栽培条件对灵芝子实体中四种重金属含量的影响

以不同灵芝品种、不同栽培基质、不同栽培方式、不同生长时期获得的菌草灵芝和木屑灵芝为原料,对栽培基质及灵芝子实体中铅、砷、汞、镉4种重金属的含量参照国际标准进行检测,结果表明虽然菌草栽培基质中重金属含量高于木屑栽培基质,但菌草灵芝对重金属富集率远低于木屑灵芝,成熟期的菌草灵芝与木屑灵芝中的重金属含量均低于农业行业标准和国家标准。因此菌草可以替代木屑用作灵芝栽培的营养来源。     

几种葱属植物的营养成分比较分析

对几种野生与栽培种葱属植物营养成分进行测定和比较分析,结果表明：几种葱属植物因种类和栽培方式不同,营养成分含量也不同。大蒜鳞茎的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量分别为733%、1583%,比其他野生和栽培种葱属植物高;韭菜嫩茎的维生素C含量最高,为2314%;棱叶蒜鳞茎的粗脂肪含量、游离氨基酸含量比其他野生与栽培种葱属植物高,分别为1583%、1616%。     

广西几个姜黄品种姜黄油GC-MS分析

通过对广西地区栽培的三个姜黄品种:博白姜黄、大新姜黄、市场姜黄的姜黄油GC-MS分析,比较不同姜黄品种姜黄油成分的差异性,为筛选特定姜黄品种提供依据。不同姜黄品种其主要成分含量差异显著,主成份姜黄酮(含芳香-姜黄酮)含量依次为博白姜黄56.07%、大新姜黄47.79%、市场姜黄28.38%,市场姜黄的姜黄酮含量只有博白姜黄的一半。因此从姜黄油主要成份(含量>20%)姜黄酮含量来考察,以种植博白姜黄为最好。     

不同品种的地黄低聚糖含量的比较研究

采用HPLc-ELSD法,对6个不同品种(包括野生和栽培)地黄的低聚糖进行含量测定.测定结果表明:不同的地黄品种低聚糖含量差异比较显著;栽培品种‘85 -5’、‘9302’和‘北京1号’低聚糖含量比较接近;野生品种‘BA3’的水苏糖含量普遍较低,而蔗糖含量比较高;‘北京1号’水苏糖含量较高,总低聚糖含量比较均衡,占干重...     

设施栽培下3个品种番木瓜的营养成分分析

测定了引进的3个番木瓜品种在设施栽培条件下,果实的水分、灰分、p H值、可溶性固形物、粗多糖和木瓜蛋白酶活力等6大营养成分的含量,并与海南产番木瓜进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:引进的3个番木瓜品种间灰分、可溶性固形物、木瓜蛋白酶活性具有显著差异,同一品种在不同时期其果实的各项营养指标也具有显著性差别。引进的番木瓜在设施栽培条件下果实的品质均不如海南产的果实。本研究结果为水果之王番木瓜的南果北种提供理论依据。     

生菜矿质养分特性的品种差异比较研究

为了探明生菜不同品种类型之间的矿质养分特性差异,本实验采用深水栽培方式,比较研究了玻璃生菜、油麦菜和意大利生菜3个品种在不同生长时期地上部Fe、Zn、Ca含量的差异,以及根际缺氧处理对3个品种地上部Fe、Zn、Ca含量的影响.结果表明,随着植株的生长,3个品种地上部的Fe、Zn、Ca含量均呈上升趋势,到出苗后50 d达到最高水平,随后稍有下降.3个品种地上部3种矿质养分含量由高到低的顺序依次是：意大利生菜、玻璃生莱、油麦菜.但3个品种地上部的生长速率的大小顺序却相反.根际缺氧处理（以正常通气栽培植株作对照）均使3个品种地上部的Fe、Zn、Ca含量下降,其中意大利生菜所受的影响最大,其地上部的Fe、Zn、Ca含量分别比对照降低18.04%、12.70%、17.56%;油麦菜的影响最小,其地上部Fe、Zn、Ca含量的降低率不及意大利生菜的一半;玻璃生菜地上部Fe、Ca含量受影响比较大,分别比对照降低10.54%和14.79%,但Zn含量的影响比较小.     

