光系统Ⅱ反应中心D_1/D_2/cyt b_(559)复合物光破坏的多步反应

光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心D_1D_2’cyt b_(559)复合物在强光照射下色素分子受到破坏,导致在红区(Q_y带)的吸光度值及CD信号的下降,而且在光照后的暗放置过程中这种变化继续进行,吸收差光谱的峰位在680nm处,说明受破坏的很可能是原初电子供体P680.在光照后的暗放置过程中,该反应中心复合物的荧先强度继续升高,而且峰位蓝移.所有这些结果表明,在光照的过程中,PSⅡ反应中心D_1/D_2/cytb_(559)复合物很可能有一个相对稳定的反应中间体形成,从而造成在暗放置过程中该反应中心继续受到破坏,也就是说,PSⅡ反应中心D_1/D_2/cytb_(559)复合物的光破坏不是一步反应,而是一个多步反应.     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D_1-D_2-Cyt b_(559)复合物低温(77K)荧光发射差异的研究

对菠菜光系统Ⅱ反应中心D_1-D_2-Cytb_(559)复合物进行了系统的低温(77K)荧光发射性质研究。结果表明,D_1-D_2-Cytb_(559)复合物具有681nm和684nm两种波长的低温荧光发射,但两者通常并不是同时存在,而是取决于Ca-680与Ca-670Chla分子的相对含量的。Ca-670Chla含量的增加,会使其低温荧光发射出现在681nm;而Ca-680Chla含量的增加,则会使其低温荧光发射出现在684nm。Ca-670与Ca-680Chla分子的相对含量与不同状态的菠菜叶材料有关。PSⅡ反应中心内周天线CP-47,CP-43多肽的存在是D_1-D_2-Cytb_(591)复合物低温荧光发射红移的原因,而D_1-D_2-Cytb_(559)复合物的不稳定变化则与其蓝移的低温荧光发射有关。     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心复合物中Cytb559的光还原

以分离纯化的光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1/D2/Cyt b559复合物为实验体系,在厌氧条件下,观察到Cytb559的光还原,表明Cyt b559能直接从Pheo~-接受电子,而且Cyt b559的光还原是不可逆的。当外加次级电子受体2,6-二甲基苯醌(DMBQ)与D1/D2/Cyt b559复合物重组之后,Cyt b559的光还原被延迟了,此时电子主要通过DMBQ传递,而且还原的Cyt b559在光照后的暗放置中有部分氧化。作者认为不依赖于醌受体的由Pheo~-到Cyt b559的电子传递是一条新的、次要的电子传递路线,它对光系统Ⅱ反应中心起保护作用。     

光破坏的光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1／D2／Cytb559复合物的CD光谱

ＰＳⅡ反应中心Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９ 复合物的圆二色（ＣＤ）光谱在红区有一个反向带，其正峰在６８０ ｎｍ ，负峰在６６０ ｎｍ 处。光破坏后，该反应中心复合物的ＣＤ信号明显下降，而且当正峰完全消失后，负峰仍然存在，说明该反应中心的ＣＤ信号不仅来源于原初电子供体Ｐ６８０，而且可能来源于其它色素分子     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1/D2/Cytb559复合物中去镁叶绿素a的光照破坏

高等植物在强光照射下,光合作用受到抑制。光抑制的分子机理已成为目前光合作用研究中最活跃的研究领域之一［１］。由于叶绿体内色素和蛋白分子很多,其中包含有许多与光破坏不直接相关的组分,因此很难确定具体哪个分子受到破坏。用只含少数色素和多肽分子的光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ）反应中心Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９复合物［２］可以解决这个问题,现已证明用光照射该复合物能引起原初电子供体Ｐ６８０的破坏［３,４］,并且是一个多步反应［５］,同时还发现有组氨酸残基的光照破坏［６,７］,当存在电子受体的情况下反应中心内部β－ｃ…     

