灰喜鹊的繁殖生态和巢位选择：Ⅱ.巢位选择

灰喜鹊在吉林省梅河口市海龙水库地区是常见的留鸟。利用灰喜鹊防治森林虫害已经取得了一定的效果［１～３］,但对灰喜鹊的繁殖习性,生态规律及食性的研究还尚少［４～７］,对灰喜鹊巢位选择的研究亦属空白。因此,本文在吉林省环保局“梅河口市海龙水库水源涵养林保护...     

普通鳾的巢位选择和繁殖成功巢特征

普通对巢位具有选择性,利用树种共7种,利用率不同,利用树洞类型有两种,啄洞利用率高,结洞低。洞口朝向在西至西偏北45°方向的树洞利用率最低,其它方向差异不大。洞口处树的直径、洞口纵径、洞内径、洞深和洞周围10m范围,树的密度5个巢位变量在利用和未利用树洞之间差异极显著(P<001),洞口横径,洞口处树干与垂直方向夹角和洞口方向90°角10m范围树的密度差异显著(P<005),其余变量差异不显著(P>005)。23巢平均窝卵数778±095,孵化率8994%,出飞率9627%。30个巢中成功巢和失败巢的11个巢位特征比较发现,洞高和洞口方向90°角10m范围内树的密度差异极显著,洞口纵径和洞口横径差异显著,其余变量差异不显著。     

灰喜鹊的生态观察

灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyana interposia)本地俗名叫鸢喜鹊,沂蒙山区叫山喜鹊、喳喳子,鲁西叫长尾巴郎,陕西秦岭一带叫灰鹊。它对针阔叶林害虫,特别是松毛虫有很好的抑制作用。我县在开展以鸟治虫中。从1977年开始对灰喜鹊生态作了初步观察和驯化饲养,现总结如下。     

大鸨的巢位选择研究

2000年和2001年的4～7月连续两年,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部草原上采用野外直接观测和样方法对繁殖期大鸨(Otis tarda)的巢位选择进行了研究.结果表明,大鸨是一种营地面松散型群巢的大型鸟类,最近巢间距为9m.大鸨在繁殖期对巢位具有明显的选择性:首先表现在景观尺度上的选择,大鸨巢多筑在海拔190～230m的草原岗坡的坡腰上,以偏南向的朝阳缓坡的坡腰上为多,最大坡度不超过8°,而且巢均筑在距车道不远的地方;其次表现在植被结构上的选择,大鸨倾向于选择枯草较厚、植被密度较高且多数植物高度在15～35cm的地方营巢,但植被密度过高处却并不选择.     

灰喜鹊繁殖习性的初步观察

2002～2004年在山西历山保护区对灰喜鹊的繁殖习性进行了观察。结果表明,该鸟在我区为留鸟,营巢始于4月下旬,5月中旬产卵,窝卵数4-7枚,孵卵期17-18天,育雏期18～20天。食物以动物性食物为主,占88．96％,植物性食物占11．04％。     

大鸨的巢位选择研究

20 0 0年和 2 0 0 1年的 4～ 7月连续两年 ,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部草原上采用野外直接观测和样方法对繁殖期大鸨 (Otistarda)的巢位选择进行了研究 .结果表明 ,大鸨是一种营地面松散型群巢的大型鸟类 ,最近巢间距为 9m .大鸨在繁殖期对巢位具有明显的选择性 :首先表现在景观尺度上的选择 ,大鸨巢多筑在海拔 190～ 2 30m的草原岗坡的坡腰上 ,以偏南向的朝阳缓坡的坡腰上为多 ,最大坡度不超过 8° ,而且巢均筑在距车道不远的地方 ;其次表现在植被结构上的选择 ,大鸨倾向于选择枯草较厚、植被密度较高且多数植物高度在 15～ 35cm的地方营巢 ,但植被密度过高处却并不选择 .     

