鳜鱼视觉特性及其对捕食习性适应的研究Ⅰ．视网膜电图光谱敏感性和适应特性

采用电生理方法研究了夜行性凶猛鱼类鳜鱼视网膜电图的一般特性、光谱敏感性和适应特性。顷鱼的视网膜电图不显示典型的混合型视网膜特征。明视和暗视视网膜电图的光谱敏感曲线形状基本相同,峰值都在５３０ｎｍ处,没有出现Ｐｕｒｋｉｎｊｅ氏位移。明适应曲线仅出现下降型变化,暗适应过程异常缓慢。鳜鱼的视网膜仅存在单一的光感受系统,即暗视系统,不可能形成色觉。但级鱼视网膜具有很高的光敏感性,适于弱光视觉。     

海水鱼趋光特性的电生理研究——Ⅱ.蓝圆鲹、鲐鱼视网膜电图 b 波的光谱敏感性

1.鲹ERG b波的暗视光谱敏感曲线峰值在490毫微米,和视色素吸收光谱相比较,短波段(小于456毫微米)曲线上翘,长波段也偏高。前者已证明主要是由于角膜和水晶体的散射和萤光特性,后者可能是由于网膜内包含另一种敏感峰偏长波段的色素,或在暗视条件下有明视系统参与活动。鲐的暗视光敏曲线峰值在480毫微米,和视色素吸收光谱吻合得很好。2.当背景光强(白光)达到一定水平(4.07微瓦/平方厘米),鲹的光敏曲线发生浦肯野位移,峰值移至520毫微米。鲐发生浦氏位移的光强水平要高一些(40.7微瓦/平方厘米),峰值移至525毫微米。     

鳜鱼视觉特性及其对捕食习性适应的研究

采用电生理方法研究了夜行性凶猛鱼类鳜鱼视网膜电图的一般特性,光谱敏感性和适应特性。鳜鱼的视网膜电图不显示典型的混合型视网膜特征,明视和暗视视网膜电图的光谱敏感曲线形状基本相同,峰值都在５３０ｎｍ处,没有出现Ｐｕｒｋｉｎｊｅ氏位移,明适应曲线仅出现下降型变化,暗适应过程异常缓慢,鳜鱼的视网膜仅存在单一的光感受系统,即暗视系统,不可能形成色觉,但鳜鱼视网膜具有很高的光敏感性,适于弱光视觉。     

海水鱼趋光特性的电生理研究——Ⅲ.鲐鱼视顶盖诱发电位的一般特性和光谱敏感性

1.记录和分析了鲐鱼中脑视顶盖诱发电位(VETP)。波形基本特征同淡水鱼。2.在暗视条件下,光强和振幅间关系无简单规律可循,但峰潜伏期和光强关系满足关系式log(IT)=αlogⅠ+β,其中IT 为峰潜伏期;Ⅰ为刺激光强;α、β为常数。在明视时,此关系式在一定光强范围内依然成立。3.不同强度明适应时和暗适应过程中峰潜伏期的变化表明,决定峰潜伏期的主要因素是刺激光强,和网膜的适应状态关系不大。4.VETP 的暗适应曲线和ERG 的相同。5.VETP 暗视光谱敏感曲线和杆细胞视色素吸收光谱吻合得很好,提示在暗视条件下VETP 单一地反映了杆细胞的活动。在背景光强达4.07微瓦/平方厘米(角膜水平),短波段相对敏感度降低,长波段升高,但峰值并未向长波段位移。结合ERG 的结果推测,在更高背景光强时发生光谱敏感性的浦肯野位移是可能的。     

锯缘青蟹视网膜电图特性的昼夜节律变化

本文系统地分析了锯缘青蟹scylla serrata视网膜电图特性(敏感度、光谱敏感性和波形)的昼夜节律性变化。这种节律性可能主要是由于视网膜屏蔽色素位置的昼夜变化所致,但也可能存在另一种机制。     