菠菜叶绿体光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1／D2／cyt b559长寿命荧光组分的来源

通过多频相位调制法测得菠菜叶绿体光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ）反应中心Ｄ１／Ｄ２／ｃｙｔｂ５５９复合物的荧光衰减包括４个组分,其寿命分别大约为１、６、２４和７３ｎｓ,所占整个荧光的比例依次为５％、３４％、３５％和２６％。而寿命为６ｎｓ的组分来源于与电荷分离不相关的ｃｈｌａ分子,寿命为１ｎｓ的组分所占的比例很小,其来源不清楚。其中两个长寿命组分都与样品的光化学活性相关,但彼此又是不相关的,很可能来源于电荷分离后的两个不同的重组过程。     

PSⅡ原初电子供体P680的光破坏现象研究:高效液相色谱对光抑制条件下D1/D2/Cyt b559复合物色素成分和含量变化的分析(英文)

采用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)的分析方法 ,对菠菜 (SpinaciaoleraceaMill.)叶绿体PSⅡ反应中心光破坏过程进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)在本实验条件下 ,45min的光照处理 ,可以使PSⅡ反应中心的光化学活性基本接近丢失。(2 )从光照约 2 0min开始至约 40min ,Chla的含量逐渐减少到原有含量的 2 /3左右 ,然后浓度保持不变至约 6 0min ,此后 ,Chla的含量出现了第二次下降 ,到 80min左右 ,稳定在约 30 %的含量水平并不再变化。D1/D2 /Cytb5 5 9复合物的原有色素分子组成约为 6Chla∶2Pheo∶2 β_Car。 (3)在 40min的光照处理后 ,HPLC图谱上出现了一个新的产物峰 ,其吸收谱十分类似于Pheo分子 (峰位分别为 40 7、5 0 4、5 33、6 0 6及 6 6 3nm) ,但其保留时间 (7.2min)比正常的Pheo分子 (6 .9min)较晚 ,因此推测它可能是一种结构类似于Pheo的分子     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1/D2/Cytb559复合物中存在一个与光化学活性无关的去镁叶绿素a

紫色光合细菌反应中心的三维空间结构的解析，极大地推动了光合作用电子传递机理的研究。现已清楚光合细菌反应中心内部存在着两条电子传递支路［１—２］，由于高等植物光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ）反应中心Ｄ１蛋白和Ｄ２蛋白与光合细菌反应中心Ｌ亚基和Ｍ亚基的一级结构具有很大的相似性，推测ＰＳⅡ反应中心内部也可能存在类似的结构。从高等植物叶绿体中分离纯化的ＰＳⅡ反应中心Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９复合物具有原初电荷分离活性［３］，其中含有４—６个Ｃｈｌａ分子，２个Ｐｈｅｏａ分子，１—２个β－胡萝卜素分子，它们是否像光合细菌…     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1／D2／cyt b559复合物的组氨酸残基的光照破坏

高等植物在强光照射下光合作用受到抑制。现已普遍认为,光抑制的原初部位是光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)的反应中心。无论在整个叶片,还是在类囊体膜以及 PS Ⅱ颗粒、放氧颗粒中均能发现光破坏现象。但是,由于在这些颗粒中有许多与光破坏不直接相关的色素和蛋白分子,因此很难确定具体哪个分子受到破坏。而以只含有少数色素和多肽分子的 PSⅡ反应中心 D_1/D_2/cyt b599复合物为材料可以克服这个困难。该反应中心复合物的获得大大推动了光破坏机理的研究。现已证明,D_1/D_2/cyt b559复合物对光照十分敏感,光照可引起原初电子供体 P680的破坏。我们发现该反应中心的破坏是多步     

