不同磷、硫及二氧化碳浓度对标志链带藻生长和碳水化合物积累的影响

【目的】为了研究不同磷、硫及二氧化碳浓度对标志链带藻(Desmodesmus insignis)生长与碳水化合物积累的影响,本实验以改良BG11培养基为基础,设计了8种不同初始K_2HPO_4浓度、8种不同初始MgSO_4浓度及4种二氧化碳浓度培养标志链带藻。【方法】采用干重法和苯酚-硫酸法分别测定其生物质浓度与总碳水化合物的含量。【结果】实验结果显示,在高磷浓度(0.460 mmol/L)下生物量达到最高为6.37 g/L,磷浓度为0.230 mmol/L (对照组)时总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率达到最高,分别为45.40%(%干重)和0.20 g/(L·d)。不同初始MgSO_4浓度实验结果显示,高硫浓度有利于标志链带藻生长及碳水化合物的积累,生物量、总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率分别在硫浓度为1.217 mmol/L、0.609 mmol/L和1.824 mmol/L时达到最高,分别为7.02 g/L、51.6%(%干重)及0.26 g/(L·d)。当二氧化碳浓度为3%(V/V)时,标志链带藻生物量、总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率均达到最高,分别为6.81 g/L、44.03%和0.20 g/(L·d)。【结论】因此,磷浓度为0.230 mmol/L、硫浓度为1.824 mmol/L和二氧化碳浓度为3%时最有利于标志链带藻生长及碳水化合物的积累。     

温度对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)生物量和虾青素产量的影响

在用环形培养池模拟系统培养雨生红球藻的过程中,研究了温度对雨生红球藻生物量及虾青素产量的影响。结果表明,在15～25℃的范围内,不同温度下雨生红球藻生物量和虾青素含量及产量都经历了一个上升—最高—下降的过程。25℃与22℃时红球藻的虾青素产量、虾青素含量(干重)均显著高于其他温度的(P<0.01),但两者间差异不显著(P>0.05)。15℃时,红球藻生物量、虾青素含量和虾青素产量均最低,分别为1.4g、0.54%和2.49mg/L;25℃时,红球藻生物量和虾青素产量最高,分别为2.68g和13.53mg/L;22℃时,虾青素含量最高,为1.52%。     

一株高产淀粉绿藻——标志链带藻在废水中的培养及对氮磷的去除

为了研究标志链带藻(Desmodesmus insignis strain JNU24)在不同Na NO3浓度和不同废水浓度培养下的生长与代谢产物积累状况,评估标志链带藻对废水的处理能力,本研究利用柱状光反应器对标志链带藻进行培养,分别对4种Na NO3浓度的BG-11培养基和4种废水浓度培养下藻细胞的生物量、蛋白质含量、碳水化合物含量和淀粉含量进行了测定。结果显示,在BG-11培养基中,氮浓度为9.0 mmol/L时,藻细胞生物质浓度最高,达6.23 g/L;在废水培养下,未稀释的原废水实验组,其藻细胞生物质浓度最高,达10.31 g/L;75%废水培养下,藻细胞的淀粉含量最高(达50.9%),单位体积藻细胞淀粉含量和产率分别为4.86 g/L和405 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),且显著高于不同浓度Na NO3的BG-11培养基组。本研究还测定了标志链带藻对废水中氮、磷的去除效率,结果显示不同浓度废水培养下,氮、磷的去除效率最高可达90.8%和98.7%。基于柱状反应器中的最佳培养效果,以9.0 mmol/L Na NO3的BG-11培养基和75%废水于3.0 cm光径平板光生物反应器中进行室内扩大培养,结果显示在75%废水培养下,藻细胞生物质浓度达9.75 g/L,淀粉单位体积含量和产率分别达到4.75 g/L和230 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),且为9.0 mmol/L Na NO3的BG-11培养基培养的3倍。通过沉降特性分析发现,藻细胞收获90 min后均完全沉降,具有较强的沉降性能。本研究标志链带藻能够耐受废水中较高的氮、磷浓度,且对废水中氮、磷有显著的去除作用;该藻能利用废水中的营养成分积累较高的生物量和淀粉含量并且藻细胞能快速沉降,具有极高的经济价值和应用价值,是一株淀粉生产能力较高和废水处理能力较强的极具开发潜力的藻株。     

