Lewis‐Adduct Mediated Grain‐Boundary Functionalization for Efficient Ideal‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Superior Stability

State‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have bandgaps that are invariably larger than 1.45 eV, which limits their theoretically attainable power conversion efficiency. The emergent mixed‐(Pb, Sn) perovskites with bandgaps of 1.2–1.3 eV are ideal for single‐junction solar cells according to the Shockley–Queisser limit, and they have the potential to deliver higher efficiency. Nevertheless, the high chemical activity of Sn(II) in these perovskites makes it extremely challenging to control their physical properties and chemical stability, thereby leading to PSCs with relatively low PCE and stability. In this work, the authors employ the Lewis‐adduct SnF₂·3FACl additive in the solution‐processing of ideal‐bandgap halide perovskites (IBHPs), and prepare uniform large‐grain perovskite thin films containing continuously functionalized grain boundaries with the stable SnF₂ phase. Such Sn(II)‐rich grain‐boundary networks significantly enhance the physical properties and chemical stability of the IBHP thin films. Based on this approach, PSCs with an ideal bandgap of 1.3 eV are fabricated with a promising efficiency of 15.8%, as well as enhanced stability. The concept of Lewis‐adduct‐mediated grain‐boundary functionalization in IBHPs presented here points to a new chemical route for approaching the Shockley–Queisser limit in future stable PSCs.     

Derivation and analysis of a system modeling the chemotactic movement of hematopoietic stem cells

It has been shown that hematopoietic stem cells migrate in vitro and in vivo following the gradient of a chemotactic factor produced by stroma cells. In this paper, a quantitative model for this process is presented. The model consists of chemotaxis equations coupled with an ordinary differential equation on the boundary of the domain and subjected to nonlinear boundary conditions. The existence and uniqueness of a local solution is proved and the model is simulated numerically. It turns out that for adequate parameter ranges, the qualitative behavior of the stem cells observed in the experiment is in good agreement with the numerical results. Our investigations represent a first step in the process of elucidating the mechanism underlying the homing of hematopoietic stem cells quantitatively.      

In Situ Grain Boundary Functionalization for Stable and Efficient Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells

The phase instability and large energy loss are two obstacles to achieve stable and efficient inorganic‐CsPbI_3?xBr_x perovskite solar cells. In this work, stable cubic perovskite (α)‐phase CsPbI₂Br is successfully achieved by Pb(Ac)₂ functioning at the grain boundary under low temperature. Ac^? strongly coordinates with CsPbI₂Br to stabilize the α‐phase and also make the grain size smaller and film uniform by fast nucleation. PbO is formed in situ at the grain boundary by decomposing Pb(Ac)₂ at high‐temperature annealing. The semiconducting PbO effectively passivates the surface states, reduces the interface recombination, and promotes the charge transport in CsPbI₂Br perovskite solar cells. A 12% efficiency and good stability are obtained for in situ PbO‐passivated CsPbI₂Br solar cells, while Pb(Ac)₂‐passivated device exhibits 8.7% performance and the highest stability, much better than the control device with 8.5% performance and inferior stability. This article highlights the extrinsic ionic grain boundary functionalization to achieve stable and efficient inorganic CsPbI_3?xBr_x materials and the devices.     

How environment geometry affects grid cell symmetry and what we can learn from it

The mammalian hippocampal formation provides neuronal representations of environmental location but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The majority of cells in medial entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum show spatially periodic firing patterns. Grid cells exhibit hexagonal symmetry and form an important subset of this more general class. Occasional changes between hexagonal and non-hexagonal firing patterns imply a common underlying mechanism. Importantly, the symmetrical properties are strongly affected by the geometry of the environment. Here, we introduce a field–boundary interaction model where we demonstrate that the grid cell pattern can be formed from competing place-like and boundary inputs. We show that the modelling results can accurately capture our current experimental observations.     

Reducing Saturation‐Current Density to Realize High‐Efficiency Low‐Bandgap Mixed Tin–Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

The unsatisfactory performance of low‐bandgap mixed tin (Sn)–lead (Pb) halide perovskite subcells has been one of the major obstacles hindering the progress of the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of all‐perovskite tandem solar cells. By analyzing dark‐current density and distribution, it is identified that charge recombination at grain boundaries is a key factor limiting the performance of low‐bandgap mixed Sn–Pb halide perovskite subcells. It is further found that bromine (Br) incorporation can effectively passivate grain boundaries and lower the dark current density by two–three orders of magnitude. By optimizing the Br concentration, low‐bandgap (1.272 eV) mixed Sn–Pb halide perovskite solar cells are fabricated with open‐circuit voltage deficits as low as 0.384 V and fill factors as high as 75%. The best‐performing device demonstrates a PCE of >19%. The results suggest an important direction for improving the performance of low‐bandgap mixed Sn–Pb halide perovskite solar cells.     