栽培条件对灵芝子实体的三萜组成及其活性的影响

以不同灵芝品种、不同栽培基质、不同管理方式、不同生长时期获得的灵芝子实体为原料,用95%乙醇超声提取,对提取物进行了含量测定、三萜组成分析和体外抗肿瘤实验。结果表明,不同子实体醇提物中三萜和甾醇类物质的含量在4.60-6.20mg/g之间;高效液相分析发现10种三萜化合物的种类和含量在样品间存在明显差异。所有灵芝子实体醇提物对肿瘤细胞L1210的增殖均有一定的抑制作用,开伞期的灵芝子实体醇提物抑制肿瘤增殖的活性优于其他生长时期。     

不同类型灵芝品种的农艺性状、显微结构以及功能成分的比较

以育粉灵芝‘G-HN01’、‘G-XZ01’、‘G-LQ01’和育芝灵芝‘G-LQ02’两类品种为比较研究对象,进行袋料栽培实验。观测比较发现4个灵芝品种的菌丝生长速度和袋料栽培模式的子实体农艺性状差异显著;利用扫描电镜观测比较两种类型灵芝品种子实体显微结构差异,无孢子品种在显微结构上与其他3种育粉灵芝有着明显的区别;测定4个品种代料栽培子实体中功效成分及总的抗氧化能力,结果显示3个育粉品种之间功效成分和抗氧化活性上有显著差异,但育粉品种和育芝品种之间含量差异不显著。     

西昌引种栽培油橄榄果中5种金属元素主成分及聚类分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法,对西昌的从6个不同国家引种栽培的15个油橄榄品种成熟果实(果肉和种子)中的Zn、Ca、Mn、Mg和Fe 5种重要金属元素进行了含量测定,并对测定结果进行了主成分分析和聚类分析,以确定引种油橄榄果实的特征金属元素并对该15个品种进行分类。结果表明:果肉及种子中5种金属元素的含量高低顺序均为CaMgFeZnMn,种子中Ca、Zn、Mn的含量均高于果肉,而果肉中Mg、Fe含量均高于种子;果肉中的Mn、Mg、Fe和种子中的Ca是西昌引种栽培油橄榄果实的特征金属元素;15个品种可聚为5类。这在一定程度上反映出油橄榄果实中的这5种金属元素的含量在不同品种之间存在着遗传差异,这种差异可作为油橄榄品种鉴定和分类的重要参考依据。     

有机及生态绿色栽培对猕猴桃果实品质的影响

以中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis Planch.）品种‘H-1’为材料,研究有机栽培和生态绿色栽培模式对其可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、Vc、氨基酸、矿物元素和香气等果实品质性状的影响。结果显示：生态绿色栽培的‘H-1’中,果实可溶性固形物、总糖和Vc含量比有机栽培的果实分别高出15.90%、26.30%和29.25%,其中Vc的差异最为明显;总酸含量与有机栽培种相差不大;有机栽培的‘H-1’中必需氨基酸的含量是生态绿色栽培种的1.69倍,且锌和钙的含量也高于生态绿色栽培,但钾元素含量相差不明显;生态绿色栽培的‘H-1’果实中可检出的果香成分比有机栽培多5种。研究结果表明栽培方式不同,猕猴桃果实品质表现出一定差异,可根据果实鲜食及加工用途的不同选择合适的栽培方式。     

Candidate genes and quantitative trait loci affecting fruit ascorbic acid content in three tomato populations

Fresh fruit and vegetables are a major source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), an important antioxidant for the human diet and also for plants. Ascorbic acid content in fruit exhibits a quantitative inheritance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for ascorbic acid content have been mapped in three tomato populations derived from crosses between cultivated tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum accessions) and three related wild species or subspecies. The first population consists of a set of introgression lines derived from Solanum pennellii, each containing a unique fragment of the wild species genome. The second population is an advanced backcross population derived from a cross between a cultivated tomato and a Solanum habrochaites (formerly Lycopersicum hirsutum) accession. The third population is a recombinant inbred line population derived from the cross between a cherry tomato line and a large fruited line. Common regions controlling ascorbic acid content have been identified on chromosomes 2, 8, 9, 10, and 12. In general, the wild alleles increased ascorbic acid content, but some improvement could also be provided by S. lycopersicum. Most QTLs appeared relatively stable over years and in different environments. Mapping of candidate genes involved in the metabolism of ascorbic acid has revealed a few colocations between genes and QTLs, notably in the case of a monodehydroascorbate reductase gene and a QTL present in two of the populations on chromosome 9 (bin 9-D), and a previously mapped GDP-mannose epimerase and a QTL on chromosome 9 (bin 9-J).     