呼伦贝尔草原生物量变化及其与环境因子的关系

根据呼伦贝尔草原大范围草地生物量的调查和实验数据,分析了该地区草地生物量的动态变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,沿着环境梯度,不同区域草地生物量差异显著,其变化与水分、温度变化关系不显著,与0～20cm土层的土壤有机碳含量呈正相关,而与土壤容重呈负相关。逐步多元回归表明,土壤有机碳是制约生物量变化的主要因素,可能是当地草地利用方式使土壤养分成为制约草地植物生长的限制因子,从而影响草地生物量。     

不同培养模式下魏氏真眼点藻生长和产油特性的研究

为了解魏氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos vischeri Hibberd)的生物学特性,探究"批量法"、"两步法"、"补料法"和"添加碳酸氢盐"4种不同培养模式对魏氏真眼点藻生长和油脂积累的影响,本文分别采用不同初始浓度的硝酸钠供应、更换培养基、分次少量补加硝酸钠及添加低浓度Na HCO3或NH4HCO3等方法培养魏氏真眼点藻。结果显示,"批量"培养下,硝酸钠浓度为3.0 mmol/L时藻细胞生物量达到8.41 g/L,油脂最高可达到65.16%,油脂产率为0.30 g·L-1·d-1。"两步法"和"补料法"培养对藻细胞油脂积累没有显著影响,而通过"添加碳酸氢盐"培养对该藻细胞生长和油脂积累的效果最显著,其中Na NO3+NH4HCO3组生物量达到11.56 g/L,油脂最高达60.92%,与相同氮浓度"批量"培养相比,生物质浓度提高了1.0 g/L,总脂含量提高了10%,大大提高了该藻的总脂产率(达到0.39 g·L-1·d-1)。因此,魏氏真眼点藻是一株高产油藻株,当添加低浓度碳酸氢铵时最有利于促进该藻生物质浓度和总脂含量的提高,这是一种最佳的培养模式,具有潜在的开发和利用价值。     

呼伦贝尔草原生物量变化及其与环境因子的关系

根据呼伦贝尔草原大范围草地生物量的调查和实验数据,分析了该地区草地生物量的动态变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,沿着环境梯度,不同区域草地生物量差异显著,其变化与水分、温度变化关系不显著,与0～20 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量呈正相关,而与土壤容重呈负相关。逐步多元回归表明,土壤有机碳是制约生物量变化的主要因素,可能是当地草地利用方式使土壤养分成为制约草地植物生长的限制因子,从而影响草地生物量。     

理化因子对谷皮菱形藻细胞密度及中性脂含量的影响

以高脂微藻谷皮菱形藻(Nitzschia palea NY025)为实验材料,探讨了利用光密度法和尼罗红荧光染色法测定细胞生长和细胞中性脂含量的可行性,进而研究了温度、光强及培养基中N、P、Si含量对藻细胞生长和中性脂积累的影响。结果表明:(1)谷皮菱形藻在675nm处存在最大吸收峰,细胞密度与OD675之间存在良好的线性关系,利用光密度法和尼罗红荧光染色法表征谷皮菱形藻生物量和中性脂含量操作简单,适用于高通量样品的测定;(2)谷皮菱形藻在20℃,光强160μmol m-2s-1时生长最快,在20℃,光强200μmol m-2s-1时,有利于中性脂积累;(3)培养基中N、P、Si浓度分别为80、120、100 mg/L时,有利于谷皮菱形藻细胞生长,其中,N元素影响最大,其次是P、Si,且N、P、Si三因子以及交互作用N×P与P×Si对藻株生长作用均为显著。培养基中N、P、Si浓度分别为80、120、50 mg/L时,利于中性脂积累,其中,N元素影响最大,其次是Si、P,且因子N、Si及交互作用N×P、N×Si作用均为显著;(4)可采用两步培养法,先使谷皮菱形藻细胞大量增殖,而后适当改变培养条件,以增加脂质合成。     

