPC法测得rbcPLC酶活为19251 U/mg,最适反应温度为80°C,最适pH为9.0。在低于40°C时,pH 7.0-8.0时,rbcPLC重组酶较稳定。Cu~(2+)和Co~(2+)对其有明显的抑制作用;Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对其有明显的促进作用。【结论】首次实现了对蜡样芽胞杆菌来源的磷脂酶C在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的重组表达、纯化及其酶学性质分析,为其它食品安全性微生物来源的磷脂酶C的研究提供了借鉴意义。     

白蚁栖息环境中蜡状芽孢杆菌的分离及其纤维素酶活性分析

【目的】了解白蚁栖息环境中有无降解纤维素的微生物。【方法】以羧甲基纤维素钠为唯一碳源,利用刚果红染色,根据透明圈大小进行筛选。通过显微形态、革兰氏染色及16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定。DNS法测定菌株产纤维素酶与生长周期的关系,并进一步分析纤维素酶性质。【结果】从台湾乳白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki)栖息环境中筛选到一株具有较高纤维素酶活性,革兰氏阳性菌株TT15,16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus Gd2T)。菌株培养前12 h没有纤维素酶活性,随着培养时间的增加,纤维素酶活性逐渐增大;当生长达到稳定期(48 h),酶活性达到最大并保持稳定。菌株TT15纤维素酶活性的最适pH和最适反应温度分别为5.0和50°C。【结论】从白蚁栖息环境中分离到一株具有较高纤维素酶活的蜡状芽孢杆菌TT15,可作为产细菌纤维素酶的优良菌株。     

Enzymatic deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine residues in cell wall peptidoglycan

An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetamido groups of N-acetylglucosamine residues in cell wall peptidoglycan was found in the supernatant and 20,000 X g pellet fractions of Bacillus cereus. Autolysis of the latter fraction resulted in solubilization and activation of the deacetylase. Among various bacteria, strains of B. cereus which contain high proportions of N-unsubstituted glucosamine residues in their cell wall peptidoglycan components are particularly rich in the deacetylase. The peptidoglycan deacetylase is distinguishable from N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase [EC 3.5.1.25] on the basis of their cellular distribution and chromatographic behavior. The rate of reaction of the deacetylase with (N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramic acid)3 [abbreviated as (GlcNAc-MurNAc)3] is less than 1/100 of that with peptidoglycan, while the enzyme is inactive towards (GlcNAc-MurNAc)2, GlcNAc-MurNAc, and monomeric N-acetylglucosamine derivatives. The enzyme also deacetylates partially O-hydroxyethylated chitin. The concentrations of peptidoglycan and partially O-hydroxyethylated chitin required for half-maximum activities were found to be 0.29 and 6.9 mg per ml (or 0.17 and 20 mM with respect to N-acetylglucosamine residues), respectively. The occurrence of this enzyme accounts for the formation of cell wall peptidoglycan N-unsubstituted at the glucosamine residues.