灰喜鹊生态的初步研究

1962年4-7月和1963年5-6月间,结合指导学生野外实习,在吉林省土们岭一左家一带,对灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyana stegmanni)的生活习性和繁殖(主要是营巢)习性,进行了初步观察。之后,又在1963年秋、冬二季和1964年春季和夏季进行了补充观察。所得结果,不仅使学生具体地了解了当地的有益鸟类,并为保护益鸟提供了一些科学资料。     

高速公路防护林内喜鹊和灰喜鹊的巢址选择

2013 年 1 月 , 实地记录高速公路道旁防护林内喜鹊和灰喜鹊巢址信息 , 采用 SPSS 17.0 统计分析。结果表明 ,61.19%的巢址选择>10 m 的乔木, 极少选择≤ 5 m 的小树(p<0.01)。 10 m 半径内 , 47.1%为单巢型, 52.9%为 2-5 巢, 为偏向集群型。 58.11%选择在距离高速公路 5 m10m 区间 (p<0.05)。 89.21%选择在防护林中间和内侧 , 极显著高于单排防护林和防护林外侧 (p<0.01)。水源生境为巢址第一选择, 显著高于树林、农田、建筑和荒地(p<0.05)。     

灰喜鹊摄食对中国沙棘种子萌发的影响

为了探明鸟类摄食中国沙棘果实后对中国沙棘种群扩散的作用,对①来自鸟粪肥的种子。②人工用酸和高温处理的种子和③作为对照的天然种子的萌发率和萌发速度进行比较,3种类型的种子均区分为具内果皮种子和不具内果皮种子两组。结果表明：酸性和高温环境对两种类型种子的萌发率影响不大,但中国沙棘果实的内果皮不仅使种子萌发推迟,而且还降低了种子的萌发率。灰喜鹊的消化作用虽然降低了中国沙棘种子的萌发率和萌发速度,但对中国沙棘种子的传播和种群的扩散仍有促进作用。     

江西吉安灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态研究

灰头麦鸡Vanellus cinereus在江西吉安地区是夏候鸟.2010 ～2011年对当地灰头麦鸡的繁殖生态进行了调查研究.结果表明,当地灰头麦鸡最早2月20日迁入,最晚9月17日迁离,居留时间约为7个月;3月初开始产卵,平均窝卵数3.8枚(n=14),平均卵大小48.0 mm×34.5 mm,平均卵重28.8 g(n =38);产满窝卵后即开始孵卵,孵卵由雌雄鸟共同承担;孵卵期为28 ～31 d;孵化率为90.15％.     

Cichlids do not adjust reproductive skew to the availability of independent breeding options

Helpers in cooperatively breeding species forego all or partof their reproduction when remaining at home and assisting breedersto raise offspring. Different models of reproductive skew generatealternative predictions about the share of reproduction unrelatedsubordinates will get depending on the degree of ecologicalconstraints. Concession models predict a larger share when independentbreeding options are good, whereas restraint and tug-of-warmodels predict no effects on reproductive skew. We tested thesepredictions by determining the share of reproduction by unrelatedmale and female helpers in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologuspulcher depending on experimentally manipulated possibilitiesfor helper dispersal and independent breeding and dependingon helper size and sex. We created 32 breeding groups in thelaboratory, consisting of two breeders and two helpers each,where only the helpers had access to a nearby dispersal compartmentwith (treatment) or without (control) breeding substrate, usinga repeated measures design. We determined the paternity andmaternity of 1185 offspring from 47 broods using five to nineDNA microsatellite loci and found that: (1) helpers participatedin reproduction equally across the treatments, (2) large malehelpers were significantly more likely to reproduce than smallhelpers, and (3) male helpers engaged in significantly morereproduction than female helpers. Interestingly, in four broods,extragroup helper males had fertilized part of the brood. Nohelper evictions from the group after helper reproduction wereobserved. Our results suggest that tug-of-war models based oncompetition over reproduction within groups describe best thereproductive skew observed in our study system. Female breedersproduced larger clutches in the treatment compared to the controlsituation when the large helpers were males. This suggests thatmale breeder-male helper reproductive conflicts may be alleviatedby females producing larger clutches with helpers around.     