SNP genotyping reveals genetic diversity between cultivated landraces and contemporary varieties of tomato

Background

The tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.) is the most widely grown vegetable in the world. It was domesticated in Latin America and Italy and Spain are considered secondary centers of diversification. This food crop has experienced severe genetic bottlenecks and modern breeding activities have been characterized by trait introgression from wild species and divergence in different market classes.

Results

With the aim to examine patterns of polymorphism, characterize population structure and identify putative loci under positive selection, we genotyped 214 tomato accessions (which include cultivated landraces, commercial varieties and wild relatives) using a custom-made Illumina SNP-panel. Most of the 175 successfully scored SNP loci were found to be polymorphic. Population structure analysis and estimates of genetic differentiation indicated that landraces constitute distinct sub-populations. Furthermore, contemporary varieties could be separated in groups (processing, fresh and cherry) that are consistent with the recent breeding aimed at market-class specialization. In addition, at the 95% confidence level, we identified 30, 34 and 37 loci under positive selection between landraces and each of the groups of commercial variety (cherry, processing and fresh market, respectively). Their number and genomic locations imply the presence of some extended regions with high genetic variation between landraces and contemporary varieties.

Conclusions

Our work provides knowledge concerning the level and distribution of genetic variation within cultivated tomato landraces and increases our understanding of the genetic subdivision of contemporary varieties. The data indicate that adaptation and selection have led to a genomic signature in cultivated landraces and that the subpopulation structure of contemporary varieties is shaped by directed breeding and largely of recent origin. The genomic characterization presented here is an essential step towards a future exploitation of the available tomato genetic resources in research and breeding programs.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-835) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Assessment of genetic variation among commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) varieties using SSR markers and morphological characteristics

Simple sequence repeats (SSR) is one of the most suitable markers for variety identification as it has great discrimination power for varieties with limited genetic variation. Genetic characterization of commercial tomato varieties was investigated using 33 SSR markers and 22 morphological traits. Thirty three SSR primer pairs were screened for 63 tomato varieties. A total of 132 polymorphic amplified fragments were obtained by using 33 SSR markers. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.628 ranging from 0.210 to 0.880. One hundred thirty two SSR loci were used to calculate Jaccard's distance coefficients for UPGMA cluster analysis. A clustering group of varieties, based on the results of SSR analysis, were categorized into cherry and classic fruit type varieties. Almost all of the varieties were discriminated by SSR marker genotypes. The relationship between morphological and molecular data for 33 varieties out of 63 varieties was analyzed using Mantel matrix correspondence test. The correlation value between two methods was 0.644. However, SSR based dendrogram topology showed some similar form with morphological traits at the two main groups. Therefore, these markers may be used wide range of practical application in variety identification and pre-screening for distinctiveness test of tomato varieties.     

High-Density SNP Genotyping of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Reveals Patterns of Genetic Variation Due to Breeding

The effects of selection on genome variation were investigated and visualized in tomato using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. 7,720 SNPs were genotyped on a collection of 426 tomato accessions (410 inbreds and 16 hybrids) and over 97% of the markers were polymorphic in the entire collection. Principal component analysis (PCA) and pairwise estimates of F _st supported that the inbred accessions represented seven sub-populations including processing, large-fruited fresh market, large-fruited vintage, cultivated cherry, landrace, wild cherry, and S. pimpinellifolium. Further divisions were found within both the contemporary processing and fresh market sub-populations. These sub-populations showed higher levels of genetic diversity relative to the vintage sub-population. The array provided a large number of polymorphic SNP markers across each sub-population, ranging from 3,159 in the vintage accessions to 6,234 in the cultivated cherry accessions. Visualization of minor allele frequency revealed regions of the genome that distinguished three representative sub-populations of cultivated tomato (processing, fresh market, and vintage), particularly on chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 6, and 11. The PCA loadings and F _st outlier analysis between these three sub-populations identified a large number of candidate loci under positive selection on chromosomes 4, 5, and 11. The extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) was examined within each chromosome for these sub-populations. LD decay varied between chromosomes and sub-populations, with large differences reflective of breeding history. For example, on chromosome 11, decay occurred over 0.8 cM for processing accessions and over 19.7 cM for fresh market accessions. The observed SNP variation and LD decay suggest that different patterns of genetic variation in cultivated tomato are due to introgression from wild species and selection for market specialization.     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状及番茄产量和品质的影响

