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1.
The use of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) instead of oxidative bleaching agents such as peroxide is an alternative for the bleaching of mechanical pulp. By this approach, the chromophores of the wood components in the pulp are not destroyed chemically but the brightness of the pulp is achieved by increased re-emission of blue light in the range of 400–500 nm. In this study, a typical FWA and peroxide bleaching chemicals are compared with respect to both production and application in the pulp mill. The life-cycle inventory shows that, on the one hand, the production of the FWA leads to higher releases of salts and adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) to surface waters and that, on the other hand, significantly less FWA is required in the application step in order to reach the same pulp brightness. The life-cycle impact assessment of the production step is presented in terms of Eco-indicator 95. These results, however, do not cover the environmental fate of various chemicals released to the aquatic environment in the course of the bleaching/whitening step. Therefore, this part is assessed by means of a more detailed investigation of the chemicals' environmental fate in rivers and their aquatic toxicity. 相似文献
2.
Marrucci Luca Iraldo Fabio Daddi Tiberio 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(3):575-590
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The EU Ecolabel is a voluntary scheme that aims to reduce the overall environmental impact of organisations to boost sustainable consumption in... 相似文献
3.
Xylanases in bleaching: From an idea to the industry 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Liisa Viikari Anne Kantelinen Jorma Sundquist Matti Linko 《FEMS microbiology reviews》1994,13(2-3):335-350
Abstract: The utilization of hemicellulases in bleaching of kraft (sulphate) pulp is considered as one of the most important new large-scale industrial applications of enzymes. This is partly due to the great potential of an environmentally safe method. This method has in a short period also proven to be economically realistic. The main enzymes needed in the enzyme-aided bleaching have been shown to belong to the group of endo-/gb-xylanases. Xylanases act mainly on the relocated, reprecipitated xylan on the surface of the pulp fibres. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this specific type of xylan renders the structure of the fibres more permeable. The hydrolysis of xylan or mannan in the inner fibre layers may also enhance the bleachability. In practical process conditions, properties of the enzymes such as substrate specificity and the pH and temperature optima are of utmost importance. The benefits obtained by enzymes are dependent on the chemical bleaching sequence used as well as on the residual lignin content of pulp. The main goals in the enzyme-aided bleaching of kraft pulps have been the reduction of consumption of chlorine chemicals in the bleaching process and consequently lowering the AOX of the effluents. Enzymes have been applied as a pretreatment both in conventional (C/D)EDED and in ECF (elementary chlorine-free) bleaching sequences. In the production of TCF (totally chlorine-free) pulps, enzymes have also been successfully used for increasing the brightness of pulp. 相似文献
4.
Ana Cláudia Dias Luis Arroja Isabel Capela 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(7):521-528
Goal, Scope and Background The environmental sustainability is one of the current priorities of the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) was the methodology chosen to evaluate the sustainability of the printing and writing paper production activity. This
paper grade represents about 60% of the total production of paper in Portugal and its production is expected to increase in
the near future. The main goal of this study was to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with the entire
life cycle of the printing and writing paper produced in Portugal from Eucalyptus globulus pulp and consumed in Germany, in order to identify the processes with the largest environmental impacts. Another goal of
this study was to evaluate the effect on the potential environmental impacts of changing the market where the Portuguese printing
and writing paper is consumed: German market vs. Portuguese market.
Methods The main stages considered in this study were: forestry, pulp production, paper production, paper distribution, and paper
final disposal. Transports and production of chemicals, fuels and energy in the grid were also included in these stages. Whenever
possible and feasible, average or typical data from industry were collected. The remaining data were obtained from the literature
and specialised databases. A quantitative impact assessment was performed for five impact categories: global warming over
100 years, acidification, eutrophication, non-renewable resource depletion and photochemical oxidant formation.
Results In the German market scenario, the paper production stage was a remarkable hot spot for air emissions (non-renewable CO2, NOx and SO2) and for non-renewable energy consumption, and, consequently, for the impact categories that consider these parameters: global
warming, acidification and non-renewable resource depletion. These important environmental impacts are due to the energy requirements
in the printing and writing paper production process, which are fulfilled by on-site fuel oil burning and consumption of electricity
from the national grid, which is mostly based on the use of fossil fuels. The pulp production stage was identified as the
largest contributor to water emissions (COD and AOX) and to eutrophication. Considering that energy consumed by the pulp production
processes comes from renewable fuels, this stage was also the most contributing to renewable energy consumption.