转Bt+CpTI基因棉花对根际土壤细菌及氨氧化细菌数量的影响

转基因棉花对根际土壤微生物的影响在转基因作物风险评估中具有重要意义。【目的】通过研究转基因棉花根际微生物群落变化来评估转基因棉花的生态风险。【方法】以转Bt+CpTI基因抗虫棉(SGK321)及非转基因亲本棉花石远321(SY321)根际土壤总细菌和氨氧化细菌为研究对象,分别在种植前和棉花的不同生长时期(蕾期、花期、铃期和絮期)取样。采用微滴数码PCR方法对土壤中总细菌16S rRNA和氨氧化细菌的功能基因amoA基因进行定量分析。【结果】结果发现两种棉花根际土壤中的总细菌数量随棉花生长的不同时期没有显著差异。但是对氨氧化细菌的定量结果表明随棉花不同生长时期,两种棉花根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌数量均发生显著变化,但变化趋势不同:在蕾期,SY321和SGK321根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌数量分别增加了4倍和2倍;在花期,SY321根际氨氧化细菌与蕾期相比显著降低至5.96×105copies/g dry soil,而SGK321根际氨氧化细菌则显著增加至1.25×106copies/g dry soil;在铃期,SY321根际氨氧化细菌显著增加至1.49×106copies/g dry soil,而SGK321根际土壤中氨氧化细菌数量没有发生显著变化;絮期两者均表现为降低,但差异显著。与非转基因棉花相比,转基因棉花根际土壤中的氨氧化细菌变化相对较为平缓。【结论】这表明氨氧化细菌数量既受棉花生长时期的影响,同时也受转基因棉花的影响,转基因棉花通过影响氨氧化细菌的数量减缓氨的转化速度,这在一定程度上有利于植物生长。     

环境因子对转基因鱼腥藻培养的影响

摇瓶中对转TNF-α基因鱼腥藻7120（Anabaenasp.PCC7120,pDC-TNF)混合培养条件进行了研究,在含蔗糖9g/L,NaNO32.25g/L的BG-11培养基混合培养时,得到最适培养条件接种量5%,光照强度为1000Lux,光/暗周期（光照时间/黑暗时间）12h/12h,温度25-30℃,自然初始pH值,100mL摇瓶装液量40mL,转基因鱼腥藻15d生物量可达到3g/L以上,可溶性蛋白含量接近30%,TNF表达水平大于22%,与自养相比,生物量增加82.06%,表达水平提高38.79%,证明混合营养型培养是转rhTNF-α基因鱼腥藻7120实现高密度,高表达培养的途径。     

杉木成熟林细根形态与功能特征的海拔梯度变异特点

为探究植物对环境变化的适应策略,在安徽省金寨县天马国家自然保护区,以不同海拔高度(750、850、1000、1150 m)杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)成熟林为对象,采用土钻法获取土壤细根样品,分别测定了不同海拔不同土层(0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm)土壤细根生物量、形态特征参数和碳氮含量。结果表明:(1)随海拔梯度增加,0—30 cm土层细根生物量、根长密度、比根长、表面积密度、体积密度均呈先减少后增加趋势,在海拔750 m生物量最大,其余指标在海拔1150 m最大;随土层深度增加,同一海拔细根生物量、根长密度、表面积密度、体积密度均呈减少趋势。(2)随海拔梯度增加,0—30 cm土层细根C和N含量呈先增加后减少趋势,C/N比呈先减少后增加再减少趋势;随土层深度增加,同一海拔细根C含量呈先减少后增加趋势,N含量呈降低趋势,C/N比呈上升趋势。(3)细根N含量与生物量、根长密度和体积密度显著正相关,C/N比与生物量、根长密度、表面积密度和体积密度极显著负相关。(4)土壤水分对细根生物量及其形态指标影响显著。     

Introduction: Have hunter-gatherers ever lived in tropical rain forest independently of agriculture?