本试验研究了两株益生细菌(巨大芽孢杆菌BM和解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA)与化肥和蚓粪配施对土壤性状、番茄产量和品质的影响．结果表明:与化肥相比,在等养分条件下蚓粪能够提高番茄产量、果实可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,并提高土壤pH和速效磷含量．与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅能提高番茄产量、果实可溶性糖、蛋白质、维生素C含量和糖酸比,降低有机酸和硝态氮含量,而且增加了土壤pH和硝态氮含量,降低了土壤电导率;益生菌与化肥配施的效果不如益生菌与蚓粪配施．BA和BM与化肥或蚓粪配施时,番茄品质无显著差异,但BA配施蚓粪处理的番茄产量显著高于BM配施蚓粪处理;BM与化肥配施处理显著提高了土壤速效磷含量,而BA与蚓粪配施处理则显著提高了土壤速效钾含量．本研究表明,益生菌和蚓粪可替代化肥用于番茄生产和土壤肥力改良.     

成串采收对番茄果实采后乙烯合成及贮藏品质的影响

为研究成串采收对番茄果实采后乙烯合成及贮藏品质的影响,对广西田阳县两个栽培区两种嫁接砧木的串收番茄的采后生理指标进行测定,探讨了该采收方式对番茄果实采后保鲜的作用机制。结果表明:整个贮藏期,不同栽培区不同嫁接砧木的番茄成串采收的果实,乙烯生成量明显低于对照的常规单果采收。其中,砧木1号Ⅰ区的串收番茄的乙烯生成量,采后5 d即下降至最低点(0.35 nL·g~(-1)·h~(-1)),显著低于其对照(1.36 nL·g~(-1)·h~(-1)),其他栽培区和砧木组合的串收番茄,在采后15 d乙烯生成量达到最低值。串收番茄的类胡萝卜素、番茄红素和抗坏血酸等果实内天然抗氧化物质的含量,在贮藏前期快速升高,且峰值显著高于对照。此外,成串采收处理还一定程度抑制了果实后熟阶段可溶性糖的积累和可滴定酸的分解。因此,番茄成串采收处理,可能通过抑制果实采后乙烯的合成,同时提高类胡萝卜素、番茄红素和抗坏血酸的水平,并且推迟糖和酸等营养物质的后熟变化进程,实现其延长果实货架期,提高商品品质的作用。     

水分和盐分胁迫对番茄植株生长和木质部水力特性的影响

木质部是植株体内水分传输的主要通路,其水力特性的变化会影响植株的水分关系和果实的水分积累。目前关于番茄植株木质部解剖结构和水力特性对水分和盐分胁迫的响应及其与植株生长和果实含水量之间的关系尚不明确。本研究通过日光温室番茄盆栽试验,设置3个处理:对照,土壤含水量(θ)为75%～95%田间持水量(FC),初始电导率(EC)为0.398 dS·m^-1;水分胁迫,开花前θ为75%～95% FC,开花后至成熟期θ为45%～65% FC,EC为0.398 dS·m^-1;盐分胁迫,θ为75%～95% FC,EC为1.680 dS·m^-1,研究了樱桃型番茄(红宝石)和中果型番茄(北番501)植株在水分和盐分胁迫下的植株生长、果实含水量以及木质部水力特性的变化。结果表明: 与对照相比,水分和盐分胁迫下茎秆横截面积和木质部导管直径分别减小了22.0%～40.7%和10.0%～18.3%,茎秆比导水率和桁架柄比导水率分别降低了8.8%～41.1%和12.9%～28.4%,抑制了植株生长,减少了地上部鲜重、果实大小、果实鲜重和含水量,且与樱桃型番茄相比,中果型番茄的降幅更大。此外,果实含水量分别与茎秆和桁架柄比导水率呈显著正相关。综上,番茄植株在水分和盐分胁迫下木质部水力特性指标减小,生长被抑制,果实鲜重显著降低,最终导致产量降低。其中,中果型番茄相较于樱桃型番茄对水分和盐分胁迫更敏感。     