Discussion The paper distribution stage showed an important contribution to NOx emissions, which, however, did not result in a major contribution to acidification or eutrophication. The final disposal
stage was the main contributor to the photochemical oxidant formation potential due to CH4 emissions from wastepaper landfilling. On the other hand, paper consumption in Portugal was environmentally more favourable
than in Germany for the parameters/impact categories where the paper distribution stage has a significant contribution (non-renewable
CO2, NOx, non-renewable energy consumption, acidification, eutrophication and non-renewable resource depletion) due to shorter distances
needed to deliver paper to the consumers. For the remaining parameters/impact categories, the increase observed in the final
disposal stage in the Portuguese market was preponderant, and resulted from the existence of significant differences in the
final disposal alternatives in the analysed markets (recycling dominates in Germany, whereas landfilling dominates in Portugal).
Conclusions The pulp and paper production stages were found to be of significance for almost all of the inventory parameters as well as
for the impact assessment categories. The paper distribution and the final disposal stages were only of importance for some
of the inventory parameters and some of the impact categories. The forestry stage played a minor role in the environmental
impacts generated during the paper life cycle. The consumption of paper in Portugal led to a decrease in the environmental
burdens of the paper distribution stage, but to an increase in the environmental burdens of the final disposal stage, when
compared with the consumption of paper in Germany.
Recommendations and Perspectives This study provides useful information that can assist the pulp and paper industry in the planning of future investments leading
to an increase in its sustainability.
The results of inventory analysis and impact assessment show the processes that play an important role in each impact category,
which allow the industry to improve its environmental performance, making changes not only in the production process itself,
but also in the treatment of flue gases and liquid effluents. Besides that concern regarding pollution prevention, other issues
with relevance to the context of sustainability, such as the energy consumption, can also be dealt with. 相似文献
5.
6.
Llorenç Milà i Canals Xavier Domènèch Joan Rieradevall Rita Puig Pere Fullana 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(1):39-46
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used to detect the environmental ‘hot spots’ in the chrome-tanned bovine leather industry. We have studied those stages in the life cycle of leather, which occur ‘from cradle to gate’. The production chain studied starts with the agricultural products (fertiliser and pesticide production is also included) needed for cattle raising, it is followed by the slaughterhouse, and ends at the tanning industry gate. Main chemicals and waste flows in and out of this chain have also been included in the analysis. One of the main conclusions is that the tannery is an important stage in most of the impact categories, mainly due to the landfilling of the tannery wastes. Agriculture and — to a lesser extent — cattle raising also play a very important role in most of the impact categories; the former, due to the related energy consumption and use of fertilisers, and the latter due to the emissions associated with animal care. The Autonomous Government of Catalonia is using the results of this study to establish the environmental criteria that a leather product must fulfil in order to attain the Catalan eco-label. 相似文献
7.
Duane A. Tolle David P. Evers Bruce W. Vigon John J. Sheehan 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(6):374-384
This study provides a benchmark of the life cycle environmental impact characteristics associated with a typical soybased
ink used for sheetfed lithographic printing. The scope ineluded a streamlined Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Impact Assessment
(LCIA). Materials, processes, and life cycle stages that are the same between different printing inks, or were less than one
percent by mass of the printing system input materials, were excluded. The LCIA included identification of specific processes
in the life cycle of soy-based ink printing that make the greatest contribution to the overall environmental hazard potential
in 13 impact categories for the baseline printing system selected. The LCIA approach included both regional scaling for areas
that differ in sensitivity to certain impact indicators and normalization against a reference value. Reduction in the use
of tall oil rosin and switching from conventional to low or no-till farming appear to be promising opportunities for reducing
the environmental hazard potential. 相似文献
8.
Life cycle assessment framework in agriculture on the farm level 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Guido Haas Frank Wetterich Uwe Geier 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(6):345-348
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method that can be used to assess the environmental impact of agriculture, but impact categories and the functional unit of classical LCA’s must be adapted to the specific agricultural production process. Serving as an example, the framework of a LCA of 18 grassland dairy farms covering three farming intensity levels and carried out in the Allgäu region in southern Germany is presented. By focussing on the chosen impact categories and the respective, suitable functional units, the specific needs and backgrounds of conducting an agricultural LCA are discussed in general. 相似文献
9.
Christian Capello Gregor Wernet Jürgen Sutter Stefanie Hellweg Konrad Hungerbühler 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(5):467-479
Background, aim, and scope Organic solvents are used in large quantities in the chemical, metal and electronics industries as well as in many consumer
products, such as coatings or paints, and are therefore among the most important chemicals. The petrochemical production of
organic solvents is a relevant environmental issue because fossil resources are needed (crude oil and natural gas), synthesis
processes are energy-intensive and cause considerable amounts of emissions. So far, comprehensive data on the environmental
impact are rather scarce. The aim of this paper is to therefore present a systematical environmental assessment of the main
petrochemical solvent production routes using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.
Methods Fifty organic solvents were selected covering the most important representatives from the various chemical groups (e.g., alcohols,
esters, ketones). To conduct the LCA, 40 new Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) were established and existing LCI were improved.