质体醌重组的D1／D2／Cytb559复合物的荧光衰减动力学和光破坏作用

光系统Ⅱ反应中心Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９ 在分离纯化过程中失去了电子受体ＱＡ 和ＱＢ,人工合成的质体醌可以与Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９ 复合物发生重组。癸基质体醌（ＤＰＱ）与Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５９９ 复合物的重组导致该复合物的荧光强度下降及发射光谱蓝移,同时两个与光化学活性相关的长寿命（２４ ｎｓ和７３ ｎｓ）荧光衰减组分占整个荧光的百分数下降,这些结果表明ＤＰＱ作为Ｐｈｅｏ－ 的电子受体,限制了Ｐ６８０＋ ·Ｐｈｅｏ－ 的电荷重组。ＤＰＱ 的加入对Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９复合物中Ｃｈｌａ 分子的光破坏敏感性影响不大,但β－胡萝卜素在加入ＤＰＱ 之后可以被光照破坏,这个过程可能与β－胡萝卜素的生理功能相关。     

Light-Induced Damage of Histidine Residues in Photosystem II Reaction Center D1/D2/cyt b559 Complex

Histidine residue content of photosystem Ⅱ reaction center D1/D2/cytochrome b559 complex decreased by about 26% after illumination. The result suggests that some histidine residues are damaged by illumination. The damage of histidine residues may be related to the changes of the spectra properties during the incubation in the dark following preillumination of the reaction center complex.     

Light-Induced Damage of Pheophytin a Molecule in the Isolated Photosystem Ⅱ Reaction Center D1/D2/Cyt b559 Complex

Photodamage of some pigments in the isolated photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ ) reaction center D1/D2/Cyt b559 complex from spinach has been investigated by means of high performance liquid chromatography. The light-induced damage of pheophytin a (pheo a) in the complex was observed for the first time. The content of pheo a decreased about 47 % by illumination, suggesting only one of the two pheo a molecules in the PS Ⅱ reaction center complex was damaged. No damage of β-carotene was found.     

Fluorescence Decaying Kinetics and Photodamage of Quinone-Reconstituted D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 Complex

Photosystem Ⅱ reaction center D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 complex loses its bound secondary electron acceptor QA and QB during isolation and purification. The artificial plastoquinone can reconstitute with the complex. The reconstitution of decyl-plastoquinone (DPQ) with D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 complex results in a decrease of the fraction of the two long lived fluorescence decay components (24 ns and 73 ns) coupled with photochemical activities to the total fluorescence yields, as well as a decrease of the total fluorescence intensity and a blue-shift of maximum emission wavelength. These results suggest that as the electron acceptor of reduced Pheo, DPQ restricts the charge recombination of P680+ Pheo-, and the two long lived fluorescence decay components (24 ns and 73 ns) come from the recombination. Although DPQ reconstitution has little effect on the susceptibility of Chi a to photodamage, β-carotene can easily be photodamaged after DPQ reconstitution. This is probably related to the physiological function of β-carotene.     

Light-induced Damage of Photosystem Ⅱ Primary Electron Donor P680: a High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Pigment Content in D1/D2/Cytochrome b559 Complex Under Photoinhibitory Conditions

By HPLC analytical method, the change of PS Ⅱ RC' s pigment content in the process of photodamage under strong illumination from spinach ( Spinacia oleracea Mill. ) was comparatively studied. The experimental results show that: (1) In authors' analytical conditions, (of which, [Chl] = 150 µg/mL, and the illumination strength was put at 2.3 ×10 6 mJ·m－2·s－1 ), 45 rain of illumination could cause almost the whole loss of A680 in the fourth derivative absorption spectra, while A670 decreased to about one half of its original intensity; the absorption maximum in red, concurrently, was shifted from 676 nm to 671 nm, representing the loss of more than 90% of the photochemical activities of the PS Il RC. (2) During the period of continuous illumination, the Chl concentration decreased in a 3-period style, which meant that the first [Chl] decreased to the 2/3 of its original amount from 20 min to 40 rain after illumination had started, then became stabilized up to about 60 min of illumination, there after a second decrease of [ Chl ] in another about 20 min until it reached about 30 % of the original level and remained unchanged from about 80 min on. The original pigment components of D1/D2/Cyt b559 was approximately as 6 Chl a:2 Pheo:2β-Car which are in support of authors' previous proposal about the minimum Chl/Pheo ratio of 4: 2 in PS Ⅱ RC’s pigment contents. (3) After about 40 min of illumination, a newly appeared elution peak was found between the Pheo andβ-Car peaks in HPLC profile, at the retention time of 7.2 min, a little later than that (6.9 rain) of Pheo molecules, the newly appeared elution peak was supposed to be a kind of accumulated and stable product of the PS II RC's photodamage process and very much possible the Pheo-like molecules.     