It has often been assumed that peoples living today as foragers in tropical rain forests are remnants of paleolithic populations that have been subsisting in their forest habitats for millennia and have only recently come into contact with sources of domesticated plants and animals. Independently, the two of us have published articles that challenge this view and propose the hypothesis that hunter- gatherers could never have lived in tropical rain forest without direct or indirect access to cultivated foods. This article serves as an introduction to six articles in this issue of Human Ecology, all devoted to this hypothesis. To provide background for this journal's readers, we summarize here our original articles.     

Search for promoter sites of prokaryotic DNA using learning techniques

Using learning techniques previously described in this journal, we have built an expert system able to point to the start DNA point of a sequence and therefore to recognize a promoter. However, to build this system, we have focused on the TATA box and its environment. We have used this expert system to look for new promoters and also to construct new promoters. The results obtained are discussed.     

Pharmacological approaches to counter the toxicity of dopa

Summary Dopa and related catecholamines and their degradation products have been demonstrated to have neurotoxic potential in a number of cellular andin vivo experiments. Several mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved including generation of prooxidant products that subsequently oxidize membrane lipids and exposed macromolecules. We have utilized a neuronal culture of cerebellar granule cells to study the toxicity of Dopa and the ability of various neuroprotective and antiparkinsonian compounds to offer protection therefrom. This model is apparently based on the ability of Dopa to non-enzymatically induce an oxidative injury to the neuronal cultures. Evidence for this arises from the equal neurotoxic potency of L- and D-Dopa in these cells and the ability of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione to protect the neurons from this toxicity. Further, we found that the neuroprotective antioxidant, PNU-101033 is more effective and potent than vitamin E and deprenyl in this regard. Similarly the D2/D3 agonist, pramipexole is also capable of blocking Dopa toxicity in this model and this effect is independent of dopamine receptor affinity as both enantiomers are equally potent in this assay but disparate in receptor affinity. Also the protection by pramipexole is accompanied by the preservation of reduced glutathione. Thus, this activity seems to be a function of the oxidation potential of pramipexole and it's consequent antioxidant property. Potent antioxidants are effective blockers of Dopa toxicity. If the mechanisms involved in this toxicity have relevance to the progression of Parkinson's pathology in Dopa treated (or untreated) patients, these compounds have the potential to alter the course of the illness.     

Purification and characterization of a high-molecular-weight protein induced in rat serum during the development of cardiac hypertrophy

A relatively high-molecular-weight polypeptide was found in rat serum within 6 h after aortic constriction in experimental animals. This polypeptide persists for about 7 days of the postoperative period and disappears at later stage of hypertrophy (40%). Further, fractionation and purification of this protein through DEAE-Sepharose and gel filtration chromatography have revealed that this protein is a single polypeptide and its relative molecular weight is 135 kDa. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopic analysis have indicated the presence of the above polypeptide in the nuclear fraction of heart cells. Studies on phosphorylation in vitro have revealed that this protein is a phosphoprotein. DNase I sensitivity and hybridization using a muscle specific gene probe have indicated the involvement of this protein in template associated changes in heart nuclei. Further the possibility of this protein being synthesized by heart cells indicates that this protein could traverse back and forth between heart cells and the extracellular fluid, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine role for this protein during the development of cardiac hypertrophy.     

Association between the herpes simplex virus major DNA-binding protein and alkaline nuclease.

Herpes simplex virus encodes seven proteins which have been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for in vitro replication of origin-containing plasmids. We have shown previously that one of these proteins, the major DNA-binding protein mDBP, forms a complex with alkaline nuclease, which is not one of the seven essential proteins. In this study, we have employed immunological reagents and a series of deletion mutants to investigate this complex further. We have determined the regions of mDBP which are important in the formation of this complex, and we have shown that the intranuclear locations of alkaline nuclease and major DNA-binding protein overlap.     