The petrochemical solvent production was structured into four production routes. In these production routes, the single chemical
unit processes (e.g. esterification, carbonylation or hydrogenation) were analyzed in order to determine characteristic environmental
impacts.
Results and discussion The four solvent production routes including the unit processes and intermediates are presented. Additionally, energy profiles
of these production routes are shown using the Cumulative Primary Energy Demand (CED) as an indicator for the environmental
impact. The results were cross-checked with the Global Warming Potential and the Eco-indicator 99 method and good correlations
were found. Processes that show high environmental impacts are the dehydration of butylene glycol to tetrahydrofuran, the
carbonylation of methanol to methyl formate, the hydrogenation of acetone to methyl isobutyl ketone, and the Reppe synthesis
of formaldehyd/acetylene to butylene glycol. Based on the energy profiles, ranges of environmental impacts are determined
for all unit processes. On the one hand, esterification and alkylation processes cause high CED values because complex ancillaries
are needed and hydroformylation and carbonylation processes are energy-intensive. On the other hand, in hydration, hydrogenation,
hydrolysis, and oxidation processes, ancillaries with low CED are added to the chemical structure that result in low CED ranges
for these unit processes. Dehydrogenation and molecular sieve separation processes seem to be energy efficient and no ancillaries
are required. Therefore, these unit processes cause the lowest CED values.
Perspectives Subject of further research in this field should be the environmental analysis of further process steps that include the presented
unit processes and a subsequent statistical analysis in order to derive reliable data ranges for all unit processes. Such
statistically robust ranges could be used in the approximation of missing life-cycle inventory data of other chemical products
and intermediates.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
10.
Karka Paraskevi Papadokonstantakis Stavros Kokossis Antonis 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2019,24(9):1675-1700
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Life cycle assessment (LCA) is generally considered as a suitable methodology for the evaluation of environmental impacts of processes. However,... 相似文献
11.
Sara González‐García Almudena Hospido Roland Agnemo Patrik Svensson Eva Selling Ma Teresa Moreira Gumersindo Feijoo 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2011,15(4):568-583
The pulp industry plays an important role in the structure of the European economy and society. The production of pulp has been traditionally considered an important source of pollution due to the use of large amounts of chemicals, fuels, and water and its intensive energy consumption. Currently, this situation is changing due to the potential use of biomass to produce value‐added products, which minimizes environmental impacts and increases sustainability. This article uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify and quantify the environmental impacts associated with a Swedish softwood‐based biorefinery where total chlorine‐free (TCF) dissolving cellulose is produced together with ethanol and lignosulfonates. The system was defined according to a cradle‐to‐gate perspective—that is to say, from forest activities to the output of the biorefinery mill. According to the results, forest activities associated with the production of soft roundwood play a minor role in all the environmental impact categories under study. In contrast, the production of chemicals consumed in the cooking and bleaching stages, the sludge treatment generated in the wastewater treatment plant, and the on‐site energy production system were identified as the elements that negatively contribute the most to all impact categories. The production of steam from biorefinery wastes, biogas, and methanol in external boilers reduces the environmental impact in all categories. Specific actions associated with the reuse of wastes and improved gas treatment systems would improve the environmental profile of this production activity. 相似文献
12.
McLean Shannon H. Chenier Jeff Muinonen Sari Moreau Kyle Laamanen Corey A. Scott John Ashley 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2022,27(5):655-664
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Metal ore smelters have significant environmental footprints due to very high energy consumption and the resulting large quantities of waste... 相似文献
13.
Castellani Valentina Sanyé-Mengual Esther Sala Serenella 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(10):2040-2055
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Current patterns of household goods consumption generate relevant environmental pressures and impacts. Environmental impacts are not only... 相似文献
14.
Mireille Rack Sonia Valdivia Guido Sonnemann 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(7):1413-1420
Purpose
The paper provides a late report from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)/Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Initiative workshop “Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)—where we are, trends, and next steps;” it embeds this report into recent development with regard to the envisaged development of global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators and related methodologies.Methods
The document is the output of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative’s workshop on “Life Cycle Impact Assessment—where we are, trends, and next steps.” The presentations and discussions held during the workshop reviewed the first two phases of the Life Cycle Initiative and provided an overview of current LCIA activities being conducted by the Initiative, governments and academia, as well as corporate approaches. The outcomes of the workshop are reflected in light of the implementation of the strategy for Phase 3 of the Life Cycle Initiative.Results
The range of views provided during the workshop indicated different user needs, with regards to, amongst other things, the required complexity of the LCIA methodology, associated costs, and the selection of LCIA categories depending on environmental priorities. The workshop’s results signified a number of potential focus areas for Phase 3 of the Initiative, including capacity building efforts concerning LCIA in developing countries and emerging economies, the preparation of training materials on LCIA, the production of global guidance on LCIA, and the potential development of a broader sustainability indicators framework.Conclusions
These suggestions have been taken into account in the strategy for Phase 3 of the Life Cycle Initiative in two flagship projects, one on global capability development on life cycle approaches and the other on global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators. In the context of the latter project, first activities are being organized and planned. Moreover, UNEP has included the recommendations in its Rio + 20 Voluntary Commitments: UNEP and SETAC through the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative commit to facilitate improved access to good quality life cycle data and databases as well as expanded use of key environmental indicators that allows the measurement and monitoring of progress towards the environmental sustainability of selected product chains. 相似文献15.