Cytological identification of cell types in the testis of Esox lucius and E. niger

Summary Testes of Esox lucius and Esox niger were investigated histologically, cytochemically, and ultrastructurally in reproductive fish. Intralobular Sertoli cells possessed numerous lipid droplets in Esox lucius, but not in Esox niger. In both species, interlobular cell types included myoid cells and lipid-negative Leydig cells within the extravascular space. Evidence is presented for a contractile network of myoid cells within the testes of these teleosts. The presence of Leydig cells and myoid boundary cells in the testis of Esox lucius refutes the reported homology between lobule boundary cells and Leydig cells in this species.     

Reinventing diabetes: Classification,division and the geneticization of disease

This paper shows how diabetes underwent geneticization to become the exemplar of a complex genetic disorder. My analysis focuses on the debates that took place in the mid-to-late-1970s over the classification of, and the role of genetic factors in, diabetes. By exploring the work of an influential researcher and clinician, Andrew Cudworth, I show how the discourse around diabetes constructed it as a genetic condition divided into different types on the grounds of aetiology. I then track this classification over time as it became the current, extremely splintered classification system.     

A Note on Maritime Delimitation in a Multizonal Context: The Case of the Mediterranean

This article points out some of the issues that may arise during the delimitation of maritime boundary in a sea area where coastal states have proclaimed various maritime zones. Issues considered include delimitation in the presence of overlapping or coincident zones, the role of existing boundaries, use of all-purpose maritime boundaries, and the delimitation of future zones. Special reference is made to the Mediterranean Sea where coastal states have advanced various claims consisting of zones sometimes different from the ones provided for in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.     

The Near-bottom Layer as an Ecological Boundary in Marine Ecosystems: Diversity, Taxonomic Composition and Community Definitions

The near-bottom layer of the ocean represents a boundary between two oceanic biotopes (pelagial and benthal), and as a result, the animal populations living in this habitat belong to various diverse ecological groups. There is a profusion of terms to designate the organisms which live near the sea bottom, both in relation to their behaviour and to boundary-layer hydrodynamics. Do the fauna living above the sea bottom form a true community? Should the fauna in this habitat be considered as a true community or a mixed assemblage comprised of benthic and pelagic organisms? Between 1988 and 1996, more than 500 suprabenthic hauls were taken with a modified Macer-GIROQ sledge at 15 sites in the English Channel and the Seine Estuary (5–70 m), at 13 sites on the southern edge of the Cap Ferret Canyon (Bay of Biscay, 350–1100 m), and at 8 sites on the Atlantic seamounts south of the Azores (260–2235 m). This intensive sampling permitted the collection of more than several hundred species and will serve to facilitate discussion concerning the biodiversity of the fauna collected near the sea bottom. This paper proposes that in the estuary, the near-bottom layer is colonized by a mixed assemblage of both pelagic and benthic organisms, while in the coastal and in the bathyal zones, the response to the gradual extinction of light and the decreasing benthic resuspension at near-bottom depths leads to an ecocline.     

基于景观可达性的广州市林地边界动态分析

林地边界是景观边界中一种特殊类型,受综合因素的影响而呈现动态变化,其发生位移的位置和方向能清晰地反映出该地段的土地利用过程和强度。通过对广州市1985年、1995年和2007年的土地利用数据进行分析,基于市内主要公路的分布进行景观可达性分区,提取林地边界并根据边界性质进行分类分析,着重研究了林地边界的动态变化特征。结果表明,研究时段内广州市林地面积相对稳定,而林地斑块数量和林地边界总长度持续增加,林地呈现出边界复杂化和景观破碎化的趋势。广州市林地的邻接景观以耕地为绝对优势的局面因建设用地和水域的增加而打破,表现为林地与耕地邻接边界长度迅速减少,而林地与水域、林地与建设用地邻接边界显著增加。从1985年到2007年,林地与耕地邻接边界的减少速度随着与主要公路距离的增加而变缓;林地与建设用地邻接边界增速最快的区域逐渐远离主要公路;林地与水域邻接边界更多分布于主要公路1km以外的区域,且随着时间推移逐渐靠近主干道路。     

Bioturbational disturbance of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary layer: Implications for the interpretation of the K-Pg boundary impact event

Detailed field observations across and along the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary interval in the Caravaca section, SE Spain, together with laboratory analyses reveal a well-developed lowermost Danian dark-colored trace fossil assemblage. The trace fossils range continuously from the bioturbated horizons in the dark boundary layer (lowermost Danian), to the uppermost Maastrichtian sediments. The rusty boundary layer at the base of the dark boundary layer, usually related to the K-Pg boundary impact, is traditionally considered as undisturbed. However, ichnological analysis at the Caravaca section shows that this rusty boundary layer is cross-cut vertically by Zoophycos and Chondrites, but also penetrated laterally by Chondrites, revealing an important colonization of the substrate. Stereomicroscope analysis shows sharp burrow margins of dark-colored Chondrites directly against the surrounding red sediment of the rusty layer. Colonization of unfavorable substrates by Zoophycos and Chondrites tracemakers, as that represented by the rusty boundary layer, was possible because of constructing of open, probably of actively ventilated burrows that facilitate colonization of sediments poor in oxygen and food. Significant bioturbational disturbance of the rusty layer can cause vertical and horizontal redistribution of the components related to the K-Pg boundary impact and, in consequence, to induce erroneous interpretations. A detailed ichnological analysis of the K-Pg boundary interval, with special attention to the rusty layer, reveals an essential tool to avoid misinterpretations.     