A Teaching Framework for Cross-cultural Health Care—Application in Family Practice

Significant demographic changes in patient populations have contributed to an increasing awareness of the impact of cultural diversity on the provision of health care. For this reason methods are being developed to improve the cultural sensitivity of persons responsible for giving health care to patients whose health beliefs may be at variance with biomedical models.Building on methods of elicitation suggested in the literature, we have developed a set of guidelines within a framework called the LEARN model. Health care providers who have been exposed to this educational framework and have incorporated this model into the normal structure of the therapeutic encounter have been able to improve communication, heighten awareness of cultural issues in medical care and obtain better patient acceptance of treatment plans.The emphasis of this teaching model is not on the dissemination of particular cultural information, though this too is helpful. The primary focus is rather on a suggested process for improved communication, which we see as the fundamental need in cross-cultural patient-physician interactions.     

K+ fluxes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

All living cells accumulate high concentrations of K+ in order to keep themselves alive. To this end they have developed a great diversity of transporters. The internal level of K+ is the result of the net balance between the activities of the K+ influx and the K+ efflux transporters. Potassium fluxes have been extensively studied and characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, this is not the case in the fission yeast and, in addition, the information available indicates that both yeasts present substantial and interesting differences. In this paper we have reviewed and summarized the information on K+ fluxes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We have included some unpublished results recently obtained in our laboratory and, in particular, we have highlighted the significant differences found between the well-known yeast S. cerevisiae and the fission yeast Sch. pombe.     

The Principle of Procreative Beneficence: Old Arguments and A New Challenge

In the last ten years, there have been a number of attempts to refute Julian Savulescu's Principle of Procreative Beneficence; a principle which claims that parents have a moral obligation to have the best child that they can possibly have. So far, no arguments against this principle have succeeded at refuting it. This paper tries to explain the shortcomings of some of the more notable arguments against this principle. I attempt to break down the argument for the principle and in doing so, I explain what is needed to properly refute it. This helps me show how and why the arguments of Rebecca Bennett, Sarah Stoller and others fail to refute the principle. Afterwards, I offer a new challenge to the principle. I attack what I understand to be a fundamental premise of the argument, a premise which has been overlooked in the literature written about this principle. I argue that there is no reason to suppose, as Savulescu does, that morality requires us to do what we have most reason to do. If we reject this premise, as I believe we have reason to do, the argument for Procreative Beneficence fails.     

RNAi and microRNAs: from animal models to disease therapy

The discovery of the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) and its existence in mammals quickly suggested a great potential for use in disease therapy. Rapid advances have been made in the development of RNAi-based technologies and promising results have been obtained from studies on mammalian cell culture systems and animal in vivo models. However, the progress in our understanding of the RNAi pathway and the related function of microRNAs (miRNAs) have also raised concerns regarding various types of side effects that may restrict the use of this technology in human therapy. At the same time, our new knowledge about the functional roles of miRNAs as regulators of many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, development, and neuronal function, is revolutionizing cell biology and will have a major impact on medical research. In this review, we focus on the discoveries that have been made in animal models and how this insight can be translated to human medicine and disease therapy. In this connection, we will particularly discuss the challenges associated with the efforts to develop RNAi-based therapeutics.     

Human KIR sequences 2003

We have compiled the nucleotide sequences and their amino acid translations from a total of 89 Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) alleles, derived from 17 different KIR genes. The alignments use the KIR3DL2*001 allele as a reference sequence. Each of the KIR sequences included in these alignments has been checked and where discrepancies have arisen between reported sequences, the original authors have been contacted where possible, and necessary amendments to published sequences have been incorporated into this alignment. Future sequencing may identify errors in this list and we would welcome any evidence that helps to maintain the accuracy of this compilation.