Seungdo Kim Taeyeon Hwang Michael Overcash 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(1):35-43
The environmental performance of a color computer monitor is investigated by implementing a Life Cycle Assessment. The goal
of this study is to collect LCI data of foreground systems, to identify hot spots, and to introduce life cycle thinking at
the product design stage. Secondary data are used in the background system, and site-specific data are collected in the foreground
system.
Results show that the use phase is the most contributing phase. The operating mode and the energy saving mode during the overall
use phase contribute to the total by 59% and by 9.9%, respectively. In the production phase, the cathode ray tube assembly
process and the printed circuit board assembly process are the most contributing processes. The sensitivity analysis on the
use pattern scenario shows that the contribution ratio of the use phase ranges from 32% to 84%. Even in the home use case,
which is the best case scenario, the use phase is one of the most contributing processes to the environmental performance
of the color computer monitor. There is no significant difference in the choice of the impact assessment methodologies for
identifying the improvement opportunities.
For the external use of Life Cycle Assessment in a short-run product for the market, it is recommended that Life Cycle Assessment
should be carried out in parallel with the product design stage. It is also necessary to have a pre-existing, in-house database
for a product group in order to accelerate life cycle procedures. 相似文献
16.
Vélez-Henao Johan Andrés Weinland Franz Reintjes Norbert 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(10):1943-1958
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The increase of shellfish production has raised environmental concerns, i.e., enrichment and redistribution of nutrients and energy consumption.... 相似文献
17.
Guo Shengcai Li Xin Zhao Ruiming Gong Yan 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(8):1545-1555
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental impact of the viscose fiber/lyocell fiber manufacturing industry and obtain... 相似文献
18.
19.
An extended life cycle analysis of packaging systems for fruit and vegetable transport in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stefan Albrecht Peter Brandstetter Tabea Beck Pere Fullana-i-Palmer Kaisa Grönman Martin Baitz Sabine Deimling Julie Sandilands Matthias Fischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2013,18(8):1549-1567
Purpose
The year-round supply of fresh fruit and vegetables in Europe requires a complex logistics system. In this study, the most common European fruit and vegetable transport packaging systems, namely single-use wooden and cardboard boxes and re-useable plastic crates, are analyzed and compared considering environmental, economic, and social impacts.Methods
The environmental, economic, and social potentials of the three transport packaging systems are examined and compared from a life cycle perspective using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Working Environment (LCWE) methodologies. Relevant parameters influencing the results are analyzed in different scenarios, and their impacts are quantified. The underlying environmental analysis is an ISO 14040 and 14044 comparative Life Cycle Assessment that was critically reviewed by an independent expert panel.Results and discussion
The results show that wooden boxes and plastic crates perform very similarly in the Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential categories; while plastic crates have a lower impact in the Eutrophication Potential and Abiotic Resource Depletion Potential categories. Cardboard boxes show the highest impacts in all assessed categories. The analysis of the life cycle costs show that the re-usable system is the most cost effective over its entire life cycle. For the production of a single crate, the plastic crates require the most human labor. The share of female employment for the cardboard boxes is the lowest. All three systems require a relatively large share of low-qualified employees. The plastic crate system shows a much lower lethal accident rate. The higher rate for the wooden and cardboard boxes arises mainly from wood logging. In addition, the sustainability consequences due to the influence of packaging in preventing food losses are discussed, and future research combining aspects both from food LCAs and transport packing/packaging LCAs is recommended.Conclusions
For all three systems, optimization potentials regarding their environmental life cycle performance were identified. Wooden boxes (single use) and plastic crates (re-usable) show preferable environmental performance. The calibration of the system parameters, such as end-of-life treatment, showed environmental optimization potentials in all transport packaging systems. The assessment of the economic and the social dimensions in parallel is important in order to avoid trade-offs between the three sustainability dimensions. Merging economic and social aspects into a Life Cycle Assessment is becoming more and more important, and their integration into one model ensures a consistent modeling approach for a manageable effort. 相似文献20.
Environmental impact of meal service catering for dependent senior citizens in Danish municipalities
Saxe Henrik Jensen Jørgen Dejgård Bølling Laugesen Susanne M. Bredie Wender L. P. 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2019,24(4):654-666
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - This study aims at defining and quantifying strategies to reduce the environmental impact caused by public and private Danish meal service... 相似文献