Morphologie und optik der schmetterlingsschuppen,insbesondere die schillerfarben der schmetterlinge

Ohne ZusammenfassungVerwendete Abkürzungen Vfl Vorderflügel - Hfl Hinterflügel - Os Oberseite - Us Unterseite - Sch Schema - W-U Wegunterschied     

Biofilme — die bevorzugte Lebensform der Bakterien: Flocken,Filme und Schlämme

„Biofilm”︁ describes microbial aggregates such as flocs, films and sludges; most microorganisms on earth prefer the mode of life in aggregates.They all have in common that the organisms are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in which they can establish synergistic microconsortia. In this matrix, they are protected against biocides. Furthermore, the matrix acts as a sorbent for nutrients, retains exoenzymes and can be considered as a recycling yard for cellular components as well as for nutrients. Biofilms are ubiquitous and can be found even in extreme environments. In many cases, they are dominated by bacteria and/or algae, but they can also harbor higher trophical levels and represent a nutrient source for protozoa and metazoa. Biofilms are systems characterized by a vast spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics. Genes and signals are exchanged intensively. Thus, biofilms bear similarities to multicellular organisms.