Winter male plumage coloration correlates with breeding status in a cooperative breeding species

The function of colored ornaments is usually related to thesignaling of individual quality in intra- and intersexual interactions.In cooperative breeding species, where only a fraction of themale population access the breeding status and the other fractionhas the option to help breeding pairs, colored traits mightprovide the females with a reliable information on the qualityof potential mate. Males of the cooperative breeding azure-wingedmagpies (Cyanopica cyanus) display conspicuous blue plumagecoloration. Here we explored the role played by structural bluecoloration of males and the probability of becoming a breederor a helper. Birds were trapped during 4 consecutive years,and feather coloration was measured with a spectrometer. Malesthat became breeders had a more brilliant and saturated bluecoloration and showed a more violet hue in the nonbreeding periodcompared with birds that became helpers. Breeding males alsoshowed a seasonal decline in blueness, whereas the color propertiesof helpers were constant throughout the year. Blueness of individualstrapped in the nonbreeding period was positively correlatedwith body size and condition. These findings are consistentwith a scenario in which nonbreeding blue plumage colorationmay function as a signal of individual quality in the azure-wingedmagpie at the pair formation time and add to growing evidencesuggesting that the nonbreeding season appears particularlyimportant in impacting breeding roles in cooperative breedingbirds.     

江西吉安乌鸫的繁殖生态研究

2009～2010年对江西省吉安地区乌鸫Turdus merula的繁殖进行了调查研究,结果表明:当地乌鸫的营巢时间在3月9日至16日,产卵时间是3月18日至26日,平均窝卵数5.14(4～6)枚(n=14),平均卵大小29.71 mm×21.16 mm,平均卵重6.63 g(n=71).孵卵和暖巢主要由雌鸟承担,但雄鸟也有暖巢行为,孵化率为65.83%,育雏期13～15 d,离巢率高达100%.与高海拔的乌鸫相比,当地乌鸫产大窝小卵,这一特征保证了大窝雏数和高离巢率,繁殖对策属于r-选择.     

The demands of incubation and avian clutch size

We reviewed information on the demands of incubation to examine whether these could influence the optimal clutch size of birds. The results indicate that appreciable metabolic costs of incubation commonly exist, and that the incubation of enlarged clutches can impose penalties on birds. In 23 studies on 19 species, incubation metabolic rate (IMR) was not elevated above the metabolic rate of resting non-incubating birds (RMR), but contrary to the physiological predictions of King and others, IMR was greater than RMR in 15 studies on 15 species. Across species, IMR was substantially above basal metabolic rate (BMR), averaging 1.606 × BMR. Of six studies on three species performed under thermo-neutral conditions, none found IMR to be in excess of RMR. IMRs measured exclusively within the thermo-neutral zone averaged only 1.08 × BMR contrasting with the significantly higher figure of 1.72 × BMR under wider conditions. 16 of 17 studies on procellariiforms found IMR below RMR, indicating a significant difference between this and other orders. We could find no other taxonomic, or ecological factors which had clear effects on IMR. Where clutch size was adjusted experimentally during incubation, larger clutches were associated with: significantly lower percentage hatching success in 11 of 19 studies; longer incubation periods in eight of ten studies; greater loss of adult body condition in two of five studies; and higher adult energy expenditure in eight of nine studies. Given that incubation does involve metabolic costs and given that the demands of incubation increase sufficiently with clutch size to affect breeding performance, we propose that the optimal clutch size of birds may in part by shaped by the number of eggs the parents can afford to incubate.     

笼养冠斑犀鸟繁殖生态的初步观察

2002~2004年通过对笼养冠斑犀鸟的繁殖生态进行观察,结果表明:冠斑犀鸟的发情期为3月中旬至4月初,求偶的追求者为雌鸟,雌鸟占据选巢营巢主导地位,从入巢到破巢的整个营巢期雌鸟始终把自己封闭在巢洞内,雄鸟担负了运送巢料和食物的所有任务直到雌鸟出巢,出巢后幼鸟在未具有觅食能力前,绝大部分的哺育任务仍由雄鸟承担。冠斑犀鸟的繁殖封巢期为89.0±12.99天,首次营巢的时间较长达15天左右,从第二年起营巢时间缩短为3天,孵化期为25.25±3.86天,育雏期为45.75±2.87天,繁殖成功率为100%。繁殖期除了人工投料外,冠斑犀鸟仍可从生态园中获得多种食物,以满足幼鸟的生长需要。