昼夜温差对番茄生长发育、产量及果实品质的影响

在3间人工气候室精密受控环境中,保持日平均温度为22 ℃,设置昼夜温差分别为6 ℃(25 ℃/19 ℃)、8 ℃(26 ℃/18 ℃)、10 ℃(27 ℃/17 ℃),研究昼夜温差对番茄生长的影响.结果表明: 番茄不同品种、不同生长时期适宜的昼夜温差条件不同.番茄开花前,与6 ℃温差相比,8 ℃温差可显著加快野生种醋栗番茄LA1781生长发育,使幼苗株高增加23.1%,出叶加快1～2片,开花提前7 d;10 ℃温差对LA1781苗期的促进作用与8 ℃温差相似.对栽培种普通番茄LA2397和LA0490来说,6 ℃温差使幼苗生长良好,8 ℃温差对幼苗无显著促进作用;与6 ℃温差相比,10 ℃温差对苗期生长及开花有抑制作用,使株高降低12.0%～18.3%,出叶慢2～3片,开花推迟2～4 d.10 ℃温差使3个品种番茄地上部分干质量增加25.2%～44.2%.番茄开花后,与6 ℃温差相比,10 ℃温差可显著提高LA1781的产量和果实品质,使果实数增加34.7%,单株产量增加92.1%,平均单果质量增加40.0%,果实可溶性糖含量增加16.3%,番茄红素含量增加95.6%.与6 ℃温差相比,LA2397和LA0490在8 ℃温差下产量和果实品质提高,番茄红素含量增加超过2倍;在10 ℃温差下产量略有降低(5.0%),果实含糖量降低,但果实尺寸和番茄红素含量增加.表明番茄苗期生长温差不宜过大,花果期适当增大昼夜温差可提高产量和果实品质,但温差过大易造成生长不良和减产.     

根系分区交替灌溉条件下水肥供应对番茄果实硝酸盐含量的影响

为了研究根系分区交替灌溉条件下灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥及有机肥用量对番茄果实硝酸盐含量的影响,采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过盆栽试验,建立了番茄果实中硝酸盐含量与水肥因子的数学模型,并对各单一因素的效应及两两因素的耦合效应进行了分析。结果表明,在其他因子为中间水平时,番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,随灌水量呈先降低后增加的变化规律;随施氮量和施磷量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随有机肥用量呈逐渐增加的趋势;但不受钾肥用量的影响。交互效应表现为,施磷量与有机肥用量、施氮量与施磷量间的相互作用会促使番茄果实硝酸盐含量提高;灌水量与施钾量和有机肥量、施氮量与施钾量间的相互作用有利于降低番茄果实硝酸盐累积。耦合效应表现为,除不施有机肥时随灌水量增加番茄果实硝酸盐含量显著增加外,对于其它任何有机肥及钾肥施用水平,果实硝酸盐含量皆随灌水量增加呈先减小后增加趋势;灌水量高于中水平时,番茄果实硝酸盐含量随着钾肥与有机肥用量的增加而减少。不论施磷量与施钾量如何变化,番茄果实硝酸盐含量皆随施氮量呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,降低氮肥用量同时提高磷肥用量有利于降低番茄果实硝酸盐累积,而提高施钾量仅在施氮量高于中水平时能显著降低番茄果实硝酸盐含量。适当增加磷肥用量、减小有机肥用量能显著降低番茄果实硝酸盐的累积。     

A potential threat to tomato,a congener crop to potato from invaded potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Potato tuber moth (PTM) is a primary pest of potato which had invaded into Korea in 1968 and its distribution was restricted in the southern part of the peninsula. Possibly due to the climate change, its distribution expanded toward the Northern part of South Korea including Gyounggi and Gangwon province where tomato production is high. Host expansion and damage potential of PTM was evaluated on tomato, a congeneric crop of potato. Three commercial varieties of tomato (Dafnis, Bangul and Jujube) and a potato (Superior-Sumi) were subjected to PTM larvae. The results showed that host suitability of tomato to PTM was lower than potato, but PTM could completely develop and reproduce on tomato leaves or fruits. Development time was varied relative to tomato varieties and plant age. PTM showed lower performance on the leaves and fruits of cherry type tomatoes. Higher survival was observed in the large sized fruit of tomato varieties. This study showed substantial evidence that the invaded PTM could damage the tomato cultivation.