贵州喀斯特山区人工草地-农田景观土壤温度界面季节性变化

景观界面是生态交错区的重要组成部分,在生态系统的结构、过程和功能中发挥了重要的作用。以贵州喀斯特山区人工草地-农田景观界面为研究对象,对界面表层土壤(0—20 cm)温度进行季节性监测;采用移动窗口法、野外测定和室内统计相结合,对以土壤温度为参数的界面宽度的大小进行了判定;对研究区3个功能区土壤温度进行比较分析。结果表明:贵州人工草地-农田景观界面四季表层土壤的平均温度分别为9.8,26.5,15.4℃和4.8℃;人工草地-农田景观春、夏、秋、冬四季土壤温度界面宽度随土壤温度的变化而变化,表现为由宽变窄的变化规律,分别为37,32,27 m和24 m,土壤温度界面在人工草地系统的影响域变化与总界面宽度保持一致。研究区四季农田功能区系统、人工草地-农田复合功能区系统和人工草地功能区系统的平均土壤温度为14.0,14.1℃和13.9℃,春季、夏季和冬季研究区3个功能区的土壤温度均呈极显著差异,秋季农田功能区系统与人工草地-农田复合功能区系统的土壤温度差异不显著,二者与草地功能区系统差异极显著。建议对研究区采用12—18 m的宽度进行草田间作,为丰富界面理论及"退耕还草"工程提供理论参考和实践措施。     

气孔表面上边界层阻力的进一步计算

把气孔截面看作椭圆面,把每个气孔表面上的边界层区域看作棱柱形区域,在该区域内建立一个三维气体扩散模型。通过应用计算机对模型中的气体扩散方程进行迭代计算,获得比以往更为精确的计算气孔表面上边界层阻力的公式。而该公式与Brown和Escombe的以及Cooke的公式比较,发现在气孔开度变化相当大的范围内,用后面两公式计算气孔外端效应阻力引起的相对误差为10～20％左右。     

The Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype: consequences of its approval by the IUGS

Lespérance, Pierre J., Barnes, Christopher R., Berry, William B. N., Boucot, Arthur J. & Mu En-zhi 1987 07 15: The Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype: consequences of its approval by the IUGS.
The Ordovician-Silurian stratotype at Dob's Linn, Scotland is the second systemic boundary approved by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). A review of the internationally accepted criteria required of a stratotype shows that few of these are possessed by the Dob's Linn section. The strongest attribute of the section is the presence of zonal graptolites, although the boundary is recognized primarily on a single biological event (base of acuminatus Zone) for which the evolutionary relationships of the taxa are not established. In approving this boundary proposal in 1985, which received only simple majority support within the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group (OSBWG) and which fails to meet most of the accepted prerequisites for a stratotype, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the IUGS have established an unfortunate precedent. It follows that future systemic boundaries need not meet the accepted standards. It raises serious questions on the assessment and voting procedures of the International Commission on Stratigraphy and on the credence accorded the recommendations developed by the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification of IUGS.     

景观边界研究概况

景观边界指在特定时空尺度下 ,相对均质的景观之间所存在的异质景观[6 9] 。过去 ,生态学家的注意力往往集中在景观边界两侧的同质区域来研究生态系统的结构和过程 ,忽视生态系统间的异质区域 ,它们在地图上往往被忽视或缩成一条线。但是 ,景观边界是一个客观存在的空间实体 ,有自己特定的结构和功能。由于景观边界包含有不同类型和不同尺度上的均质景观和异质景观 ,因而它具有等级结构[13] ,同时景观边界都有长度和宽度 ,在此范围内 ,相邻景观单元的小斑块交叉出现 ,因此景观边界是相邻景观单元相互转化的发生区。从景观的演替过程可以看出…     

生态环境脆弱带ECOTONE的基础判定

ECOTONE为国际生态界最近重新定义的基本概念之一。本文在诠释生态环境脆弱带的定义之后,对其实质及其空间属性作了较全面的逻辑归纳。在进一步研究的基础上,对于生态环境脆弱带作出了独立的函数表达,并且就生态环境脆弱带的宽度指标、重迭度指标、脆弱度指标、综合性指标,提出了较严格的表述形式。它们吸收了生态界面理论,并把系统生态学中的非稳定性理论,广延为辨识“全球变化”的基本手段,从而在生态学理论与应用两个方面,体现了研究的意义和价值。