Spectral properties of stabilized D1/D2/cytochrome b-559 photosystem II reaction center complex Effects of Triton X-100, the redox state of pheophytin, and β-carotene

Absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectral properties of the isolated D1/D2/cytochrome b-559 photosystem II reaction center complex were examined in stabilized reaction center material at 77 K. Spectral properties were dependent on the presence or absence of 0.05% Triton X-100 in the RC suspension medium, on the redox state of pheophytin, and on the state of inactivation of the complex. The specific spectral properties of the PS II RC complex in the red suggest that the primary donor is not a bacterial-type special pair and could be a monomer. Furthermore, the spectral properties in the PS II RC may be the result of excitonic interactions among all the porphyrin molecules in the complex. Interactions between β-carotene and porphyrins indicate a significant role for β-carotene in the PS II RC.     

Photosystem II reaction center with altered pigment-composition: reconstitution of a complex containing five chlorophyll a per two pheophytin a with modified chlorophylls

Pigment-depleted Photosystem II reaction centers (PS II-RCs) from a higher plant (pea) containing five chlorophyll a (Chl) per two pheophytin a (Phe), were treated with Chl and several derivatives under exchange conditions [FEBS Lett. 434 (1998) 88]. The resulting reconstituted complexes were compared to those obtained by pigment exchange of “conventional” PS II-RCs containing six Chl per two Phe. (1) The extraction of one Chl is fully reversible. (2) The site of extraction is the same as the one into which previously extraneous pigments have been exchanged, most likely the peripheral D1-H118. (3) Introducing an efficient quencher (Ni-Chl) into this site results in only 25% reduction of fluorescence, indicating incomplete energy equilibration among the “core” and peripheral chlorophylls.     

Light-induced absorbance changes due to Photosystems 1 and 2 in spinach chloroplasts at −50 °C

Absorbance changes in the region 500–565 nm and at 702 nm, brought about by excitation of Photosystems 1 and 2, respectively, were measured in spinach chloroplasts at ?50 °C. Either dark-adapted chloroplasts were used or chloroplasts preilluminated with a number of short saturating flashes just before cooling.Both photosystems were found to cause a light-induced increase of absorbance at 518 nm (due to “P518”). The System 1-induced change was not affected by preillumination. It decayed within 1 s in the dark and showed similar kinetics as P700. Experiments in the presence of external electron acceptors (methylviologen or Fe(CN)₆^3?) suggested that P518 was not affected by the redox state of the primary electron acceptor of System 1. The absorbance increase at 518 nm due to System 2 decayed in the dark with a half-time of several min. The kinetics were similar to those of C-550, the presumed indicator of the primary electron acceptor of System 2. After two flashes preillumination the changes due to P518 and C-550 were reduced by about 40%, and a relatively slow, System 2-induced oxidation of cytochrome b₅₅₉ occurred which proceeded at a similar rate as the increase in yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence. The results indicate that at ?50°C two different photoreactions of System 2 occur. One consists of a photoreduction of the primary electron acceptor associated with C-550, accompanied by the oxidation of an unknown electron donor; the other is less efficient and results in the photooxidation of cytochrome b₅₅₉.