蝗虫复眼光谱敏感性的比较研究——Ⅱ.视网膜电图的光谱敏感曲线

(1)用视网膜电图(ERG)方法测定了9种蝗虫在黑暗、蓝光和橙光适应下的光谱敏感性。(2)9种蝗虫的碚适应光谱敏感曲线峰值均在520—546nm 之间。(3)橙光或蓝光明适应导致不同程度的峰值位移,蓝区的相对敏感性提高,这与光引起屏蔽色素移动效应有关。(4)黑背蝗和稻蝗复眼表面均没有黑白间,橙光适应时出现第二个峰值在蓝区,而蓝光适应则压抑蓝区的敏感性。可能这两种蝗虫还具有蓝敏视色素。(5)佛蝗和黄脊蝗复眼表面均有明显的黑白相间的区域,在有色光适应下这两种蝗虫的光谱敏感性变化最小,没有证据说明多于一种光敏色素。     

蝗虫复眼光谱敏感性的比较研究——Ⅰ.屏蔽色素显微分光光谱的测量

用显微分光光谱法,测定了9种蝗虫复眼两类屏蔽色素的光密度。咖啡色屏蔽色素在400—520nm 波段密度最高,在深红区密度最低。反光屏蔽色素在365—390nm 波段的密度最高,在深红区最低。此外还测定了9种蝗虫之一的黄脊蝗复眼的光屏蔽色素的反射光谱,结果显示在近紫外和橙红区反光率最高。关于屏蔽色素对蝗虫视觉功能如光谱敏感性、明适应、视锐度、视色素和间视紫红之间的转化等问题曾加以讨论。     

小苎麻赤蛱蝶复眼的紫外光敏感性

用电生理方法细胞外记录并测定完整的小苎麻赤蛱蝶(Vanessa cardui)成虫复眼的光谱敏感特性.暗适应下,所测光谱在波长约530毫微米处有最大敏感峰.近紫外光波长355—360毫微米处也呈现较高的敏感次峰,它可被长波段适应光选择性地增高和分离.当复眼为短波段适应光作用时,355—360毫微米峰基本上被抑制,并导致530毫微米处敏感性的增加和分离.小苎麻赤蛱蝶复眼可能分别含有吸收峰在530和355—360毫微米的两类视色素.     

锯缘青蟹精巢发育的组织学观察

组织学观察表明,锯缘青蟹（Scylla serrata)精巢发育周期可以分为精原细胞期,精母细胞期,精子细胞期,精子期和休止期5个时期。在划分精巢发育期的基础上,结合生精小管直径的成熟节段比例这2个指标,可以较准确地反映锯缘青解精巢的发育状况。而成熟节段比例可以作为锯缘青蟹精巢发育的表征指标。     

海水鱼趋光特性的电生理研究——Ⅰ.蓝圆鲹、鲐鱼视网膜电图的一般特性

1.记录和分析了我国主要中上层趋光鱼——蓝圆鲹、鲐鱼在位完整眼的视网膜电图(ERG)。ERG 显示典型的混合型视网膜的特征。ERG 对缺氧极敏感,在阻断循环水几分钟后,b 波迅速减小,留下PIII 和c 波。2.暗视b 波振幅与刺激强度的关系可用非线性方程V/V_(最大)=I~a/(I~a+K)描述。其中V为相应于光强Ⅰ时b 波振幅;V_(最大)为b 波最大振幅;a 和K 均为常数。3.在强光明适应后,鲐b 波阈值在1小时内回复至暗视水平,但鲹却极缓慢,整个暗适应进程超过3小时。4.在明适应过程中,b 波振幅有两种不同类型的变化:当背景光强低时,随适应时间振幅逐渐下降,但当背景光强超过一定水平(40微瓦/平方厘米)后,却随适应时间而增大,这可能是明视系统的适应特点。5.鲹、鲐辨增阈曲线显示相似的特点:当背景光强低时,光强的变化并不引起辨增阈的明显变化,但超过一定水平后两者就是线性关系。不同波长的曲线随着背景光强的增加呈现交叉的趋势,表明存在着几种光谱敏感度不同的感受系统。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.